The Achilles Tendon

The Achilles Tendon
The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body, but also happens to be the most frequently torn tendon (Reiman et al., 2014). It originates from the
soleus muscle extending over to the two heads of the gastrocnemius and is inserted into the calcaneus. (Benjamin, Suzuki, & Toumi,2009, p.5).
Occasionally it has been noted that in 2.9 – 5.5% of people, there is a third head of the gastrocnemius. (Benjamin, Suzuki, & Toumi, 2009, p.7). It is
also the strongest and thickest tendon in the body. As the tendon reaches the calcaneus, it allows for elongation (which is the amount of extension that
the tendon is able to undergo when it's under stress). Furthermore, the elongation allows for a release of energy during movement. Moreover, the
Achilles tendon bends the knee and plantar flexes the toes. Because the Achilles tendon connects to the leg muscles, it gives the ability to push off when
one is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has an effect on blood vessels, whose role is to carry blood. The Achilles tendon has a very vascularized structure, which limits the blood supply of
several different arteries, one of them being the posterior tibial artery. Because of the tendons limited blood supply, it makes it more susceptible to
injury. The tendon receives blood from three several different sources: the muscle–tendon junction, the bone tendon junction and by the length of the
tendon. (Hua & Li, 2016, p.2). As was mentioned earlier, the Achilles tendon has a very vascularized structure, the area that is 2 to 6 centimeters is the
least vascularized area, because of this the ability to repair itself during times of stress is very limited. Although blood supply can also be derived from
muscle bellies where the bone is distally from the tendon and inserts into the calcaneus (Sagllmbenl, 2016). As one progresses with age, the blood
supply slowly begins to diminish, which leads the tendon to inflammation and quite possibly
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Stability Ball Research Paper
Perform at least one exercise for each major muscle group on a stability ball. Were you able to use the same weight as you normally do? If not, why do
you think you could not use as much resistance? What populations would benefit from the use of incorporating stability ball training? Are there certain
individuals who should not use a stability ball? PECTORIALS– Ball push–ups. I didn't do as many reps as I would with regular push–ups because of
the incline of being on the ball. ABDOMIALS – Ball crunch. My core is already pretty strong already so I could do these pretty well, before when I
first had started several years ago I found that doing a crunch on a ball was more difficult than doing them on the floor, due to having to balance and
stabilize myself while on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
GASTROCNEMIUS & SOLEUS– Ball calf raises, no weight change even with pressing the ball firmly. GLUTEUS– Ball Hip bridge, since my feet are
elevated on the ball I can feel me glutes and lower back muscles working harder than normal. BICEPS– ball bicep curl, using heavier weights the ball
help stabilize me and I found it easier that normal. TRICEPS– Ball triceps extension, weight was the same for me on this one. Stability balls are a great
addition to any work out and can have many benefits such as range of motion to many exercises and help with balance and stability from different
angles. They are also great in rehabilitation a situation which is what they were designed for. You can also use them for resistances training as well. If
someone has never used a stability ball before they shouldn't use one until they have been shown the proper form and appropriate resistance skills. If
you have a client that has had previous joint injuries or weakness they should avoid using a stability ball because this will only make the problem

Essay Training Programme Promoting Health and Fitness
Training Programme Promoting Health and Fitness
Introduction:
For this Assessment I have to construct a circuit–training programme for a particle sport. The sport that I have chosen is football. I must include in this
piece of work, the fitness exercises that will be used in the circuit and reason for inclusion, the skill activities that will be done during the programme
plus the reason for choosing them, and comments on the organisation, implementation, monitoring and progression.
1) Training Programme:
Below is a list of the exercises that I have included in my training programme for my chosen sport, football. I have decided to use this type of training
method, because it has many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The warm up will include a period of gentle exercise that will use the whole of my body, for example light jogging. It will also include gentle stretching
of my main muscle groups, which will be the Gastrocnemius, Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Pectorals, Biceps, and Triceps. The warm down will consist of a
period of light exercise. This will help to remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other waste products, which if not removed will result in stiffness, and
injury.
There are many other factors that I must consider when thinking about the actual circuit–training programme. These are such things as Progression,
Overload, and Order of exercises and Reversibility. Factors that I must consider relating to Progression are such things as how many weeks I am
planning to carry out the circuit. I have decided that I will carry out the circuit over a period of 6 weeks. I believe that at the start of the circuit, when I
am just starting to carry it out the progression will be quite fast, and the most progression will be made in these early stages. I will achieve the next
level of progression by increasing the intensity of the circuit, which will create an overload. An overload is when the circuit must be raised to a higher
level than is normal to create the extra demands to which the body will adapt. This can be done three different ways, which are to increase the intensity,

The Importance Of Follow Through The Rest Of The Body
Step five– Follow through the rest of the body In step five, we are focusing on the follow through in the rest of the body. Your knees will be in a slightly
flexed position to allow the body to continue to push off to release the puck. The gastrocnemius muscle will be used to help stay flexed while
continuing the release of the puck. The soleus muscle will work with the gastrocnemius muscle for the follow through. The body will eventually stand
up at the end to release the puck and guide in the direction needed too. The quadricep femoris muscle helps your body stay in a slightly flexed position
and allows for the quadriceps to stay contracted. When the thoracic spine is rotating forward it is allowing your body to return to anatomical ... Show
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The second picture gives you an idea of an anatomical position after the follow through.
Training Program
A typical training program for a slap shot should focus on your core muscles, legs, and arms. These specific limbs will help increase the power behind
the shot. Hockey players are very fit individuals and are further developed in their muscles than the average athlete. They need to focus on endurance,
but also creating muscle to help develop a powerful shot that will be unstoppable. Performing a farmer's walk, where you are loading your upper body
and your shoulders, will help to develop the muscles in your shoulders and your biceps. The player will need to choose a weight that will be able to
challenge them. For a total of 15 minutes, walk back and forth in increments until you cannot hold the weights any longer. This exercise will help to
stabilize your rotator cuff. Your forearms are use to grip the weights.
Goblet Squat
The next exercise that should be completed is a goblet squat. This squat is working almost your entire the body. The weight should be heavy enough to
pick up but you should be able to hold when completing the exercise. About 3–6 reps with sets of 3–5 when performing. This will help build muscle
during season.
Bench Press A good push workout to incorporate is the bench press. When completing the bench press, your shoulder is in flexion and you are
performing abduction. This is important

Trapezius: Clavicular Pectoralis Major
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7) – Trapezius (middle)
Smallest of the true vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are found just below the skull. Trapezius is a large muscles, spanning the neck, shoulders and back.
CLAVICLE – Clavicular Pectoralis Major
Also commonly known as the collar bone, the clavicle is the only long bone in the body that is horizontal, connecting scapula to sternum. Because of its
position, the clavicular pectoralis major is commonly referred to as the "upper chest".
CRANIUM – Trapezius (upper)
Made of flat bones, along with the mandible it forms the skull. The upper trapezius helps stabilize the head and neck.
FEMUR – Rectus Femoris
The thigh bone, the largest and generally strongest bone in the human body. Rectus femoris is one of four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The longus is middle of three adductor muscles connected to the hip.
RADIUS – Brachioradialis
A long bone on the lateral side of the forearm, it is the second largest bone there.
Brachioradialis is a forearm muscle that flexes from the elbow.
RIB – Serratus Anterior
The curved, long bones that form the rib cage and protect the organs within. Serratus anterior originates at the side of the chest on the surface of the
upper ribs and inserts along the medial border of the scapula.
SACRUM – Gluteus Maximus
Located at the base of the spine, the sacrum is a large triangular bone connecting to the tailbone. SCAPULA – Teres Major
The shoulder blade, formed by the scapula's shape, is the bone that connects the collar bone to the humerus. Teres major is a thick, flattened muscle of
the upper limb.
STERNUM – Sternal Pectoralis Major
A flat bone also known as the breastbone. The sternal head of the pectoralis major serves as a shoulder flexor.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12) – Rhomboids (underlying)
The middle segment of the vertebral column, connected with the ribs. Rhomboids,

Body Systems Essay
Functions Of The Skeleton The human skeleton has 6 main functions that provide the body with good health. They are as follows: Support – our
skeleton provides shape and support to our body which gives our body its shape, without this function our body would simply collapse. Movement – it
aids our body to move by giving a framework to the attached muscles which then allows different movements at different joints. Movement is therefore
powered by the skeletal muscles. Protection – the skeleton provides protection to many important organs. The skull protects the brain, eyes and ears.
The vertebrae protects the spinal cord from any damage. The rib cage prevents any damage to the lungs, hearts and major blood vessels. The illium ...
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The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones containing the appendage bones, the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It is responsible for the ability of
movements and the protection of the major organs in the human body. Types Of Joints There are three types of joins in the skeletal system each
allowing different types of movements. Fibrous joint connected by the fibrous connective tissue is also known as the fixed joint, This type of joint
allows no movement and can be found in the bones such as the skull Cartilaginous joint is connected by the cartilage and is also known is the slightly
moveable joint. It allows little movement between joints in places such as the vertebrae and ribs. Synovial joints are the most common joints in the
skeletal system and are also known as the freely moveable joints. They are not directly connected which is why it allows a great amount of movement.
As with most other joints in the body, synovial joints achieve more movements. The synovial joints consist of six different types of joints. Types Of
Movements Flexion – is the bending of a joint where the bones on either side of joint are brought together, decreasing the angle between bones.
Extension – the opposite of flexion where the joints are straightened and the angle of the joints are increased. Abduction – the moving of a limb away
from the central of the body

Performance Improvement Program
My 7 week performance improvement programme (PIP) was designed at improving my performance for a 4km run. Before this class I hadn't completed
or heard much about performance programmes, so I was unsure on what it was and how it was going to help me improve my technique and 4km run
time. I went into the programme having high beliefs that it would help me to improve as my teacher swears by it, if completed correctly. I believe my
teacher because I feel as though she has experience in PIP. As I know she is heavily involved in crossfit and has personally participated in a PIP. She
also set out a PIP for her year 13 class last year and it had a positive outcome on all the students.I also believe the PIP will help me to improve as it
allows my body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 4km run involves the use of the larger muscle groups such as the quadriceps and hamstrings in the legs. Continuous training was the main method
of training that my teacher structured my PIP around, as we were continuously moving for approximately 20 minutes. I believe continuous training was
successful as time went on I could run for a longer period of time. "Continuous training is any type of physical training that involves activity without
rest intervals." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_training) "To see the benefits of continuous training it is often considered necessary to have at
least 3 sessions a week where the heart rate levels are at a certain level to gain the benefits of continuous training." (http://www.time–to–
run.com/training/methods/continuous/cardio–endurance.htm). Our PIP that Mrs Richards set out for us incorporated continuous training 4 times a week,
which is why I saw improvement from my first run to my final run. "Frequency refers to how often a person trains and is usually the number of sessions
completed in a week" (S.Martin Physical Education,2013) as result of using continuous training more than 3 times a week, my run time was improving
each week. On the 21/2 my 500m run time was 2 minutes 20 sec, on the 27/2 my 500m run time was 2 minutes 8 seconds and on the 3/3 my run time
was 2 minutes 6 seconds. This shows that by using continuous training, I was able to see that the recommended amount of times each week were
helping me make small improvements each time. Frequency was successful as we would run 5 times a week which allowed us 2 days to rest. The 2
days that we didn't run allowed our bodies to recover. The run was an open motor skill as it was performed in the constantly changing environment
(socio–cultural). On the 6th of March it was raining which made the run a lot more difficult than usual as I

Achilles Tendon Injury Research Paper
There are three types of muscle in a human's body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac; those three muscles are part of the human's body 640 part muscular
system. Each muscle has a specific function that allows us to do certain activities. The achilles tendon is a long muscle that connects the gastrocnemius
muscle to the heel bone. The achilles tendon can be felt at the back of your ankles above the heel. This muscle allows your foot to extend and move
around. Injuries to the achilles tendon are very popular in all aspect of life, however athletes are more likely to be diagnosed with this injury. Sports that
are commonly related with achilles tendon injuries include, but are not limited to basketball, soccer, running, football, baseball, and volleyball. These
injuries can occur from overuse of the muscle, tight muscles or tendons, stretching of muscle or tendons, or sudden and ... Show more content on
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However,once you do get an achilles tendon injury, there are many things you can do to help speed up the process. A typical achilles tear will take six to
nine months to fully recover from, and return to sports or physical activities. Some actions you can take to help speed up the healing process are rest,
elevation of your leg, painkillers, applying ice and heat to the injured part, or constant strength and stretching exercises. One key thing to always keep
in mind is that you should never try to come back from an injury before you're ready. Over exerting yourself or pushing yourself too hard before you are
fully healed can lead to increased pain or permanent damage to your tendon. That does not mean you cannot participate in sports. Some alternative, less
aggressive activities are swimming, or maybe even some light walking. Some signs that you have fully recovered from your injury are the restore
ability to move your leg like before, restores strength of leg, or free and painless use of leg in walking, jogging, or

Plantar Flexion
"Full–movement neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves plantar flexor spasticity and ankle active dorsiflexion in stroke patients: a randomized
controlled study"
This was an interesting article. It examined the use of electrical stimulation as a treatment for spasticity in the ankle plantar muscles, specifically the
tibias posterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus. Electrodes were placed over the extensor digitorum longus muscles and the extensor hallicus muscles of
post stroke patients with plantar flexor spasticity. Various intensities were tested. The article explains that spasticity in the ankle plantar flexors can lead
to an equinovarus or strephenopodia deformity. The article also recognizes the common use of botulinum injections which ... Show more content on
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The control group received only standard physical therapy treatments (stretching and strengthening exercises). There were three experimental groups.
One group received estim to the intensity of stimulating only sensory nerves. The next group received estim with an intensity that minimally stimulated
motor neurons. The final group received "full movement neuromuscular electric stimulation," which was an estim intensity to the maximum tolerated
intensity to receive maximum muscle movement. All three experimental groups also received standard PT interventions (stretching and strengthening
exercises). At the start of the four week trial there were no measured differences between the groups. After the four week, all four groups had decreased
spasticity, however only the FMNES group retained a significant after a two week fallow up and there were no significant differences among the other
three groups. Also only the FMNES group retained increased dorsiflexion strength after the two week follow up (which was significantly greater than
the control). An LSD post–hoc test revealed that all four groups had an equal significant reductions in "timed up and go" walking time at the two week
follow

Twin-Pulse Facilitation Measured as Twitch Ratios in the...
Twin–Pulse Facilitation Measured as Twitch Ratios at the! Frog Nerve/Gastrocnemius Preparation !
Richard S. Manalis and Jonathan L. Miller– Department of Biology, Goshen College, Goshen, Indiana
Introduction!
Learning & Memory are related to synaptic efficacy which the present study brings to the undergraduate physiology laboratory. TWIN–PULSE
FACILITATION has been widely used to study one aspect of short–term synaptic plasticity at a wide variety of synapses using electrophysiological
methods. Here we show that measurements of muscle twitches from the easily prepared sciatic nerve/gastrocnemius preparation of the frog can allow
one to perform experiments involving TWIN–PULSE FACILITATION. The advantages of measuring muscle twitches ... Show more content on
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Fig. 5. SYNAPTIC FATIGUE (depression) was induced by stimulating the nerve at 0.15 Hz for 48 min. 2.3 μM curare was also present. The twitch was
reduced by 95% as a result.!
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
Materials and Methods!
Results!
Fig. 6. This is a typical record from an experiment in which a train of 5 identical dual–pulses were applied to the nerve. The CT interval for the above
recording was 120 ms; Fig. 2B was taken from a portion of this record, speciﬁcally, the twitches produced by the 5th stimulus. In the actual experiment,
a series of trains were applied. There was a 2 min rest between trains, and each train corresponded to a different CT interval.! !Visual inspection of the 5
sequential contractions suggests a !dynamic interplay of factors affecting transmitter release: !! !!The conditioning twitches trend downward, indicating
! !depression.! !!Concomitantly, the test twitches trend upward, as do the ! !resultant T/C ratios, indicating facilitation.! !Control measurements, using
the same series of stimulus !trains, revealed T/C ratios that were close to unity. ! ! !! Using relatively simple muscle twitch measurements, we have
observed increases in synaptic efficacy in frog sciatic nerve/ gastrocnemius muscles that have undergone synaptic fatigue in the presence of curare. A
new stimulus protocol is described in which

Gastrocnemius Muscle Essay
Discussion
Gastrocnemius Muscle vs Sciatic Nerve Threshold and Maximum Voltage Stimulation (Direct vs Indirect stimulation) The gastrocnemius muscle which
consists of bundles of myofibrils continuously contract and initiate a motor unit recruitment which makes it easier to increase from the threshold to the
maximum voltage via the sciatic nerve from 75.4 grams to 184 grams. When there was already such a high threshold it was easy to reach a maximum
with an increase in only .8 volts. In contrast, the direct stimulation of the muscle has a physical limitation to the region that is innervated by the current
thus it seems that it takes a lot more voltage to reach a maximum voltage. As seen in figure 5, there seems to be a greater amount of voltage ... Show
In this experiment there were surprising results for how the individual muscles build up and uses energy with recruitment can elucidate why it is
important to see how the muscle attempts to remain efficient with such a use. There seemed to be no tetany reached, and it helped understand that it
must have been a research error because there is enough literature that explains how the mechanism of such a motor unit recruitment occurs. This just
indicated that it is important to double check all lab equipment to avoid researcher error. It seems that both the direct vs indirect experiment and the
frequency experiment indicated the importance of the Henneman's principle of motor recruitment. Last but not least, tubocurare seemed to behave like a
classic competitive inhibitor where there seemed to be a point where it was not as effective at competing for the acetylcholine receptors, and thus
resulted in an decrease in the rate of how much tubocurare was taken up as seen in figure 4. All these different aspects that play a role in skeletal muscle
movement imply that there needs to be a lot of conjunction between so minute aspects of the muscle and the motor

Malnutrition Associated With Chronic Disease
Alexis Aaron
Case Study #3 Malnutrition Associated with Chronic Disease Chronic diseases are characterized as a condition lasting longer than three months and an
acute illness is of a shorter duration. Malnutrition associated with chronic diseases can be due to the fact that many patients with chronic diseases are
physically handicapped and unable to perform activities of daily living such as eating and driving themselves to the store. Chronic diseases that could
physically cause malnutrition like this include rheumatoid arthritis or neuromuscular diseases such as stroke. Another way that malnutrition associated
with chronic disease can happen is through inflammation of the organs that can occur during organ failure or pancreatic cancer and cause certain
nutrients to not be absorbed at all. Malnutrition associated with acute illness and inflammation can be caused by traumatic injuries such as severe burns
and major infections of the body. The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism triggered by invading bacteria or severe injury. People who have
been victims of these types of injuries can sustain pretty severe damage to their metabolism caused by the inflammatory response and can interfere with
the nutrition therapy the RD is attempting to provide this can lead to unwanted weight loss and malnutrition.
A mechanical soft diet is used for patients who may not have the energy or the ability to chew all kinds of food. The mechanical soft diet is meant to
have easy to

Cardiovascular System Papers
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system is also known as the circulatory system, which is an organ system that encompasses the heart and blood vessels of the body.
The heart and blood vessels of the circulatory system adapt to repeated sessions of exercise in number of ways, the cardiovascular system carries blood,
oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissues of the body and carries waste products and carbon dioxide from these tissues to be removed from the
body.
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
When you exercise regularly over a long period of time your heart will increase in size and volume. The ventricle walls will get bigger and thicker
allowing you to make bigger and powerful contractions. A common cause of cardiac hypertrophy is high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart valve
stenosis.
INCREASED STROKE VOLUME
It's the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle, which occurs in one beat. A person who exercises on a daily basis will increase the stroke volume
allowing more blood to be pumped than a person who does not work out. Cardiovascular training is used to increase stroke volume. The more blood
that is pumped from the heart with each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which means that when you are at a resting point you won't need to use as much oxygen as you use while exercising. This means that individuals
become more efficient at using oxygen which means not as much wastage. The reason that the body adapts this is because if you exercise regularly your
body is getting used to exercise on a regular basis which then will start to use less oxygen. Also our heart rate will be able to decrease because when we
stop exercising our heart will start to recover, which leads to a decrease in heart rate. For example this benefits the athletes because a quicker decrease
in resting heart rate is an indicator that your heart is efficient at transporting oxygenated blood through your body with each

Posterior Muscles
Posterior Muscles Originating Above the Knee The popliteus muscle is a minor flexor of the knee. It penetrates the joint capsule to find its origin on the
lateral condyle of the femur, and passes obliquely to insert on the medio–proximal tibia. Its main function is to help stabilize the knee, but is also able to
rotate the femur on the tibia to unlock the knee. Two other muscles have origin above the knee. The gastrocnemius muscle is a rather large muscle that
has two heads of origin above the knee. The medial head originates just above the posterior medial condyle of the femur. The lateral head has its origin
on the posterior lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur. These two heads come together to form a large muscle that ... Show more content on
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The MP joint is enclosed in a joint capsule, which is thin on the dorsal aspect, and rather thick on the plantar aspect.
Muscles of the Foot Many of the muscles of the foot originate in the leg. Tendons from these muscles attach in the foot and aid in the articulation of the
joints. From the anterior leg, the extensor hallucis longus muscle, extensor hallucis brevis muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, and the extensor
digitorum brevis act as extensors on the phalanges. From the posterior leg, the flexor hallucis longus muscle and flexor digitorum longus muscle act as
flexors of the phalanges. There are a few intrinsic muscles that lie in the plantar region of the foot. The plantar region is divided into four layers. In the
first plantar layer contains the abductor digiti minimi muscle, abductor hallucis muscle, and the flexor digitorum brevis muscle. The second plantar
layer consists of the four lumbrical muscles, and the quadratus plantae muscle. The adductor hallucis muscle, flexor hallucis brevis muscle, and flexor
digiti minimi muscle all lay in the third plantar layer. The fourth, and final, plantar layer consists of the seven interosseous

What Is Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation?
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is a type of therapy that can be used to prevent
atrophy of a muscle or muscle group. It works when electrical impulses are applied to a muscle
or muscle group to stimulate their contraction. Electrical muscle stimulation has been used for
physical rehabilitation for centuries. It was first used in the mid–eighteenth century and in the
mid–twentieth century it was shown to help prevent muscle atrophy and loss of muscle mass.
Electrical stimulation was originally used in orthopedic and neurological rehabilitation in human
patients and was then developed to be used in equine, canine, and feline rehabilitation.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation works on the patient through "leads and flexible, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contraindications for neuromuscular electrical stimulation include "treatment over heart
or cardiac pacemakers, over areas of peripheral vascular disease or thrombophlebitis, over areas
of decreased pain and/or temperature sensation, over an infection, over neoplasms, and over the
carotid sinus" (Bassert, Thomas & McCurnin, 2014). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
should not be used on animal patients that suffer from seizure diseases, animal patients that are
pregnant, and animal patients that may have malignant tumors. If neuromuscular electrical
stimulation is applied over heart or cardiac pacemakers, the electromagnetic field from the
stimulation can interfere with the pacemaker and may cause the pacemaker to fail.
Thrombophlebitis is the venous clotting and inflammation that may or may not be accompanied
by an infection. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is contraindicated in thrombophlebitis
because the "strong muscle contractions induced by the stimulation device can dislodge a
thrombus, a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there, and possibly cause death"
(Johnson, 2014). Using neuromuscular electrical stimulation over neoplasms is

Muscles And Trauma Case Study: Chinese Delivery
Matt may have had to do simple movements in order to get his Chinese delivery in a matter of seconds, but what he probably is oblivious to is the
various muscles and joints needed to do in the simple act of opening a door.
To begin, Matt first had to stand from his sitting position, in order to go and get his food from the delivery person. With standing, it is necessary to be in
control and maintain a steady posture, or one would constantly be landing on their face. While sitting, Matt is using muscles such as Quadriceps,
Fibularis Longus, Latissimus Dorsi, and of course; his Gluteus Medius muscles. With that, we see there are many muscles just involved in the process
of being in a sitting positon. Moreover, is when Matt has to physically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, Matt has to push up using all of his strength. Muscle used in this process are the Hamstrings which flex the knee for movement, the soleus, which
provides power to the ankle, and the Tibilias anterior, which inverts the ankle. Now, Matt is finally in standing position. In this position, Matt is using
his Gluteus Maximus, one of the strongest muscles in the human body, and this allows for movement of the hip & thigh. Also, Matt is using his
Hamstrings, Soleus, and Tibilas anterior, which very also used in other positions in the process of standing from sitting position. With all of the different
muscles used in this process of standing from sitting position, there were also various nerves that inverted these muscles. For the Quadriceps it would
be the femoral nerve, the Fibularis Longus with the Peroneus longus nerve, the Latissimus Dorsi with the Thoracodorsal nerve, the Gluteus medius
which uses the superior gluteal nerve, and the gluteus maximus which uses the inferior gluteal nerve, the Internal oblique which uses the both the
iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve. Also, the Trapezius which uses

Flatfoot Research Papers
If you are experiencing some pain on your ankle or hind foot with the observation that the arch of your foot is becoming flat, it is possible that you
might be having an Acquired Adult Flatfoot Deformity. This deformity is the progressive flattening of the arch of your foot. Once you suspect that you
have a flatfoot, it is really important to consult your podiatrist as soon as possible to ensure that the deformity will be corrected and not become severe.
Treatments for the acquired adult flatfoot deformity can either be non–operative or operative depending on the stage and severity of the signs and
symptoms that you possess. Treatments that are considered non–operative are usually good for those early stages of AAFD. Usually, both stage 1 and 2
can still be treated without any surgical procedures. Non–operative treatments are as follows:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maintain appropriate weight and loss weight if it is necessary.
Avoid aggravating activities and prolonged weight–bearing activities without proper footwear.
Over–the–counter pain relievers can help alleviate the pain you are feeling.
Exercise program that focuses on stretching and strengthening your foot and leg muscles.
Use of correct braces and orthoses such as shoe inserts to help you maintain your foot on its correct and normal

Training Program For Train For Turbo Touch Essay
I have been doing an 8–week training program to train for turbo touch. During this 8–week program we performed 2 weeks using a variety of methods
of training including continuous, interval and circuit training. Continuous training, also known as continuous exercise, is any type of physical training
that involves activity without rest intervals. Continuous training can be performed at low, moderate, or high exercise intensities. Physical training
consisting of alternating periods of high– and low–intensity activity and circuit training is a form of body conditioning or resistance training using
high–intensity aerobics. It targets strength building and muscular endurance. An exercise "circuit" is one completion of all prescribed exercises in the
program. I applied a range of principles/methods of training to my 2 week programme. This included frequency, overload, duration and intensity.
Continuous Training
I took part in 2 weeks of continuous training, during this I trained once a week doing continuous by running 2.2 kilometers non–stop around the block. I
applied a range of these principles of training in my continuous training as frequency is how often you train and by training continuous once a week I
am able to keep my fitness up and/or improve it and improve my aerobic system for long periods of exercise. I applied the principle of specificity which
means focusing on a specific aspect and using the same energy systems. By applying specificity, you can train your

Skeletal Muscles
One of the Primary movements preformed while playing indoor volley ball is jumping to block a spike from the opposition. Blocking consists of two
main actions, primarily a vertical jump to place yourself in the path of the volleyball and secondary raising your arms above your head in order to block
a larger area of space.
Bones are essential to all movement of the human body as they are what is moved during muscle contractions, but can also limit our range of motion.
During the primary vertical jump flexion and extension of the hip is allowed by the highly mobile ball and socket joint formed between the pelvis and
femur. Flexion and extension of the knee is made possible by the hinge joint formed between the femur and tibia and dorsiflexion ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Incorrect technique can lead to poor performance but can be improved by correcting biomechanics such as balance, stability and centre of gravity.
Performance can also be increases by adding spin to the ball. Athlete spend years trying to improve their performance by perfecting correct technique
Many technical issues in volleyball stem from bad balance. Before you perform a jump serve you must first adopt a stance with one foot in fortune of
the other which increases your base of support. In doing this you ensure that you are in complete control of your body and the ball will go exactly
where you want it.
After a good starting position has been obtained it is the action is made easier and more effective. A good throw is performed by throwing the ball high
and in a liner line straight up into the air using your non hitting hand. While the ball falls an athlete will take a step forward and place their weight on
their front foot before jumping to hit the ball. In moving your weight to your front foot you move your centre of gravity forward as well which helps to
build momentum towards the ball and to exert more force on the ball thus making it travel faster making it harder for the opponent to

Cattle Jumps
Jumping on top of a box
The activity I chose was jumping on top of a box. Now there are different types of jumps you can do such as; high jumps, long jumps, triple jumps, and
pole jumps, which are typically sports that athletes compete in, but since I'm no athlete it'll in this activity just be doing a simple exercise of jumping on
top of a box. Which means we won't use the anterior portion of the body, just stabilized legs for balance. The directional planes in which this can be
done is sagittal; which divides the body into left and right and transverse which divides the body into top and bottom portions. The axis that can be used
is the coronal axis which runs from side to side at a right angle to the sagittal plane of motion. Now we'll begin ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I'll begin by naming the agonist along with the antagonist as well as the action, insertion, and origin of the muscles.
Agonist: Gastrocnemius and soleus
Gastrocnemius:
Origin: lateral head–posterior surface of lateral condyle of femur and highest of three facets on lateral condyle, medial head, posterior surface of femur
above medial condyle
Insertion: tendo calcaneus to middle of three facets on posterior aspect of calcaneus
Action: plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
Soleus:
Origin: soleal line and middle third of posterior border of tibia and upper quarter of posterior shaft of fibula including neck
Insertion: tendo calcaneus to middle of three facets on posterior surface of calcaneus
Action: plantar flexes foot (aids venous return)
Antagonist:
Tibialis anterior:
Origin: upper half of lateral shaft of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion: intermedial aspect of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Action: extends and inverts foot at ankle, holds up medial longitudinal arch of foot
Extensor digitorum

Neuromuscular Junction Essay
EFFECT OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION MOLECULAR PATHWAYS:
The benefits of physical exercise for humans are known for many years and physical training can interfere positively in the up regulation and protein
expression of several molecules and growth factors. Firstly, the physical exercise can alter the expression of Glial cell line–derived neurotropic factor
(GDNF) differently in slow and fast muscle fibers, and thereby affect peripheral motor neurons. Wehrwein, Roskelley & Spitsbergen (2011) showed
that 4 weeks of walking exercise on a treadmill increased GDNF content in soleus, gastrocnemius and pectoralis major muscles, while limb
immobilization generated opposite effect. In addition, increased expression of Neurotrophin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, it is important to intervene and stop the functional denervation process caused by aging (Krause, Ciena, Anaruma, de Souza & Gama., 2015).
Also, Cheng et al. (2013) demonstrated that when voluntary exercise training is done throughout life, it delays death expectancy and displays more
compact neuromuscular junction structure at older age. Thus, Among various strategies found in the scientific literature, exercise and/or physical
training appears as activity of easy implementation and low cost for controlling functional

The Response Of The Sciatic Nerve
The study of the response of the sciatic nerve and the neuromuscular to the Rana pipens was constructed by the Comparative Animal Physiology lab
manual for both the nerve compound action potential (Lab five) and the neuromuscular junction (Lab six) (Norris, et al.,2016). In order to analyze the
responses of the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius of a Rana pipens, one exercise was selected from Lab five and five exercises were selected from
Lab six. Both lab five and Lab six had a study length of three weeks to be performed. Therefore, the first experiment focused on the nerve compound
action potentials, while the second experiment focus on the neuromuscular junction. In the first experiment, the only exercise analyzed (Exercise one),
was the determination of the threshold voltage and the relationship between stimulus intensity and compound action potentials(CAP). On the second
experiment, five exercises were analyzed, these experiments focused on the stimulus intensity and strength of contraction, the effect of stretch on
contractile force, the effect of paired pulses on contraction force(summation), muscle tetanus, and muscle and nerve fatigue. In lab five, exercise one,
which focused on the determination of the threshold voltage and the relationship between stimulus and intensity and CAP of the Rana pipens the
materials used were; a computer system, PowerLab with analog output, LabChart software, MLT012/B Nerve Bath, Frog Ringer's solution, isolated

Hind Horse Research Paper
The largest joint in the horses is the stifle joint in the hind legs. This joint is a lot like the knee in us, humans. The lower Femur, upper tibia and patella
(knee cap) are the bones that make up the joint. Sitting between the femur and tibia is the semilunar cartilages(menisci)this helps with shock absorption
and helps keep the joint positioned correctly. The Patella sits on the trochlea a track like structure that sits on the lower end of the femur. This structure
purpose is to reduce friction and to transmit extension power from the femur down to the tibia. The quadriceps femoris is the main extensor of the stifle
and, runs along the front of the femur connecting to the patella. Three patellar ligaments(middle patellar, medial patellar

Research Paper On The Barbell Squat
The Barbell squat is a compound exercise that is a common exercise that specifically targets muscles in the lower half of the body. Squats are used by a
variety of individuals spreading from bodybuilding to physical rehabilitation, used to help increase muscular recovery of injured lower limbs. The squat
movement begins with a hip–width stance in an upright position with both hips and knees fully extended, followed by a barbell supported on the
trapezius muscles. Following this by descending, flexing the knees ensuring they stay in line with the feet. The torso should remain upright as much as
possible during this action. Continue the descend all the way down with the weight on the front of the heel, as the upper leg makes contact with the
lower leg, reverse the motion and begin to drive the weight upwards. According to a study in the (American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2002), there
was a very slight increase in the risk of knee injuries due to bad technique when performing the squat exercise.

A Research Study On Frog Muscle
Frog Muscle
Abstract: (ADD MAIN FINDINGS RESULTS, AND CLINAL REASONS WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT)
The muscular system is fundamental to human life, without the skeletal muscles mobility and balance would be impeded. The purpose of this lab is to
study the physiological properties of the skeletal muscle by isolating the gastrocnemius of a frog and running it through a series of tests. These tests will
help us identify the minimum and maximum strength of stimulation (threshold and plateau values) that will evoke a muscle twitch. The force generated
by muscles is dependent on the total number of muscle fibers, the number of activated fibers also depend on frequency and stimulation.
In the first exercise, increasing the stimulus until a plateau was met tested the relationship between stimulus and response. This then gave us the
supermaximal excitation voltage value that would later be used in the rest of the experiments. In exercise two, we observed the muscle's response to a
continuous stimulus at different frequencies and tetanus. Finally In exercise 3, raising the micro–positioner by intervals of 2 mm stretched the muscle
allowing us to study the effects of stretch on contraction force. From these experiments it was possible to explore the concepts of single twitch graded
response, relationship between muscle length and tension generated, and tetanus. From this it is possible to understand muscle physiology.
Introduction:
The muscular system is essential to human life,

Muscle Endurance Essay
Two of the main causes of poor posture are muscle tightness and muscle weakness, therefore it is important to design a stretching program to improve
muscle length, as well as a resistance training program to improve strength.
Prior to commencing exercise our patient is to complete a warm up consisting of low intensity exercise (approximately 40% of heart rate max), for
between 7 and 10 minutes, this is followed by a series of dynamic stretching exercises aimed at preparing the muscles for physical activity, improving
range of motion, and improving proprioception. This dynamic exercise program consists of:
1. Neck Rotations
2. Shoulder circles
3. Arm swings
4. Side bends
5. Front on squats
6. Side squats
7. Lunges
8. Leg swings/high kicks
9. High jumps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trapezius, Rhomboids, Pectoralis major and minor, Deltoids, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Biceps and the Latissimus dorsi
b. Performed first so that the body is not fatigued.
2. Squat
a. Another compound exercise which works:
i. Erector spinae muscles, Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius
b. The squat also activates the core muscles such as the Rectus abdominis and obliques as they are required in order to stabilize the body during the
squat movement.
3. Bench Press
a. The bench press primarily uses the pectoralis muscles, however it also incorporates the deltoids, Trapezius and Triceps.
b. Like the squat, the bench press also requires activation of the abdominal group in order to stabilize the body and give a base of support.
4. Lunges
a. Like the squat the lunge is also a compound exercise which works almost all the muscles of the lower body as well as requiring core activation for
stabilization.
i. Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius, Gluteus maximus, abdominals and obliques.
5. Lat pull down
a. Another compound exercise which works the muscles of upper body:
i. Latissimus dorsi, Trapezius, Rhomboids, Levitator scapulae, Serratus anterior and the biceps brachii.
6. Double leg hip

Perform Ten Resistance Training Exercise
3. Perform ten resistance training exercises and describe which phase of the exercise is the eccentric, concentric and isometric phase of the movement.
At which phase is the muscle the strongest? Why?
When performing the bench press, lowering the bar to your chest (down phase) this movement is considered an eccentric contraction. When lifting the
bar off your chest (up phase) this movement is considered a concentric contraction. If we modify the exercise and we bring the weight down to the chest
and hold this position, this fixed position of the bar is considered an isometric contraction. During the up phase, the pectoralis major is at its strongest
because the muscle is contracted at its full potential, holding and maintaining the weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the body lowers in this exercise, the chest, shoulders, triceps, and abdominals are all contracted, which is a concentric contraction. As the body rises
back up to the starting position, this movement is an eccentric contraction. The muscles are at its strongest in this exercise when the body is in the down
phase and maintaining a muscle contraction on the way back up to the starting position.
Upright rows, when the barbell is raised, this movement is a concentric contraction. During this contraction, the trapezius are at its strongest in this
point in the movement. As the weight is lowered back to its starting position, this movement downward is an eccentric contraction.
Barbell rows, when the body is about to perform the exercise (preparatory phase) and is griping the bar, this is an isometric contraction. When the bar is
raised and touching the upper abdominals, this is a concentric contraction. The latissimus dorsi, trapezius, posterior deltoids and biceps, are all activated
during this exercise and are the strongest when the bar is touching the upper portion of the abdominals. When the bar is lowered and brought back to the
starting position, this is an eccentric

Evidence Based Paper: Stretching Before A Workout
Evidence–based Paper: Stretching Stretching before a workout has its own pros and cons. A patient wants to know if he should continue to stretch prior
to his workouts even though he says that he has always done it and it helps him with his workouts. As an expert, I would recommend him to stop
because stretching is not a warm up, stretching before workouts may increases injuries, and there are no real conclusive evidence that stretching before
an exercise helps prevent injuries. Stretching is not a warm up. Many confuses stretching to be a warm up and sometimes may end up hurting
themselves more than improving their performances. If you stretch before a warm up or use stretching as a warm–up before an exercise, you are
elongating that specific muscle when it's still cold which may result in injuries. It is also undermining your warm up if you stretch prior to the exercise.
By pulling on the muscle before it had a chance to be activated, you are reducing your range of motion as well as decreasing your performance. In this
scenario, you are already prepping your muscle for further injuries. Thus, I do not recommend stretching before an exercise because it should not be use
prior to workouts. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When stretching before exercising, your body may think that it's at risk of being overstretched. Thus, the body starts making the muscles contract and
becoming tenser. This will then reduce your range of motion and increases your risk for injuries. Pulling on a cold muscle is like pulling on a rubber
band. They can only stretch so far before they snap. For example, I stretch my gastrocnemius before a run. During the run, I have a higher chance to
pull a muscle because it has already been stretched prior to the run. Therefore, I do not recommend stretching prior to workouts because it may increase
your chance of

Essay on Biomechanics of Running
Introduction: A Qualitative Analysis of Running
In the 1970's, thousands of people took to the road with a new trend of exercise––––running. It was fairly easy; just put one foot in front of the other as
fast as you can and go as far as you can. Feel the burn in your chest? The sweat trickling down your face? The throb in your knees as your foot pounds
into the ground with every step? Well then, you're exercising! You're running! Since then, running has become a dominant factor in sports and fitness; a
factor so prevalent that the number of musculoskeletal injuries due to running has also increased over the last quarter century. These chronic injuries are
usually due to overuse, improper training techniques, or a combination of the two. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High correlations were found between the muscle forces and the VOI time curves for the monoarticular hip, knee and ankle extensor muscles. However,
the correlations for the biarticular muscles were low. The results from the model concluded that the active state of the gastrocnemius was high during
the stretch phase; the active state of the soleus started out low during the stretch phase, but reached a higher plateau as the stretch phase ended and the
shortening phase began. Therefore, the difference in stimulation is a compromise between minimizing energy dissipation and optimal use of the stretch–
shortening cycle.
Nig, DeBoer, and Fisher (1995) did a comparison of treadmill and overground running. Twenty–two subjects ran on four different surfaces: overground
and three treadmills, each varying in size and power. Each subject was filmed in the sagittal and frontal (posterior) plane. Body landmarks were placed
on the superior border of the greater trochanter, the lateral femoral epicondyle, the lateral malleolus, and the head of the fifth metatarsal of the right leg.
Subjects ran at four different speeds varying from 3.0–6.0 m/s. It was concluded that the subjects systematically planted their feet in a flatter position on
the treadmill than overground. Therefore, using a treadmill for running assessment can lead to inadequate conclusions about overground running.

Biomechanics Assignment
Biomechanics Assignment
Lower Extremity
All answers came from Basic Biomechanics – 6th Edition.
Hall, Susan J. (Susan Jean), 1953– Basic biomechanics/ Susan J. Hall–6th ed. p. cm.
1. Name the ligaments that surround the hip joint
Ligament 1 Iliofemoral Ligament
Ligament 2 Pubofemoral Ligament
Ligament 3 Ischiofemoral Ligament
1b. Based on the name of the ligament determine where each ligament attaches on the Os Coxae
Ligament 1 – connects the pelvis to the femur at the front of the joint.
Ligament 2 – attaches the most forward part of the pelvis to the femur
Ligament 3– attaches to the ischium and between the two trochanters of the femur.
2. What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle It is the pair of hipbones which is made up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It inserts on the tibia and goes through the lateral condyle of the femur.
7. Movement of the knee joint
Action of the Knee Muscles responsible for it
Knee flexion Gastrocnemius, Plantaris
Knee Extension Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, intermedius, medialis
8. Where is plantar fascia located, and what is the role of plantar fascia?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. List all the muscles responsible for Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, Inversion and Eversion
Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion Inversion Eversion
Gastrocnemius Tibalis anterior Tibalis anterior Extensor digitorum longus
Plantaris Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucius longus Peroneus tertius
Soleus Peroneus tertius Flexor digitorum longus Peroneus–longus,brevis
Peroneus–longus,brevis, Extensor hallucius longus Flexor hallcius longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallcius longus
Tibialis posterior Tibialis posterior
10. Describe the articulations of the following joints
a.Subtalar – allows inversion and eversion of the feet.
b. Tibiotalar – dorsiflexion and plantar

Calf Muscle Essay
One muscle group that must be worked out is the calf muscle. This muscle is made up of two muscles (the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle)
and can be strengthened in a few different ways. Some exercises that can benefit the calf muscles are: The Double–Leg Calf Raise, which requires your
body weight, The Single–Leg Calf Raise, which helps your body get aligned to protect your joints, The Seated Calf Raise, which can work both your
gastrocnemius muscle and your soleus muscle, Running, Walking, and Hiking. All of these exercises can be done quite easily and efficiently. There are
also various reasons to strengthen this muscle. One of these reasons is that it is not good for your calf muscle to be weak or thin, especially if you are

Muscle Epidemiology Essay
2) All sports and activities can cause pain and eventually overwork a muscle. Many runners undergo and experience pain or some sort of problem in
their lower extremities. For runners, the agonist muscles are the gastrocnemius, soleus, hamstrings, quadriceps, iliotibial band, and tibialis anterior
muscles. Muscle tightness in these areas occur because of the following.
Tight
a) A lack of flexibility in general
b) Fatigued calf muscles
c) Inappropriate footwear
d) Wearing high heels daily
e) Running too much, too soon
f) Inadequate warm–up / cool–down
g) Muscle imbalances elsewhere
h) Running form
Overstretched
a) Hip flexors (Psoas major, rectus femoris, sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis) ... Show more content
Manual muscle testing will be tested to assess the strength in muscles used for running such as the prime/strong muscles which are the hamstrings,
gastrocnemius, soleus, quadriceps, and tibialis anterior. This will also determine the weakness in muscles such as the plantarflexors, dorsiflexors, knee
flexion, and knee extension. Also, range of motion will be tested on the tight muscles such as the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and tibialis
anterior. When the muscles are tight, the runner will increase the risk of injury (Schipper, 2009). Gait analysis will be used to examine deficits to body
function, stability, and describe how the patient will be running. This will help determine the patient's biomechanics and achieve adequate mobility.
Lastly, we will perform a pain assessment to see what pain level the patient is at when running. This will help determine whether the patient is
minimizing stress on the body to achieve no pain at all while running. To monitor progress of these assessments, we must know that if these "muscles
are weak or become fatigued easily, there is less control of the leg and the risk of injury increases" (Schipper, 2009, paragraph

The Function Of James And Musculoskeletal System
Case Introduction
James Walsh, a 55–year–old–male presented symptoms including weakness inferiorly in his right lower limb and difficulty performing simple tasks
such as walking or tying his shoelace. He also had some difficulties swallowing and often experiences unpredictable movements due to lack of control.
As a result, he primarily uses a wheelchair and requires careful assistance when performing everyday activities.
The function of James' musculoskeletal system is primarily to facilitate movement as the contraction of his muscles pull on bone to carry out an action.
It also contributes to heat production for enzymes to function, stability by resisting unwanted movement and maintains his posture (Saladin, K S.,
2007). This is important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, James' case of spastic cerebral palsy alters the interaction between the musculoskeletal and nervous system in some areas which are affected.
Case Examination
James' condition of spastic cerebral palsy impacts the regulation of muscle tone due to the effect of spinal reflexes when muscles are slightly contracted
(Ballard, F., 2016). Muscle tone is dependent on the release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). This is regulated when
there is a balance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. James' condition of cerebral palsy indicates that there is an imbalance between
excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. The imbalance between these impulses causes a lack in regulation of muscle tone due to the insufficient
release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). James' excess production of excitatory impulses originates in the golgi tendons
of organs and muscle spindle, a specialised sensory receptor in the muscle (Albright, A.L., 1995). The impulse then passes through afferent nerves into
the spinal cord and releases excitatory neurotransmitters. In contrast, the lack of ability to generate inhibitory impulses suggest that the regions of the
brain responsible for the generation of inhibitory impulses including the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum may be damaged (Albright, A.L.,
1995). Consequently, the excess of excitatory impulses may result in

Muscle Massage: A Case Study
Exhaustive training, particularly exercise training at high intensity swimming, can induce temporary damage to muscle. Exercise–induced muscle
damage (EIMD) can occur by sudden active stretching of the muscle–tendon unit through unaccustomed or increased training intensity. Muscle damage
is frequently observed in swimmers, as they often push their limits in training and competition.
Therapeutic massage is frequently used as a treatment to recover from muscle fatigue or damage. Massage increases local blood and lymph flow,
decreases edema production, reduces muscular tone, and enhances mood. It has been suggested that massage decreases the stress hormone cortisol and
increases levels of serotonin and dopamine [read about how ice baths may need to be reconsidered].
Not long ago, I wrote extensively about 5 reasons you should have swim meet massages. These 5 reasons for swim meet massages discuss ... Show
Awareness of the orientation of the body in space and direction, extent, and rate of movement in the limbs is essential to position and coordinate
movement.
Shin (2015) noted significant improvements in joint proprioception in the ankle after 15 minutes of post–exercise massage compared to a control. The
study also found improvements in knee proprioception after this same massage, but the results were not significant.
Higher muscular activation allow greater force and power production. In this same study, calf muscular contraction was significantly higher (by ~13%)
in the experimental group compared to the control group. [also if you get frequent calf cramps, try this tip!]. This large improvement can greatly
improve performance and strength, once again, important aspects for

Achilles Tendinitis Research Paper
What is Achilles Tendinitis?
Our body consists of many tendons that attach bone to muscle. These tendons may become overused overtime causing inflammation or irritation. When
tendons become inflamed or irritated it can be very painful. This type of injury is known as tendonitis. The Achilles tendon is known to be one of the
largest tendons in the body. It stretches from your calf muscle to your heel bone. It allows you to walk, run, jump and extend your foot to point your
toes to the floor. The Achilles is a common injured area that can withstand a large amount of stress, but with too much stress can lead to Achilles
tendonitis.
Types of Achilles Tendinitis
Noninsertional Achilles Tendinitis Is where the middle portion of the Achilles tendon begins to swell and thicken, also causing pain. This is where the
tendon fibers begin to break down with small tears. This type of tendonitis is more common among younger, active individuals. ... Show more content
This type of tendinitis can occur in patients who are not active. It is common for bone spurs to form in this area. Either type of tendinitis can harden as
well. Injury Mechanism
Tendonitis is usually not related to any specific injury, but instead is linked to the overuse and stress on the Achilles tendon. People who participate in
things such as running, gymnastics, dance, baseball, basketball, etc. are putting a great amount of stress on their Achilles tendon. As you grow older the
Achilles tendon weakens which causes it to become more prone to injury. Stress on the Achilles may also be due to:
Wearing high heels too often
Increasing intensity of physical activity too quickly
Having tight calf

Heart Rate Lab Report
For this experiment we strived to answer whether or not the type of exercise affects heart rate? We predicted that heart rate will increase slower when a
human test subject is doing sit ups compared to burpee's. Our null hypothesis stated that the heart rate will not change when a human test subject is
doing sit ups compared to burpees.
We conclude with all our data that Burpees increase heart rate faster than sit ups do, and that the type of exercise does affect your heart rate. The slope
of the burpee best fit line was clearly higher than the sit up one. The average beats per minute of sit ups was .86 per second, while for burpees it was
2.29 beats per minute. That is almost another full heart beat more than sit ups. This is also shown in the averages. The highest average for sit ups was
123.5, but for burpees the highest heart rate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the average difference between the resting and final heart rate for burpee's was 81.16 beats per minute, on the other hand, for sit ups it was 28
beats per minute. Using just the average change in heart rate, it shows clearly that burpee's increased the heart rate =more. Each of these pieces of
evidence prove that burpee's increases the heart rate more than sit ups. Burpee's requires more muscles. For the push up in burpee's, it works your
deltoids, upper arms (triceps), pectoral muscles, and ab muscles. For the jump, you work the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and the soleus.
These are the main the muscles you work for 1 burpee. That is a total of 8 main muscles. For a sit up you use your rectus abdominus, iliopsoas, rectus
femoris, and obliques.1 burpee works more muscles than 1 sit up. Your heart rate increases during exercise because your blood needs to provide

Hopping Motion With SEMG Patterns Lab Analysis
Considering the flight phase of jumping motion, the number of muscle coordination patterns is more than four and the muscles are more freely
organized since there is no contact force with the ground. To estimate the covariation of joint angles with extracted synergies is a rough task and may
cause computational burden. The second one is about building a model for generating velocity–adapted jumping gait with muscle synergies, in which
wavelets neural network is proposed to predict the reference gait pattern, while fuzzy inference system is adopted to merge these reference gaits in
order to create more generalized gaits with different jumping rhythm. Taking the muscle activation coefficients as input signals, the output joint angles
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of dynamic motion such as jumping, an important fact in sEMG (surface Electromyogram) signal based control on exoskeletons,
myoelectric prostheses, and rehabilitation gait is that multichannel sEMG signals contain mass data and vary greatly with time, which makes it difficult
to generate compliant gait. To generate the gait pattern with muscle synergies is related to the problem of identifying the forward relationship between
sEMG and resultant joint movement. So, we suppose that it is reasonable to apply the muscle synergies to simplify the generation of compliant dynamic
gait, such as hopping, based on sEMG for biomechanical leg control. Two questions were analyzed and discussed in the paper, the first one concerning
whether the same set of muscle synergies can explain the different phases of jumping movement with various velocities. Since vertical jumping is the
fundamental movement pattern of dynamic motion, such as jumping, bouncing, and running, based on the above discussion, we will focus on
generating flexible gait of vertical jumping with sEMG signals for biomechanical leg. Thus, the first problem that would be discussed in this paper is
whether the same set of muscle synergies can explain the different phases of dynamic gait with various velocities. The

Observation of Myotactic and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes
Human Reflexes Observation of myotactic and vestibulo–ocular reflexes
Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to study the anatomy of human reflexes, specifically to compare monosynaptic reflexes to
polysynaptic reflexes. The monosynaptic reflex in this experiment is the myotactic, or Hoffman, reflex that will be seen by simulating the tibial nerve
and the polysynaptic reflex is the vestibulo–ocular reflex that will be seen by spinning the subject in a spin chair. A reflex is defined as an involuntary
and stereotyped response to a fixed stimulus (Sherwood, 2007, p. 177). A reflex allows quick responses to things such as pain or other stimulation. In
non–classical definitions, reflexes can even be learned if the subject is conditioned that way(Sherwood, 2007, p. 176). The pathway that a reflex takes
from input (stimulus) to output (muscle activity) can generally be shown as reflex arcs. Reflex arcs have five elements. The first element is the stimulus,
which acts on a receptor. In the second element, a signal from the receptor is sent along the afferent nerve to the integrator, or central nervous system.
The signal is then processed here for the third element. Then, the signal is sent down the efferent nerve, the fourth element, to the effector. The effector
acts on this signal for the fifth element. Another reason this can be considered a reflex arc is that all responses are in proportion to the strength of the
stimulus (Sherwood, 2007, p. 177). The

Achilles Knee Strength
Azevedo et al. (2009) has found that knee range of motion (heel strike to midstance) was significantly lower in injured runners with Achilles
tendinopathy than in uninjured runners. In adition, the preactivation (EMG) in 100 ms before heel strike of tibialis anterior was lower for injured
runners than uninjured runners. Moreover, rectus femoris and gluteus medius IEMG activity 100 ms after heel strike was also lower in the injured
group. In a thesis study from Azevedo and Martin (2008), the author concluded that achilles tendinopathy runners have a higher incidence of previous
injury, run for more years, have reduced hamstring flexibility, and are heavier and taller than uninjured runners. In addition, reduced electromyography
activity (IEMG) of tibialis anterior and rectus femoris during the running cycle were found in runners with achilkles tendinopathy. Franettovich Smith
et al. (2014), have found that neuromotor control of the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles in runners with Achilles tendinopathy. Ryan et al.
(2009) found an increase in eversion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, those with achilles tendinopathy displayed differences in the timing and amplitude of a number of lower limb muscles. The onset of
tibialis anterior activity was significantly delayed, and the duration of soleus and lateral gastrocnemius activity was increased in those with achilles
tendinopathy. In addition, those with Achilles tendinopathy displayed reductions in the amplitude of gluteus medius and rectus femoris shortly before or
after heel strike. Also, altered plantar pressures and ground reaction forces and showed a reduced peak tibial external rotation moment on individuals
with Achilles

The Achilles Tendon

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The Achilles Tendon