Alternative Fueled Vehicles As Rental Cars

Alternative Fueled Vehicles as Rental Cars
Alternative Fueled vehicles as rental cars Lotus Car Rental (LCR) is on the move to making a very wise decision. LCR has successfully operated its
business for a number of years. Today's competition among Budget Car Rental, Avis, and Enterprise does not measure up to the services and
advancement that LCR has displayed. With consumers making more advances toward environmentally friendly cars, alternative fuels for vehicles are
a better choice. The assessment prepared for the Chief Financial Officer will display four primary components which will emphasize solid reasons for
this decision to proceed. The components discussed are the pros and cons of alternative fueled vehicles, the availability of alternative fueled vehicles,
and the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, corn ethanol needs to be blended with gasoline to work. Diesel fuel in the past cost less than gasoline. However, it now costs
approximately the same or even more. Although diesel fuel is considered more efficient because it converts heat into energy rather than sending the
heat out of the tailpipe as gas powered vehicle do, it does not result in high–speed performance. Diesel engines are like a work horse while gasoline
engines are like race horses. Diesel engines require a lot of maintenance, if the engine is not serviced, the injectors will break down. Diesel
maintenance can be expensive. In conclusion, vehicles that run on alternative fuels, as of 2010, are not yet common. If a biodiesel or electrically
powered vehicle is desired, a careful search for a special model is necessary. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, (1) vehicles using ethanol
need a special adaptor or need to be "flexible fuel vehicles," which means they run on a combination of gasoline and ethanol. Availability of alternate
fuel vehicles When considering the availability of alternative fuel vehicles, the type of fuel source must be decided. There are a variety of options
such as, electric, ethanol, biodiesel, propane, natural gas, and hybrid vehicles. The options for electric vehicles are expanding quickly as many auto
makers have produced new models to include Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Prius, Ford
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Alternative Fuels And Its Impact On The Global Economy Essay
Alternative Fuels & Vehicle Krutarth Arora | kva002 | 903902329 PREFACE The vehicle of the future will be significantly different than what we
have seen since the advent of motorized vehicles; technology shrinking the size of components, increased power requirements, improved fuel
economy, lower carbon emissions, exploring alternate forms of fuel, improving convenience and importantly keeping the cost of transportation low. A
lot of effort is being pumped into developing practical options for alternate fuels which in our utopian world would reach ideal properties that we
desire. In this report, we will discuss some of these options for fuels, issues associated with them and their impact on the global economy. CONTENT
Preface1 Content2 Trends, Opportunities and Issues3 Gadgets3 Sensors3 Automation6 Paints and Coatings9 Keys9 Lights12 Fuels14 Materials in
future cars19 Body Design22 Globalization and the future of vehicles 24 Summary27 References 29 CHOICES FOR ALTERNATE FUELS Gasoline
dominates in today's industry and has a significant impact on the face of the earth in terms of climate change and economy. Some of the important and
practical alternatives to current option – fossil fuels–primarily gasoline and diesel, and the Issues related to them are discussed in the following text.
Biodiesel Concept: Continued use of

Alternative Fuels For Ic Engine Essay
ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR IC ENGINE
A Technical seminar Report submitted to Manipal University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Automobile Engineering
Submitted by KULDEEP KUMAR SINGH (Reg. No– 130934158)
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ANDAUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(A Constituent College of Manipal University)
MANIPAL– 576104, KARNATAKA, INDIA
August 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken great efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind of support and help that I received from my
respected professors and many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them for their effort. Working on this project on
"ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR IC ENGINE" was a means of immense knowledge to me. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Asst. Prof.
Padmaraj N H for his guidance and valuable support throughout the course of this project. I acknowledge with a deep sense of gratitude, the
encouragement and inspiration received from our faculty members and my dear friends. Who have helped me out with their abilities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgementi

Abstractii
Chapter
1.Introduction
a)What is "alternative fuel"?
b)
ABSTRACT
"Necessity is the mother of invention. Energy crisis is the cry of future."
The historical and the

Ford's Business Level Strategy Essay
1. Define and discuss Ford's business– level strategy. Henry Ford began a family automobile business in 1903; this was during the industrial revolution.
This business has become the most famous automobile brand in the world. Over the years the business structure had adapted to changes in leadership,
markets trends and the economic conditions. The Ford family still controls the company through multiple voting shares, even though it owns a much
lower proportion of the equity Ford's business level is the integrated cost leadership/ differentiation strategy; this involves engaging in primary and
support activities that allow the company to simultaneously pursue low cost and differentiation. This strategy is flexible and enables Ford to use... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research and development; Ford can use innovation and technology to advance and design smart automobiles in this competitive market. Supplies
play very important role in the auto industry, maintaining a key supplier and at reasonable prices of parts could affect the finished product.
Computer technology could be used to cut down cost and produce quality goods. Fords' strength is its customers, Ford should be able to supply
products that consumers wants to buy whiles not loosing site of the quality, design performance and the cost consumers are willing to pay. It is very
important to focus on the chain value to cheek and make the necessary changes if any in order to stay on track on the company's business level
strategy. The chain value is also used to structure and restructure the company's operations. From leadership (CEO) level through to lower management
level, here the firm has control of all its factors of production and distribution. The chain helps Ford to re–evaluate performance and concentrate on
production that they do better and to eliminate waste and time. The change is as strong as its weakest end, flexibility, coordination and flow of
information across the management team is a must. 3.Explain how Ford can successfully position itself in term of the five forces of competition. Fords
five forces of competition are; competitive rivalry, New Entrants, Substitutes, bargaining power of customers and bargaining power of suppliers.

Essay On Tracking Tow Trucks
3 benefits of tracking tow trucks
One of the most irritating experiences that any vehicle owner encounters is the breakdown of the vehicle. The worst part of it is the breakdown can
happen anywhere and anytime. Towing trucks are the saviours of those hours. Towing trucks are supposed to help up irrespective of the place and
condition of the broken down vehicle. For a vehicle owner, it means a lot more than mere towing away from the stranded place.
Bringing the stranded vehicle to the nearest auto garage is often a Herculean task for the vehicle owners, but not for the towing trucks. GPS enabled
tow trucks offer added advantages in finding the exact location of the breakdown and charting out the best optimal route to the garage for towing. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also tow trucks often find it hard to tow away partially damaged vehicles through narrow alleys and roads. Busy traffic is also hindrance for towing.
With a vehicle tracking system enabled with fleet management software, it is easier for the tow truck drivers to plan the route of towing ahead. As a
tow truck fleet manager, you can also calculate the time needed for despatching the towing vehicle.
2. GPS based fleet management systems helps in scheduling and maintenance of tow trucks.
Advanced software features now allow the GPS enabled tow truck owners to schedule the routes and services and keep maintenance records with
details such as fuel usage, breakdown history etc. Fleet managers can also monitor driver behavioural patterns. Offensive and dangerous driving
practices such as over speeding, idling away, unsafe driving, sudden lane changes, changing planned routes, etc. can be monitored in real time and
action taken appropriately to correct.
Furthermore, you can also calculate the ideal time required for the tow truck to reach the site and communicate the same to the customer. A lot of
anxiety and stress can be avoided by simply providing the accurate time for pick up. This will surely help you to maintain your company's reputation in
the good books of the local community which you

Reasons For Going Hybrid Cars
8 Reasons to Go Hybrid 8 Reasons to Go Hybrid Sales of hybrid vehicles in the United States have jumped from a curiosity of 17 sales in 1999 to
470,383 in 2014.[1] The annual growth rate of the hybrid market has advanced across all makes and models and includes luxury vehicles, family
sedans and economy vehicles. Hybrid car owners can save hundreds of dollars on fuel costs, get maintenance costs that are comparable to gas–powered
vehicles by spreading them over the life of the cars, enjoy tax incentives and driving perks and find hybrid vehicles in attractive models from their
favorite manufacturers.[2] Hybrid Technology Becomes Increasingly Common This article will explore some of the benefits of going hybrid, which
include getting lower fuel costs, driving greener, cutting noise pollution and reducing dependency on foreign oil. Increased hybrid options include
affordable and indulgent Hondas, Subarus, Acuras and many other models for single drivers, families and business transportation. Benefits of going
hybrid include –– but aren 't limited to –– the following advantages: 1. Increased Fuel Efficiency The Toyota Prius leads the market in hybrid fuel
efficiency, according to FuelEconomy.org, because the model gets almost about 50 MPG no matter where you drive or live.[2] Other hybrid cars also
get mileage ratings of more than 40 MPG. Hybrid cars can achieve these astonishing efficiency ratings while enjoying the full range of torque, acc
acceleration and driving–range

Essay Alternative Fuel
Abstract
The feasibility of adding AFVs (alternative fuel vehicles) to the Lotus Rental Car fleet is examined in the attached research. The advantages and
disadvantages of AFVs were analyzed. In addition, the environmental effect of AFV use on future generations is also discussed. By comparing the
overall information and data of AFVs vs. petroleum–fueled vehicles, and researching how other fleets have successfully incorporated AFVs, the result
is conclusive evidence that the addition of AFVs to the Lotus fleet is a viable course of action for the future of Lotus.
The Feasibility of Adding Alternative–Fuel Vehicles
To the Lotus Rental Car Fleet
In the competitive business environment most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using alternative fuels helps reduce our nation's dependence on imported oil and improves air quality. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct) defines
alternative fuels as electricity, ethanol, natural gas, propane, methanol, hydrogen, and biodiesel (U.S. Department of Energy, What is the Energy Policy
Act of 1992, para. 2).
One of the main issues that requires examination is to find out more details regarding the many different types of alternative fuels. With that thought in
mind, the next step in our research process was to weigh the pros and cons of the various alternative fuel types that would be feasible for the Lotus
Company to consider.
Since we are dealing with a rental fleet, both the cost of implementing a certain type of alternative–fuel vehicle as well as the availability of refueling
stations must be considered when comparing the viability of the different fuel types. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the availability of
refueling stations is an issue for vehicles that run on propane and natural gas (U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels, para.8). With the number
of refueling stations being inadequate for propane and natural gas, these two alternative fuels can be ruled out as an option for the Lotus fleet because
the Lotus customers are not going to rent vehicles if refueling stations are not readily available. In addition, the problems with using natural gas
vehicles are going to

The Problem For Electric Alternatives
company is referring to as a trip planner. This piece of technology allows the vehicle to communicate with charging station in the nearby area in an
effort to make sure the driver never runs out of battery. The trip planner will alert the driver when and where the vehicle should be charged so that it
does not die before reaching a charging station (Davies, 2015). The perception problem for electric alternatives is one of the largest issues preventing
it from becoming a star. A 200 mile range allows for plenty of driving, but consumers are weary to transition due to the perceived lack of infrastructure.
Another alternative to fossil fuel comes in the form of natural gas. The scientific journal labeled A Natural State, extrapolates on... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The natural gas alternative aids in the contribution in reducing the United States reliance on foreign oil and has the potential to become a star if more
resources are focused into this technology for consumer based vehicles. A company by the name of Air Liquide, recently stated that in collaboration
with Toyota, an entirely integrated hydrogen fueling framework would be implemented in the United States (Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2014).Toyota is
involved with the project due to the recent release of the Mirai model which runs on hydrogen. "Hydrogen has great potential to provide clean energy.
Used in the fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen from the air to produce electricity, with water as the only by–product" (Fuel Cells Bulletin,
2014). The Mirai is the turning point for the automotive sector according to Wardlaw. The vehicle had more than twenty years of research and
development prior to its release. The author argues that the technology is here and ready for mass consumption, but that the only piece missing is the
infrastructure (Wardlaw, 2015). In response to the issues with infrastructure, Toyota has opened up its patents on the technology as a means of
increasing collaboration with hydrogen technology (Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2014). By eliminating the boundaries that patents create, the industry can
increase expansion and progress forward more

Can E85 Replace Fuel Vehicles Essay
Can e85 replace gasoline run vehicles? It seems that it has blown up as of late all over the world and could be a full replacement for gasoline,
however, because of what's used to make it brings up a controversy on whether it's worth making. Many countries have already taken up e85 as a
complete alternative to petroleum products, for instance, one of the biggest consumers of e85 is Brazil. There are some changes that need to be made
to vehicles in order for it to not wear out faster but in the grand scheme of things it's cheaper to do the upgrades and run e85. E85 is a great alternative to
gasoline, but not a complete alternative because it is made of 85% ethanol and the other 15% is still gasoline, there are other ethanol fuels like e10 and
e15 which are 10% and 15% ethanol which is in ordinary gasoline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although e85 seems to be a great way to replace fuel there is a drawback, it's made from a crop or in other words a source of food. So the real question
definitely is do we produce fuel for ourselves or feed the starving people of the world? As of right now nearly "...58 percent of the U.S. corn crop
was used for feed. The remaining U.S. crop was split between exports (25 percent) and food, seed or industrial uses such as ethanol production (17
percent)" (Soyatech 1). So it's really how the consumer views it because in terms of food corn is at only 25% and 58% for cattle. Another problem
with e85 is what happens to it over time. Because of its chemical formula, it likes to collect water and water doesn't burn so this can damage your
engine. However, this happens over a long period of time and shouldn't be a real concern unless it left for a long period of

A Report On Car Sharing
Car–Sharing
1.Introduction [carshare]
1.1.What is Car–Sharing? [SAG_Report_–_Car_Sharing]
Car–Sharing is the term used throughout most of the world to refer to mobility services. It is a group of people that use one car in every single day to
terminate their business daily. Car–Sharing refers to automobile rental services intended to substitute for private vehicle ownership, with vehicles
located in neighborhoods, are rented by the hour, and easy to check in and out. Carsharing ranges from small informal cooperatives to sophisticated
businesses with many vehicles. The current transportation market offers consumers many options for purchasing an automobile, but fewer practical
options for using a vehicle occasionally. This contributes to several problems:
It results in inefficient use of valuable assets. Many private automobiles are used only a few hours per week. These low annual–mileage vehicles have
high costs per vehicle–mile.
It increases vehicle use. Because cars are expensive to own but cheap to drive, owners have the incentive to maximize their use. This increases external
costs such as traffic congestion, facility costs, accidents and environmental impacts.
Some low–income households cannot afford to drive at all, or they spend an excessive portion of their budgets own vehicles they only need
occasionally. This is a financial burden and contributes to problems such as uninsured driving.
2.Car–Sharing with fewer pollutants and use less fuel

Biofuel: Ethanol Alternative to Transportation Essay
Biofuel: Ethanol Alternative to Transportation
For the past three decades Oil dominates the agenda of political discussion. With scares over price volatility, sizes of reserves, international imports and
least of which are the environmental impacts due to carbon dioxide and other emissions. Various speculations and educated guesses place our total
depletion of crude oil within the next 50 years and there is a general consensus between environmentalists that we steer toward a hydrogen
transportation system given the projected work and nonexistent carbon dioxide emissions (Environmental Technologies class lecture, Santa Clara
University). However many barriers stand in the way of attaining such a goal, most of which pertaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dry–mill, the more common and standardized of the two processes, utilizes the four basic processes of ethanol production, "clean corn is ground and
mixed with water to form a mash... enzymes are added to convert starch to sugar... yeast is added to ferment... then distilled and dehydrated to create
fuel–grade 99–percent ethanol" (Shapouri 2). The Wet–mill process commonly referred to as a "biorefinery" process approaches ethanol from a more
atomic level. In Wet–mill ethanol production "grain must be separated into is components including starch, fiber, gluten, and germ" (Shapouri 2).
Nevertheless Wet–mill production still uses the three processes above to create ethanol, the difference between Wet and Dry–mill is the quality of their
byproduct. Through Dry–milling you avoid the complexity of multiply biochemical disseminations, which save energy and money through lower skill
labor and lower tooling costs. However Wet–mill production makes more efficient use of mass and higher quality byproducts that will have greater
market value. In the end the net cost of either method is variable, yet on the average the cost to produce a gallon of ethanol is less for Dry–milling
than for Wet, yet when you consider the sale of extra byproducts this figure is reversed (SEE Table 2).
What environmental benefits do we receive form an influx in ethanol as an alternative fuel? First let's look

Preparing an Assessment for Lotus Rental Cars' CEO on the...
Final Research Paper – Lotus Rental Cars This paper will focus on preparing an assessment for Lotus Rental Car's Chief Financial Officer on the
feasibility of adding alternative fuel vehicles to the fleet. Although there are many forms of alternative fuel vehicles, this study will primarily focus
on the use of hybrid vehicles at Lotus Rental Cars. We will discuss the background of Lotus Rental Car's current status, the advantages and
disadvantages of adding alternative fuel vehicles, and provide our recommendation on why and how it should be done. Our focus will be on three
specific areas: budget costs, marketing strategy and performance as well as how Lotus Rental Cars will benefit financially from using this new
process in their current fleet. Background Lotus Rental Cars is a national domestic rental car organization operating in several locations within the
United States headquartered in Los Angeles, California. They have been in business for 20 years and are not as well–known among customers as some
of their competitors, such as Budget, Avis and, Enterprise. Lotus Rental Cars uses various vehicles from economy to larger sized vehicles for rental
purchase by their customers for personal or business need. A large concern of the organization is long–term cost savings and developing a better
marketing strategy. The cost of using various vehicles, increased gas prices caused by the economic downturn, and maintenance of these vehicles will
produce a long–term debt versus

A Report On Car Sharing Vehicles
with vehicles located in neighborhoods, are rented by the hour,
The current transportation market offers consumers many options for purchasing an automobile, but fewer practical options for using a vehicle
occasionally.
This contributes to several problems:
It results in inefficient use of valuable assets. Many private automobiles are used only a few hours per week. These low annual–mileage vehicles have
high costs per vehicle–mile.
It increases vehicle use. Because cars are expensive to own but cheap to drive, owners have the incentive to maximize their use. This increases external
costs such as traffic congestion, facility costs, accidents and environmental impacts.
Some low–income households cannot afford to drive at all, or they spend an excessive portion of their budgets own vehicles they only need
occasionally. This is a financial burden and contributes to problems such as uninsured driving.
8.Car–Sharing Impacts: with fewer pollutants and use less fuel [momo_car–sharing_f03_environmental_impacts_en]
8.1.Environmental
Car–Sharing vehicles are better than when everyone use his/her own car because it is good in fuel efficiency and in emission levels are on the road
faster in Car–Sharing vehicles than in private cars.
8.2.Benefits
There are many benefits to use card–sharing:
Each Car–Sharing vehicle replaces at least four to eight personal cars
Reducing parking pressure – everybody benefits
Car–Sharing creates potential for better quality of life and

Mexico Is The Second Largest Economy Of Latin America Essay
According to the World Bank (2016), "Mexico is the second largest economy in Latin America" (Iliff, 2016). Mexico is one of the largest auto
producers and exporters. "Mexico, produced 3.4 million vehicles in 2015, raking seventh largest vehicle producer in the world and first in Latin
America" (Administration, I. T. (2016). Automotive manufacturing is growing, and large automotive companies such as Nissan, Mazda, Volkswagen,
and GM, who have plants already established in Mexico, are now planning to expand their facilities. Half of the cars sold in Mexico are made there,
and the other half is imported (Iliff, 2016). The business cultural environment in Mexico consists of families driving small old 1990's pick–up trucks.
In Mexico, owning a pick–up means a lot, because this type of cars are used for family, affordability, durability, efficiency, and convenience. Some
include Nissan King Cab, Ford F–150, and Chevy Cheyenne and Silverado. As of 2015, Mexico has broken a new record of new vehicle sales of
1.38 million units, a 19% gain since 2014 and decreased used vehicles sales import of 180,000 from 1.6 million. "The future consumption is
expected to increase by 500,000 units and could reach up 2 millions units" (Iliff, 2016). Mexico had freely imported used vehicles from the United
States, and due to that, there was a large demand for used cars. The industry officials argue, "A crush of used cars hurts new cars. If a customer can
not get a decent price at trade–in, deals fall

Lotus Rental Car's
Lotus Rental Car 's – Alternative Fuel Vehicles
COMM 215
LMH
Instructor
6 December 2004
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
As a quick statement prior to beginning this assignment I thoroughly enjoyed researching this topic. It has been of personal interest to me for years. I
have, in the past (as far back as the 1970 's), invested my personal time researching designs and building prototypes, which utilize alternative fuels for
vehicle propulsion and various mechanical motion applications with a practical approach.
This assessment is submitted for the consideration of Lotus Rental Cars Chief Financial Officer, the topic covered is to assist in answering the question
of the feasibility of adding alternative fuel vehicles to the rental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another AFV energy source is methanol, a type of alcohol. Methanol can be produced from a variety of sources such as coal or natural gas, natural
gas being the least costly source. The overall effect of import dependency is relatively the same as that of LNG. Denatured alcohol, or ethanol, can be
made from corn and other biomass products. The supply within the United States is very limited at best and foreign supply would be required to fill
the demands if ethanol AFV numbers increase. Ethanol is used to reformulate gasoline in California as a substitute for the recent reversal of state
guidelines to add Methyl Tertiary–Butyl Ether (MTBE) to gasoline. The total demand within California requires approximately 10% of all ethanol
consumed must be imported. Increased demand will increase the need for importation due to California and the United States current production
capacity levels. No new ethanol production plants are scheduled for construction at this time therefore guaranteeing the import demands.
Hydrogen, as an energy source for AFV can be used in the form of either an internal combustion engine or a fuel cell where hydrogen is mixed with
oxygen to produce electrical power. Current experimentation, testing and development are in process from all major automotive manufacturers in
North America, Europe and Japan. There is no infrastructure for the refueling of hydrogen powered vehicles, nor are any readily available hydrogen
powered vehicles being produced for

Ford's Differentiation Strategy Essay
The Differentiation strategy
Differentiation involves making products and services that differentiates the company from competitors. Tools used in differentiation strategy such as
SWOT, PEST, Value Chain analysis and Porters Five Forces. The following will be the SWOT analysis of Ford.
SWOT Analysis
Ford Motor Company SWOT analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Strong position in US market
ECOnetic initiative
Sound financial performance
One Ford
Increasing Market share in Asia
High cost structure
Low Market share in Europe
Low exposure to Asia–Pacific
Poor environmental record Opportunities
Threats
Green vehicles
Increasing fuel prices
Strategic partnership
Intense Competition
Debt
Rising Raw material prices

Strength
As the second largest automaker in US, Ford holds a strong position in home market. Their strong commercial vehicle sales helps generate higher
revenue. Ford makes an effort to produce highly fuel efficient engines by improving existing engines rather than new hybrid engines. In result of this,
the Ford Fiesta is currently ranked the lowest emitting mass produced car in Europe. In addition, Ford have a rather sound financial performance. The
US government didn 't need to bailout and was the first to receive their investment status back. The firm's profit margin is high compared to
competitors with the highest liquidity ratio. When Allan Mulally implemented the "One Ford" approach, it significantly decreases costs for Ford and
drives record profitability. By

Contributions Of Greenhouse Gas Consumption And Internal...
Transportation sector contributes to a considerable share of energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. In 2015, 50%
of world oil consumption was consumed for road transportation [1]. In 2014, 35% of energy was used in the transportation sector (21% of world
energy consumption was used in passenger cars) [1]. In 2010, about 14% of worldwide GHG emissions was from the transportation sector [2]. The
share of the transportation sector in a country's GHG emissions varies among the countries all over the world. For instance, in the US, the
transportation sector is a major contributor to GHG emissions and accounted for 27% of GHG emission in 2015 [3]. Out of that 27%, 60% of
emission is from light–duty vehicles and 23% from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a notable point especially for countries that have a high percent of emission–free electricity generation capacity and can use that emission–free
electricity to provide the energy needed in the transportation sector. To cut CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 (as decided by G8 leaders and the
European Union in 2009), a 95% carbon emission reduction should happen in transport sector [6]. However, based on the expected number of
passenger cars by 2050 and knowing the emissions and efficiency of ICEVs, the reduction target for transportation sector cannot be achieved through
an increase in efficiency of ICEVs alone [6]. Knowing this limit, different countries/jurisdictions all over the world have invested in alternative fuel
vehicles. As defined by the US Department of Energy, an alternative fuel vehicle is "a dedicated, flexible fuel, or dual–fuel vehicle designed to operate
on at least one alternative fuel" [8]. Biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, or propane are considered as alternative fuels in this
definition [8]. In this work, we are focusing on reviewing the incentives for vehicles that operate on hydrogen and electricity as an alternative fuel. We
are not considering biodiesel and ethanol as there is uncertainty about the capability of biofuels to fuel the transportation sector at large scale [6]. We

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Feasibility Study
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Feasibility Study As a leader in the rental vehicle industry for the past 30 years, ABC Rental Cars has continually remained
a step ahead of its competition. To continue to set the pace for other rental agencies to follow, and to ensure ABC Rental Cars ' dominant position in
the marketplace, alternative fuel vehicles (AFV), or more specifically, hybrid vehicles, should be evaluated as to the feasibility and consumer interest
of introducing these types of vehicles into our fleet. Currently, gasoline prices are at an all–time high. The United States ' dependency on foreign oil is
also at an extremely high level, and with the ever–shifting Middle Eastern political climate teetering at volatile levels, hybrid... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As indicated above, these three cars are not only great when it comes to mileage, but another advantage they enjoy is that they are also
environmentally friendly. For example, the Prius produces 90 percent less harmful emissions than a traditional car (www.ineed2know.org, 2004),
which is important to those individuals that are concerned about the environment. Even President Bush seemed to agree that alternative fuel vehicles
needed to be further investigated when he endorsed the concept of alternative fuel vehicles and allocated more than a billion dollars toward the
transition to hydrogen fuels (www.evrental.com, 2001). On the other hand, these types of cars are not a practical investment if cost and availability
are issues. Not only is the price higher, but due to limited interest in hybrids by consumers at this time, there is only a small geographic area where
hybrids are being rented. Most locations are situated in California, Arizona, and Washington; therefore, if ABC Rental Cars is looking for a new rental
opportunity that could expand quickly, hybrid vehicles may not be the ideal choice.
Initial startup costs and maintenance costs are also important factors to consider. The price of a hybridautomobile is higher than that of a comparable
gasoline engine powered automobile. According to the Website ineed2know.org, a consumer can expect to pay from $3,500 to $6,000 more for ahybrid
vehicle. The money a consumer saves in purchasing a hybrid depends

Lotus Car Rental
Lotus Car Rental Alternative Fuel Proposal
COMM/215
September 3, 2013
Lotus Car Rental Alternative Fuel Proposal
Combustion engine vehicles have come a long way, especially since conventional vehicles are reaching upwards of 30 miles per gallon.
Conventional vehicles have only grown more reliable over the past few decades, and continue to improve with each passing year. Due to these
advancements, many would agree that there is no reason to switch over to new alternative fuel vehicles. However, Lotus Car Rental should add 100
alternative fuel vehicles to its fleet, placing 50 vehicles in Boston, MA and 50 vehicles in Los Angeles, CA. in order to maximize profit.
Alternative Vehicles
There are many types of alternative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recommended electric vehicle is the Mitsubishi i–MiEV. The manufacturer 's suggested retail price is $29,125, and it drives for 126 city miles per
gallon and 99 highway miles per gallon (Clean Cities, 2013). Re–charging of the battery can take up to eight hours for a full charge, and with a high
quality charger the battery can charge up to 80% in 30 minutes (United States Department of Energy, 2013). Recharging locations are mainly located on
the east and west coast of the United States.
The recommended hybrid vehicle is the Toyota Prius c. The manufacturer 's suggested retail price is $18,950, and it drives 53 city miles and 46
highway miles per gallon (Clean Cities, 2013). This vehicle is the most similar to the conventional vehicles the company currently owns, and it does
not require any special fuel or charging stations or any operational training.
The recommended flex–fuel vehicle is the Ford Focus with a manufacturer 's suggested retail price of $16,200. While this vehicle is utilizing regular
gasoline it runs for 27 city miles and 38 highway miles per gallon; however, when it is utilizing E85 the miles per gallon drop to 20 city miles and 28
highway miles per gallon (Clean Cities, 2013). E85 refueling locations are mainly located in the north central United States.
After conducting thorough research, purchasing the Toyota Prius c hybrid vehicle would be most beneficial to Lotus Car Rental, due to its ability to
run on

Hybrid Pros and Cons Essay
Hybrid Pros and Cons
Abstract– Today's environmental situation is continuing to spiral downwards; the ozone layer is receding, habitats being destroyed, and the air is
being polluted. Scientists of every nation are researching ways to solve this problem. Due to automobiles sizeable contribution to the environmental
crisis, studies are focusing on ways to reduce the harmful emissions caused by the internal combustion engines. Hybrid vehicles offer an alternative to
powerful gas engines by providing the car with a secondary propulsion source powered by a strong battery. With this secondary power, car
manufactures can reduce the size of the internal combustion engine, which accordingly reduces emissions and raises the vehicles miles ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This idea was used by the Belgian car maker, Pieper, who created the 3.5 horsepower Voiturette. This is considered to be the first commercially available
hybrid vehicle. Hybrid vehicles continued to show up in many different forms, but the price was too high for the consumer to catch on. It took about
another fifty years for another hybrid vehicle to show up. Even then, it was too expensive for people to take hybrid vehicles seriously. This was until
congress passed the "Clean Air Legislation". General Motors took this new law and started looking into their own hybrid vehicles. Within ten years,
they have created a two–cylinder hybrid that could travel up to forty miles per hour. This new concept sparked competition between foreign markets
such as Volkswagen and Audi. These manufactures started to create their own hybrid vehicle such as Audi's rear wheel electric propulsion combined
with a front wheel gas propulsion vehicle in the late 1980's. This competition later prompted the Clinton administration to create the new "Partnership
for a New Generation of Vehicles" also called the PNGV. The PNGV set their sights on an extremely low pollutant car that could produce an average
80 miles–per–gallon. As time went on it was clear that this vehicle would have to be an electric hybrid vehicle. So after they

Advantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Traditional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power a combustion engine, while hybrid vehicles use both the traditional combustion engine and an
electric motor ran on electricity. Hybrid vehicles are superior to their conventional counterparts when it comes to fuel efficiency. Like in traditional
vehicles, the combustion motor's alternator charges the vehicle's battery. But the difference is that in hybrid cars, there is an electric motor that can
utilize the energy generated by the alternator. The reason why hybrids are so efficient is that the alternator from the combustion engine charges the
battery which runs the electric motor. Therefore, hybrids can alternate from one energy source to the other, cutting down the amount of fuel needed
to go longer distances. Hybrids are also considered environmentally friendly because they produce 90 percent fewer emissions than their conventional
competitors. Hybrids are also flexible when it comes to their energy source. Hybrids can be fueled like normal cars are powered by wholly by
electricity, and of course, they can use both. Moreover, ghe electric motor is not the only aspect that contributes to hybrids' fuel efficiency. The feature
"Idle–off" is often found in Hybrid vehicles. Idle–off works much like a refrigerator's light bulb when the door is closed. When stopped, hybrid vehicles
will go into idle–off, turning off the combustion engine while still powering the interior technology with the vehicle's battery, saving fuel.

A Critique of вЂњWhy the Gasoline Engine IsnвЂ™t Going Away...
In this article "Why the Gasoline Engine Isn't Going Away Any Time Soon," Joseph B. White states that alternative energy cars could be the start of a
revolution in the automaker world, however, complications interfere with the outcome. Although the author suggests different ideas on alternative
vehicles, he contradicts himself numerous times while also lacking credibility of any sources.
White's main points relate to the automotive revolution. Environmentalists want car companies to determine how to make alternatives to the regular
petroleum–fueled engine. White explains alternative methods that could persuade the automotive industry to go green, such as using ethanol or other
biofuels to power one's car (332). However, while explaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
White says that "to produce a new vehicle it takes three to five years" (332), but he neglects to prove this information with ethos. The author later
defends the automakers by stating "that doesn't mean auto makers and their technology suppliers aren't serious about rethinking the status quo" (333),
therefore, he could confuse the reader with mixed opinions (332–333).
Later, White explains how challenging it is to convert from gas engines to electric due to the expenses involved. The author claims that gasoline is
cheaper than "many brands of bottled water" (333); however, he does not give proper ethos for his poorly stated logos. Not supporting his logic takes
away from the strength of his article as a whole, making his assumptions unconvincing. The author says that our advances in technology allow one to
use hydrogen as a fuel. White then follows up with how there are only 1,000 natural–gas fueling stations in the country without supporting ethos (333).
In conclusion, the author opposes every idea mentioned in the article. This proves that his negative attitude could affect the way the reader views his
points. White's explanation of the pros and cons contradict his opinions shown in the article. In regard to the author presenting this article with facts, he
failed to support them with any credibility. Thus, his assumptions are weak which make his claim unreliable.

How Hybrid Cars Use Our Energy Technology Adopted From The...
President Jim McDuff addresses that we as a company need to use our energy technology adopted from the twentieth century as a foundation for the
twenty–first century. In this portfolio I have defined and suggested a few new methods of alternative energy to support the value we have in clean
renewable energy. The three main energy sources I considered are biodiesel fuels, hybrid cars, and biking to work. The description on biodiesel fuels
is meant to educate others that clean energy is possible that will reduce greenhouse gases from petroleum reducing the risk of potential global warming
in the future. I've talked three different blends of biodiesel fuels that are most common and effective against the war on global warming. Next I ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defining and Describing Alternative Energy
M–Global has an extreme passion for energy conservation and dedicates itself in finding alternative energy sources that are innovative and constructive.
Biofuel is the emphasis of our company and our purpose for this pursuit. According to Green Choices of Cornell University, "biofuels are energy
sources made from living things such as plants or from waste that the living things produce". (http://www.greenchoices.cornell.edu/energy/biofuels/)
Biofuels will reduce greenhouse gases that car oil and gasoline produce. Emissions enter the ozone layer trapping heat resulting in warmer
temperatures in each season. A first generation biofuel will consist of gasoline such as biodiesel, which will be discussed in this portfolio.
"Biodiesel is a fuel that is produced from seed oil such as sunflower seeds or soybeans, fats from vegetables and animals and microorganisms such as
algae". (http://www.greenchoices.cornell.edu/energy/biofuels/) Biodiesel has no petroleum, but petroleum blends with biodiesel can be made where
petroleum engines can run on. There are a variety of blends that can be made with biodiesels and its efficiency depends on its blend. "B20, B5, and
B100 are the most common blends used today". (http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/biodiesel.html)
B5 blends are the lower level blends which are designed to operate normal vehicles that use regular gasoline.

Swot Analysis Of Toyota
Opportunities The Toyota Camry has several opportunities for growth and continued prosperity in the United States and around the world. These
opportunities are as follows: Expanding sedan segment to accommodation competition Acquiring collaborations with automobile business entities
Augment distribution and servicing network The Market Segment revealed it would be in the best interest for Toyota to select the "Differentiated
Targeting Strategy" versus the "Undifferentiated and the Concentrated Targeting Strategy" (Ahuja, 2017). "Considering Toyota, we find that it uses
differentiated targeting strategy for its products. The simple reason behind it is different taste and preferences of consumers in different... Show more
Smart Device Link (SDL) this device allows you to use your apps on your smartphone on the onboard display in your car. Excellent Toyota and
Ford! "Distribution: Keeping it simple, the 'Toyota' way! "Whatever you need, we will have it ready for you right way," or else the customers might
take the business somewhere else. This is why it is so important to have the product available at the right time at the right 'Place' (Banikapoor, 2016).
As stated at the beginning Toyota is all over the world providing what the customer needs. In the United States customers are concerned with
environmental safety and other parts of the world the customers are more concerned about fuel efficiency than the environment. Toyota's goal is to
meet the need of the consumer. Thus, place strategy, which is sometimes referred to as distribution strategy plays a fundamental role in the marketing
mix of a product or a service. It outlines the placement of the products and services in order to gain market share and consumer purchases. The
products and services may click the stores either physically or online or by any other means by which the companies can reach the consumers
(Banikapoor, 2016) Threats While there are opportunities for Toyota; also, there are the threats. They are as follows: Intense competition in the market
Competition offering innovative features at a lower price, and; New entrants in the same segment with

Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry...
The American auto industry began in the late 1880's, evolving from the horse powered wagon, steam powered cars, gasoline powered then to the
hybrids and hydrogen fuel celled technology today. Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company were the first to mass produce cars. American automobile
manufacturers dominated as the largest volume producers in the world until the 1980's when the Japanese became the largest producers. The Chinese
with 14.8 percent have become the number one volume producer in the world OICA (2014). The United States at 6.9 percent has dropped in position
to the second highest volume auto producer in the world. The focus of this paper will be about the environmental challenges facing the American auto
industry. In this... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American auto industry will face major competition in the next five years from Europe, China, Japan and other emerging markets. In order to
remain viable U.S. auto manufacturers must continue to seek out new markets, mergers and invest in new technology. The American auto makers
have already invested billions of dollars in new technology. Every year at the major automobiles shows new concept cars are unveiled as each auto
maker seeks to drum up consumer interest along with domestic and international investment. The U.S. government with a stated goal of reducing
the dependence on oil has called for companies to put one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 (D.O.E 2011). General Motors and Ford have
already invested in hybrids and GM's Chevy volt is already a top selling electric car. GM has invested a lot of money in hydrogen fuel cell technology
and according to CEPGI (2014) General Motors has the all–time lead in fuel patents between 2002 and 2012. According to GM News (2013) "GM's
fuel cell test fleet has accumulated nearly 3 million miles, more than any other automaker". General Motors has also entered into deal with Honda
Motor to produce newer generations of fuel cells. GM is targeting 2020 as a launch date and is happy to allow Toyota to take the lead in launching
hydrogen fuel cell cars. GM's rationale is that Toyota will spend money to advertise and debut the

Lotus Rental Car Essay
Abstract Creating a fleet of Alternative fuel vehicles for Lotus rental cars would be a very wise decision. There is a strong movement towards using
alternative fuels for many reasons. The consumers are now motivated to drive vehicles that not only protect the environment, but also save money.
More and more car manufactures are providing vehicles that use alternative fuels or "Flex" fuels. This movement in the market place is gaining
momentum. It would be wise for Lotus to lead this market by providing this service to the consumer.
Feasibility of an alternative fuel vehicle fleet. Today's environmentally concerned consumers are looking for ways to not only save the environment, but
also save money. Oil prices are constantly on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.AFV's require specialized repair shops and technicians for any malfunctions.
2.Some AFV's produce less horsepower than conventional gasoline–powered vehicles and cannot operate as long or as far as conventional
gasoline–powered vehicles due to rechargeable batteries..
3.AFV's can be more expensive than conventional gasoline–powered vehicles.
Alternatives
Problem 1 Some AFV's are similar to non–AFV's, but all require special attention when it comes to repairs. Flex fuel vehicles, or FFV's, are similar to
conventional gasoline automobiles, but still require qualified mechanics and technicians to work on them (Gable & Gable, 2007a). FFV's tend to
follow the same maintenance schedule as non–FFV's, but FFV's require E85 compatible replacement parts when dealing with any engine management
and fuel system components (2007a). Hybrid repair is more complicated than most of AFV's because of its many advanced components. Any
malfunction in one component of a hybrid can seriously affect the others (Gable & Gable, 2007b). Due to the way that hybrids are manufactured,
"serious troubleshooting, diagnosis, and repair" of these vehicles is best left to qualified technicians to avoid injury and further compromising the
vehicles (2007b). Natural gas and propane vehicles are also very similar to gasoline–powered vehicles (Gable & Gable, 2007c). A considerable
difference

Ford Hybrid Marketing Plan
Introduction The push for green cars comes from people looking for ways to lessen their impact on the environment and become less dependent on
oil. The research into alternative and more efficient energy is ongoing, but there is technology available for those who are willing to help. At the
individual level, personal automobiles are one of the easiest ways for people to help with the movement. As more people are becoming informed and
taking action, companies are feeling pressure from the government and customers to make changes. The change process has been relatively slow and
not all countries feel passionate about making changes. In Greece, the change has been slow to sell more green cars. Our consulting group has been
assigned... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have around 65% of the sales. The other 35% is distributed among other small regions like Epirus, Aegean Island, Ionian Island etc. Change in
Sales 2005/2006 Sales 2005Sales 2006Change 05/06 Toyota21,96125,51416.18% VW19,09121,25611.34% Ford19,63920,3573.66%
Hyundai24,85919,715–20.69% Opel21,51518,154–15.62% While comparing the total sales for 2005 and 2006 we observed that three of the top five
companies have positive growth rates and two of them are negative. Toyota has increased it's sales by 16.18% (from 21,961 sales in 2005 to 25,514
sales in 2006); VW has a positive growth of 11.34% (from 19,091 sales in 2005 to 21,256 sales in 2006); furthermore, Ford has a positive increase in
sales by 3.66% (from 19,639 sales in 2005 to 20,357 sales in 2006). On the other hand, Opel has a negative growth rate of 15.62% (from 21,515 sales in
2005 to 18,154 sales in 2006); Hyundai is the second company with negative growth. The sales have decreased by 20.69% (from 24,859

Techniques Used For Air Navigation Essay
The techniques used for air navigation will depend on whether the aircraft is in flight under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) or Instrument Flight Rules
(IFR). In the latter case, the pilot will navigate exclusively using radio navigation instruments and aids such as beacons, or as directed under radar
control by air traffic control. In the case of VFR, a pilot navigates heavily using "dead calculations" combined with visual (pilot) observations, referring
to appropriate maps. This can be supplemented using radio navigation aids.
Given the flight plan and the position of the aircraft, the flight management system calculates the route to be taken. The driver can take this course
manually, or the autopilot can be configured to take the course.
The flight management system mode is normally called LNAV or lateral navigation for the lateral flight plan and VNAV or vertical navigation for the
vertical flight plan. VNAV provides targets and speeds of height and altitude, and LNAV provides a balanced control of automatic piloting.
FUELS AND ENGINES
Automotive
The cars of the street are powered by gasoline, or as some may know it petroleum. Some heavier vehicles run on diesel and its domestic variants. The
following are some of the properties of these dominating fuels.
1)Petrol/Gasoline: It is mainly a clear fuel that is sourced from crude petroleum which is mainly used as fuel in internal combustion engines. It
primarily consists of organic compounds obtained by fractional

The General Motors, Ford and Honda Companies
Toyota Motors strongest competitors are General Motors, Volkswagen, Ford, and Honda. General Motors (GM)'s has different brands, including,
Buick, Cadillac, GMC, and Chevrolet. Ford's major products include the Ford Fiesta, Ford Mustang, Ford Focus, and Ford Explorer. Volkswagen is
known for their VW Passat and Jetta. While Honda's main attractions are their Honda Civic and Honda Accord. According to Bloomberg Personal
Finance, worldwide vehicle sales at Toyota rose 2.4 percent to 9.98 million units last year. This resulted in Toyota leading GM and Volkswagen in
global auto deliveries for the second straight year. U.S. sales of Toyota, Lexus, and Scion models rose 7.4 percent last year to 2.24 million. Toyota's
top selling model, the Camry sedan, fended off competitors to remain the top–selling U.S. car for a 12th consecutive year. General Motors is an
American automobile company incorporated in 1908. Their head office is located at Detroit, Michigan. GM produces vehicles in 37 countries under
ten brands, including, Buick, Cadillac, GMC, Chevrolet, Opel, Holden, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, UzDaewoo. GM has been in the spotlight
in recent years due to the Chapter 11 reorganization in 2009. Hummer, Pontiac, and Saturn were closed as a result. The company has reported annual
profits since 2010. As fuel efficiency became a high demand in the U.S. markets, GM has responded to market demands by designing small–car
programs for the U.S. market. GM has also committed

The Feasibility of Adding Alternative Fuel Vehicles to the...
Adding Alternative Fuel Vehicles to Lotus Rental Car In an effort to bring down the gasoline cost for his fleet, Lotus Car's Chief Financial Officer is
looking at the possibility of adding alternative fuel vehicles to its fleet. To make a sound decision, she decided to hire a consultant firm that would
review and determine if implementing the addition of alternative vehicles would benefit the company. By performing thorough research, the
consultants will first perform a comparison between gas vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles. The consultant will then determine the advantages and
disadvantages of adding alternative vehicles to Lotus Rental Car Company. Before the decision is made to add alternative–fuel vehicles to the Lotus...
Who knows, maybe in 10 years, we could actually look into the sky and see a brighter day. Hybrid vehicles are striking the scene in a positive way.
They are becoming the choice vehicle for many buyers. Hybrids are fashionable in both style and status. With more consumers being focused on the
ongoing problem of air pollution, it is not a surprise they are drawn to hybrid vehicle models (Why Hybrids are the vehicles of choice these days, n.d).
Hybrids are easier on the environment as well as one's wallet. The fact that they are designed to be kind to the environment is getting the attention of
many consumers, businesses and governments. The hybrid car is something of mixed origin or composition by definition. A hybrid vehicle is one that
functions with the use of both gasoline engine and electric engine. The gasoline engine is smaller than conventional vehicles, allowing the electric
motor to compensate with energy. A high–voltage battery charges the electric motor when the car is parked. The hybrid vehicles can be operated
using either of the engines or both at the same time. Therefore, it uses less gas. Hybrids also offer a quiet ride. Many people purchased hybrid cars to
save money from the increasingly high price of gasoline. As the cost of gas increases so does the demand on hybrid vehicles. Although

Design For Automotive And Aviation Systems Essay
TECHNOLOGIES
As a part of the coursework this semester, we have been exposed to experts in various aspects of vehicle technologies and markets, including
automotive and aviation. Technology applications in each of these industries have included drones, controls, power trains, fuel sources, material, etc.
In this report we will discuss the similarities and differences with regard to design for Automotive and Aviation systems in some of the technology
areas of concern.
FUELS AND ENGINES
Automotive
The cars of the street are powered by gasoline, or as some may know it petroleum. Some heavier vehicles run on diesel and its domestic variants. The
following are some of the properties of these dominating fuels.
1)Petrol/Gasoline: This is primarily a clear fuel that is derived from petroleum that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists
mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.
2)Diesel: This is liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air
mixture and then injection of fuel. There are majorly 3 types of diesels crude/petroleum derived, synthetic, and biomass derived diesel. All three forms
however hold the similar properties.
3)Ethanol E85 Flexible Fuel: Flexible Fuel Vehicles are designed to run on Gasoline and Ethanol Blended Gasoline. The volume of Ethanol can be
upto 85% by volume

Alternative Alternatives For Alternative Fuels Essay
CHOICES FOR ALTERNATE FUELS
Gasoline dominates in today's industry and has a significant impact on the face of the earth in terms of climate change and economy. Some of the
important and practical alternatives to current option – fossil fuels–primarily gasoline and diesel, and the Issues related to them are discussed in the
following text.
Biodiesel
Concept: Continued use of petroleum sourced fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and the contribution of
these fuels to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are necessary for environmental and
economic sustainability. Biodiesel derived from oil crops is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel from oil
crops, waste cooking oil and animal fat can realistically just satisfy a small fraction of the existing demand for transport fuels. Microalgae currently
seem to be a promising source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the large volume demand for transportation fuels. Like plants,
microalgae use sunlight to produce oils but they do so more efficiently than crop plants.
Parent oil used in making biodiesel consists of triglycerides (Fig. 1) in which three fatty acid molecules are esterified with a molecule of glycerol. In
making biodiesel, triglycerides are reacted with methanol in a reaction known as transesterification or alcoholysis. Transestrification produces methyl

Alternative Fuels: Biofuels In The United States
Recently alternative fuels have been gaining popularity, especially here in the United States. The advantages of many of these fuels are being
recognized with the rising cost of crude oil. Other countries around the world have been using alternative fuels for years, such as in Brazil where they
have good feedstock for some fuels such as ethanol. Biofuels are also becoming cost effective with higher crude oil prices and can be completely
renewable. The best thing about many of these alternative fuels is they can be readily used in standard internal combustion engines with little or no
modification.
The list of alternative fuels can go on forever, but some of the most common and readily adaptable fuels are: ethanol, biodiesel and ... Show more
They have sensors in the fuel lines that can tell the percentage of ethanol in the fuel and adjust spark and injection timing as necessary.
Ethanol can be run in a regular gasoline engine, but with a loss in fuel efficiency, as much as 34% (Ethanol–Wikipedia). However if the engine is
designed to run on pure ethanol the efficiency can be the same or even greater than that of a gasoline engine. After all ethanol is a high quality race
fuel! An ethanol engine will not be backwards compatible with gasoline though.
Ethanol is also extremely clean burning and can be used to help with emmissions controls, some states actually mandate that all gasoline sold be E10
(10 percent ethanol). The United States in general is moving in the direction of using ethanol to help with emmissions because of the adverse
enviromental effects of some other chemicals that are currently being used to help with emmissions (Ethanol–Wikipedia).
Biodiesel is equivalent to petrodiesel and is commonly derived from vegetable oils (Biodiesel–Wikipedia). True biodiesel is often confused with pure
vegetable oil and organic waste oils. Biodiesel can be run in unmodified diesel engines and is often a higher quality fuel than petrodiesel. It can come
from many different feedstocks, soybeans being one of the more predominant sources. Yields of about 48 gallons per acre can be expected from
soybeans and some algae's can produce

The Petroleum Industry Began To Manipulate The Options
The petroleum industry began to manipulate the options that were presented to them. RINs were to be used to make compliance easier for all
consumers, not to generate high income for fuel producers. An article on RINs stated the following about their misuse by the petroleum industry, "A
RIN attains market and financial value when a refiner or obligated party cannot purchase the required biofuel and has to meet his obligation with a
RIN. That is not a problem today as there is more ethanol being produced and imported into the US than is required by law. The second value
proposition for a RIN would be if the obligation exceeds the ability to place the product in the market. This is not the case today as 90% of the fuel in
the US continues to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated before, RINs are a method to ensure the correct amount of fuel is mandated to all users. They are issued as the fuel is imported.
Whomever it is issued to has complete ownership of that RIN, but the ownership can be transferred. If the ownership is transferred, the RIN is
also transferred. Also, a product document is made and given to the new owner to indicate the transfer. Certain companies that blend gasoline for
the retail market are required to include a quantity of biofuels equal to the percentage of their sales from gasoline. These percentages that are set
for those companies create a process the gasoline goes through to get to the user. For example, in 2009, 10.21 percent was set by the EPA as the
Renewable Fuel Standard. The percentage was computed to be the industry total amount of fuel such as ethanol, biodiesel, and renewable biodiesel
that is mandated to be used as a percentage of expected total gasoline use. The percentage and its gasoline volume are used by the company to
compute its mandated biofuels volume. The blender turns the RINs in to the EPA to show compliance with the company's portion of the RFS once
the biofuel is actually blended into gasoline. This statement alone shows the detail that is a part of the process of actually processing the gasoline and
the RIN. The making of blend all the way until the distribution of the product is important and RIN help to keep all of that information in order. In the

Mgt680
Comparative Table Issues:| Ford| Toyota| Economic En: Micro| * Strong dealer network. * Better performance than GM & Chevrolet. | * Strong
international presence. * Prius has performed better than competitor hybrids. | Economic En: Macro| * The effect of 2008 recession has impacted the
company. * A new car for the new driver is the socio–cultural factor targeted. | * Focuses on environmentally friendly cars. * Technological innovations
have given Toyota competitive advantage. | Management Structure| * Reduced layers of management as a part of restructuring. * Leaner and less
costly management. | * No separation of oversight and execution. * The board retains responsibility for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When this brand reputation is combined with low priced cars, the sales revenues of Ford are likely to increase. The new cars should be fuel efficient.
There should be cost savings for the customer both when the cars are purchased and when the cars are used.
The feedback from this strategy will be that the market share of Ford will increase. The increase in Ford revenues will be higher than the growth of
auto demand. The measure of success of this strategy will be an increase in the market share of Ford. The customers who are attracted to foreign cars
because of lower prices and lower fuel consumption will again be drawn towards Ford.
TOYOTA SWOT TABLE Strengths: 1. Excellent mix of products. 2. Reputation for high quality, and innovation. 3. Global Organization with
presence in more than 175 countries. 4. Environmentally friendly image. Prius has performed very well. 5. Lean manufacturing leads to high profits. |
Weaknesses: 1. Quality issues related to product recalls. Perceived as a foreigner in US and other countries. 2. Net income has declined in 2012. 3.
Oversupply and overproduction has led to unsold cars. 4. Low flexibility in relation to demand for cars. 5. Large and unwieldy organization. |
Opportunities: 1. Producing environmentally friendly cars. Prius has large demand. 2. Urban youth presents an attractive segment for Toyota. 3.

U.s. Economy 's Economy
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Macro Economy The U.S. economy was stagnant during the last decade primarily due to the two recessions that occurred
from March to November 2001 and from December 2007 to June 2009. The two recessions resulted in weak GDP growth, zero net job growth and a
decrease in household wealth that eradicated any gains in household wealth accumulated during expansionary periods. Over the next year the
unemployment rate is expected to decline at a slow pace keeping consumer confidence low. In the short run, it is not likely that household spending will
increase significantly. Industry Analysis The last several years were also tumultuous for the U.S. auto industry. After dominating the market for
decades, American automakers had grown complacent about product development. At the same time, rising gas prices and uncertainty about the
economy caused consumer preferences to shift from SUVs to more fuel efficient vehicles. Foreign competitors entered the U.S. market offering more
reliable, higher quality and more fuel efficient vehicles at a lower price and began to steal market share away from American automakers. In order to
remain competitive, U.S. automakers need to focus on increasing production efficiencies and developing innovative product offerings. Firm Analysis
Ford started the decade lagging behind foreign competitors in production efficiency and technological advances in new product development. However,
by the end of the decade Ford was the industry leader

The Invention Of The Modern Automobile Essay
Others Although Ford's industry that he built was the best and really what launched this whole craze and really kicked it off. It was not the only
automotive industry that has made risks that paid off big time. As a matter of fact the blueprint for the modern automobile was perfected in
Germany and France in the late 1800s, so we weren't even the one who perfected the modern automobile. General Motors On September 16, 1908
Durant spends $2,000 to incorporate General Motors in New Jersey. Durant a high school dropout had made his fortune building horse drawn
carriages and in fact he hated cars he thought they were noisy, smelly, and dangerous (William Durant creates General Motors, 2016). but the giant
company he built would dominate the American auto industry for decades(William Durant creates General Motors, 2016). In the first years of the
20th century however that industry was a mess. There were about 45 different car companies in the United States most of which sold only a handful
of cars each year (William Durant creates General Motors, 2016). Industrialist Benjamin Briscoe called this way of doing business manufacturing
gambling and he proposed a better idea (William Durant creates General Motors, 2016). To build consumer confidence and drive the weakest car
companies out of business he wanted to consolidate the largest and most reliable manufacturers into one big company (William Durant creates General
Motors, 2016). This idea

Alternative Energy Sources
Alternative Energy Sources
"In United States around half of million deaths each year are attributed to air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution each day kills three people in
the city of Hong Kong. Air pollution also contributes to soil and water pollution. More than 15,000 people in the world die each day because of water
pollution" (pollutionfacts.com). With these statistics, it is no wonder people are coming up with alternative energy sources. From energy to gasoline,
there are many different ways to reduce these statistics. Some alternatives to energy sources are solar and wind power, alternative vehicle fuels and
hybrid cars. Photovoltaic solar electricity, or more commonly known as solar power, is an alternative energy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"There is considerable interest in electric and hybrid cars because of environmental and climate change concerns, tougher fuel efficiency
standards, and increasing dependence on imported oil" (Deal). Hybrid and electric cars are a way to reduce our carbon footprint. Many vehicle
manufacturers are beginning to jump into the hybrid car craze. Some of the most popular hybrid cars are the Toyota Prius, Honda Insight and Ford
Fusion. There is also the electric car that relies solely on electricity to get from point A to point B. the downside to these cars however is that they
only get about 100 miles before needing to be recharged. Hybrids are different because they rely on a mixture of two sources, electricity and
gasoline. Hybrids can get further than electric cars because of this reason. Electric and hybrid cars have a special braking system called regenerative
braking. Regenerative braking causes the car to recharge the battery whenever the car is coasting or completely stopped. this helps maintain the car's
battery life. Charging these batteries can take a while, some even take more than eight hours!
While the popularity of hybrids and electric vehicles are on the rise, many people still drive a good– old fashioned gasoline car. Whereas driving a
normal car will not be as environmentally friendly as the hybrid of electrics,

Electric Cars Are Going to Be the Future Essay
Electric Cars Are Going To Be the Future Nearly every household in America owns a gas powered vehicle, which pollutes our environment daily. Our
society needs to consider furthering its knowledge and use of electric cars. Pollution of our environment must come to a halt in every situation possible
in order to save the future of our atmosphere. I believe that the switch from gas–powered cars to electric cars is a very necessary and reasonable
approach to save the environment. Several different car manufacturers have already began making efforts to adapt their vehicles to become more
environmentally safe products. Although our country runs off oil and its proceeds, we can still attempt to make conversions that will lead to an overall...
Therefore, engineers and car manufacturers are not fixing the problem as a whole with their efforts to revolutionize automobiles, but every step
forward counts. Instead of being content with the advancements, car manufacturers and engineers should continue to explore the world of
environmentally safe opportunities to bring forward into the public eye. One of the most widely known alternatives to gasoline in America is hydrogen
or biodiesel. Some might argue that hydrogen–powered or biodiesel–powered cars are more efficient than electric–powered cars, but they are not even
close. Hydrogen cars are more expensive to fuel. The hydrogen car costs about three dollars per gallon, which totals around fifteen cents per mile,
while the electric car pays in kilowatt–hours, which totals about two cents per mile. The average hydrogen car costs about one million dollars and the
technology is just not there yet. It would cost excessively much to install hydrogen fueling stations and biodiesel pumps when it would be much easier
and more reasonable to install a greater amount of electrical outlets across the world. Although, electric cars are more expensive to buy off the
dealership lot they outperform the regular gasoline cars physically and economically. The electric car overall is cheaper to maintain, but unfortunately,
after about ten years the lithium ion batteries start to drain out, but instead of buying a brand new car

Alternative Fueled Vehicles As Rental Cars

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Rosie Quinones

More from Rosie Quinones (14)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Alternative Fueled Vehicles As Rental Cars