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1. SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Presentation on – INTERNET OF THINGS
Course Name – INTERNET OF THINGS Course Code : OE-EE701B
Presented by
Name : LADEN GHISING
Roll : 11901621025
Department : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Semester : 7th

2. INTRODUCTION
IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness
of physical devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded
with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to
connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the collection
and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating
opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that
contain electronics embedded within their architecture in order to
communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or with respect
to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based
technology will offer advanced levels of services and practically change
the way people lead their daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power,
gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are just a very
few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established.
IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are
embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

3. Internet of Things examples
You likely use IoT devices every day. The list below outlines a few IoT devices that you may be familiar with:
•Smart home devices:
Smart devices are interactive electronics that use wireless connections to understand user instructions. To an extent, smart home
devices like thermostats and home security systems can work autonomously to assist with daily tasks. For example, you may program
your smart thermostat to adjust automatically to a cooler setting before you arrive home from work. Or, you may receive a security
camera notification to inform you that someone is at the door when you are not home.
•Wearable technologies:
One of the most common Internet of Things examples is smartwatches. Wearable IoT technology like Fitbits and Apple Watches
connect to other devices (like your smartphone) to share data. They typically also connect to the internet to track GPS locations.
•Personal medical devices:
Personal medical devices like pacemakers are also IoT devices. Remote medical devices can help monitor and share a patient's vital
signs or detect early signs of health issues for fast intervention.
•Autonomous vehicles:
Self-driving cars and other connected vehicles rely on the internet to share real-time information. Sensors throughout the vehicle
help map its surroundings, transmit camera footage, and respond to traffic signals.

4. 3 Types Of IoT Applications
Billions of devices are connected to the internet, collecting and sharing information with one another. They range from smart home
setups like cooking appliances and smoke detectors to military-grade surveillance equipment. The list below outlines a few of the most
common types of IoT applications.
1. Consumer IoT
Consumer IoT refers to personal and wearable devices that connect to the internet. These devices are often referred to as smart devices.
2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The industrial Internet of Things is the system of interconnected devices in the industrial sector. Manufacturing machinery and devices
used for energy management are a part of the industrial Internet of Things.
3. Commercial IoT
Commercial IoT refers to the tools and systems used outside of the home. For example, businesses and health care organizations
leverage commercial IoT for auditable data trails and consumer management.

5. Characteristics of IoT
1. Connectivity
Connectivity is an essential feature of IoT. IoT lets you connect mobile phones, laptops, and other internet devices. Any person can get
information about anything at any time and place.
IoT can connect through several wireless devices, like sensors, mobile phones, trackers, etc. This way, the person will not have to wait for
an internet connection to operate a device.
2. Identity of Things
The collaboration of name and number gives an identity to an internet device. Giving an identity to the device is an essential aspect of
IOT. Identity helps to differentiate between various internet devices and select the device we want to send the command.
Every device needs a different controlling power based on the type of data provided. It is essential to give a unique identity to every
device so that we can set up passwords or other security means. For example, fingerprints, face recognition IP addresses, and Face lock
systems are several means of security given to the different identified devices to protect them.
3. Intelligence
The intelligence of IoT devices depends on the sensors' intelligence. The sensors send the data to the user for further analysis.
We need to update the IoT devices regularly to get the smart work done. It adds to their features and makes them smarter.
4. Dynamic
We need to create IoT devices in a way that they can adapt to the environment. For example, an AC should have a sensor that can send a
signal to the cloud and adjust it to the premises of the place. Similarly, the camera can easily click photographs by adjusting to light
situations, like day and night.

6. 5. Scalability
Scalability means the amount of data one can handle efficiently. The IoT has created a setup to handle enormous data and generate
useful analysis.
6. Self Upgradation
As we saw above, updating the software regularly is important. But who has the time to remember to do that? Thus, with its artificial
intelligence, IoT upgrades itself without human help. It also allows the set up of a network for the addition of any new IoT devices.
Thus, the technology can quickly start working without delay if the setup has already been done.
7. Architecture
The architecture of IoT is designed in a way that it is capable of supporting various devices, technologies, and protocols. Its main work
is to confirm whether each connected device does not interfere with the other. This way, the safety and security of each device's data are
maintained.
8. Security
With the increasing number of IoT devices, issues regarding the security of personal data have arisen. There might be a chance of data
leakage as a large amount of data is collected, exchanged, and generated. There is a chance of personal data being transferred without
approval, which is a matter of concern.
To overcome this challenge, IoT has created networks, systems, and devices wherein privacy is well maintained. Maintaining safety
and security is a big dare for IoT. However, it still handles it without any disruption.

7. 9. Network
With the increasing number of IoT devices in a network, it becomes difficult to maintain communication for proper functioning. However,
cloud service and gateway are a few methods that can solve such problems.
Often, one device can use the connectivity of another device to establish network connectivity even if the second device is not connected
to a network. Because IoT devices can communicate with one another, it is more effective and adaptable than other current technologies.
10. Data
The data gathered from IoT devices are analyzed for future prediction. For example, a calorie meter. It helps to regulate the number of
calories each day. We also have fitness data, thermostats, and various devices that monitor our health. Therefore, we can use the data
collected through these devices.

8. Things in IoT
In the IoT, things refer to a variety of devices. It can be anything even humans in it become a thing. For something to qualify
as a “thing”, it requires identity of its existence. The “thing” in a network can be monitored/measure. For example, a temperature
sensor could be a thing. Things are capable of exchanging data with other connected devices in the system. The data could be
stored in a centralized server (or cloud), processed there and a control action could be initiated. The devices having all the above
characteristics are known as things. Some of the famous “things” are temperature sensors, pressure sensors, humidity sensors, etc.
The data from these sensors are collected and sent it to the cloud or stored it in local server for data analysis. Based on the data
analysis, the control action would be taken. For example, switching off the water heater remotely when the water is heated as per
requirement.

9. IoT Stack
The IoT technology stack refers to the multiple layers of hardware, software and communication technologies that connect objects
over the internet to monitor or control them. The IoT technology stack is nothing else than a range of technologies, standards and tools,
which lead from the simple connection of objects to the applications that use these connected things, the data they gather and
communicate and the different steps needed to power them. Without that IoT technology stack there would be no possibility to do
something with IoT devices and no reason to connect things to the Internet. So, simply said the IoT technology stack encompasses all
the needed technologies to move from IoT device and data to an actual purpose and goal or so-called IoT use case.

10. IoT stack consists of following seven layers viz. Sensor layer, processing/control layer, hardware interface layer, RF layer,
session/message layer, user experience layer and application layer.
.
Functionalities Of Each Layer In IoT Stack

11. IoT Stack Layer 1
Physical or sensor layer:
Similar to OSI physical layer, this IoT layer 1 interfaces with physical components. The physical components are mainly sensors
such as humidity sensor, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, heartrate sensor, pH sensor, odour sensor etc. The sensors are used for
sensing of various parameters as per application of use. There are plenty of sensors available for same functionality and hence
appropriate selection of sensor is done based on cost and quality. It is this layer-1 which provides sensed data to IoT stack for further
processing.
IoT Stack Layer 2
Processing and control layer :
The data provided by layer-1 using sensors are processed at this layer. Microcontroller/Processor and operating system play vital role
at this layer. Various development kits can be used for this purpose such as Arduino, NodeMCU (based on ESP32 or ESP8266) ,
ARM, PIC etc. Typical operating systems used are Android, Linux, IOS etc.
IoT Stack Layer 3
Hardware Interface layer :
This layer include components or interfaces used for communication such as RS232, RS485, SPI, I2C, CAN, SCI etc. These
interfaces are used for serial or parallel communication at various baud rates in synchronous/asynchronous modes. The above
mentioned interface protocols ensure flawless communication.

12. IoT Stack Layer 4
RF layer :
This radio frequency layer houses RF technologies based on short range or long range and data rate desired by the application of use.
The common indoor RF/wireless technologies include Wifi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Zwave, NFC, RFID etc. The common outdoor RF
cellular technologies include GSM/GPRS, CDMA, LTE-M, NB-IoT, 5G etc. RF layer does communication of data using radio
frequency based EM waves. There is another technology which uses light waves for data communication. This light based data
communication is referred as LiFi.
IoT Stack Layer 5
Session/Message Layer :
This layer deals with various messaging protocols such as MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, FTP (or Secured FTP), SSH etc. It defines how
messages are broadcasted to the cloud. Refer architectures of MQTT protocol and CoAP protocol.
IoT Stack Layer 6
User experience layer :
This layer deals with providing best experience to the end users of IoT products. To fulfill this, this layer takes care of rich UI designs
with lots of features. Various languages and tools are developed for the design of GUI interface softwares. These include objected
oriented and procedure oriented technologies as well database languages (DBMS, SQL) in addition to analytics tools.

13. IoT Stack Layer 7
Application layer :
This layer utilizes rest of the six layers in order to develop desired application. The typical case studies or applications of IoT are as
follows.
• Smart Home
• Smart Parking System based on zigbee, LoRaWAN and other wireless technologies.
• Smart Energy System, Refer Smart Grid Architecture.
• Smart City
• Smart lighting system based on zigbee standard
• Smart Retail
• Smart Agriculture farming
• Smart Waste Management

14. CONCLUSION
IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that
are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology
allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and
automated systems. Understanding the stack involved in IoT technologies is vital for anyone who wants to work with the IoT. The
stack comprises five layers: devices, communications, protocols, cloud platform, and applications.
Knowing the key terminology used to describe each of these layers will help you understand how the IoT works and make it easier
to find the right solution for your needs. There are electronics manufacturers, telecommunication companies, cellular providers
and software businesses across the globe each seeking to partner with multiple suppliers to meet market demands for a
comprehensive IoT offering. IoT refers to the interconnection of computing devices embedded in everyday objects via the Internet,
enabling them to send and receive data. IoT is not owned by any one engineering branch. It is a reality when multiple domains join
forces and combine efforts.

15. REFERENCES
 https://iotbusinessnews.com/2022/07/13/86750-what-is-the-iot-technology-
stack/#:~:text=The%20IoT%20technology%20stack%20refers,to%20monitor%20or%20control%20them.
 https://iotbusinessnews.com/2022/07/13/86750-what-is-the-iot-technology-stack
 An introduction to the IoT technology stack and its components (i-scoop.eu)
 The Internet of Things (IoT) Tech Stack Explained | CognitiveClouds Blog