This document discusses plate tectonics and boundaries. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries where plates move toward each other and form mountains or subduction zones; divergent boundaries where plates move apart forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys; and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other forming strike-slip faults. Several case studies of specific plate boundary formations are provided for further analysis including the Andes Mountains, Himalayas, Caribbean Islands, and San Andreas Fault. The driving forces of plate tectonics are outlined as mantle convection, slab pull, slab suction, and ridge push, along with resisting forces such as slab resistance, collision resistance, and transform fault resistance.

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SCIENCE 10
EARTHS INTERNAL STRUCTURE

2. PLATE
BOUNDARIES
ALVIN R. RODRIGO, LPT
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3. Plates Boundaries
01
02
03
Convergent Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries

4. CASE STUDY

5. CASE STUDY TOPICS
Group 1 – The Andes
Group 2 – The Himalayas
Group 3 – The Caribbean Islands
Group 4 – MID-ATLANTIC
Group 5 – San Adreas Fault
Group 6 – Mediterranean Seas
20 MINUTES TO FINISH THE

6. The Andes

7. The Himalayas

8. The Caribbean Islands

9. MID-ATLANTIC

10. San Adreas Fault

11. Mediterranean Sea

12. Guide Question for the Case Study
Explain the Geographic location of (THE ASSIGNED TOPIC)
- Use your research to answer the following question.
How it is formed? And What it is made of?
Do you agree to as to how (THE ASSIGNED TOPIC) was
formed?(by answering this question; consider geography)

13. PLATE
BOUNDARIES
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14. Convergent Boundaries
- Plates move towards each other. It leads to the formation of Volcanoes and
Mountains.
Forms subduction zone or organic belts.01
02
03
No subduction – creates mountain ranges.
Alps in Eourope, The Andes Mountains the
Himalayas.

15. Divergent Boundaries
- Plates moves away from each other. That causes the formation of the Rift
Valleys, sea-floor spreading and forms rift and trenches.
Oceanic plates produces mid-ocean ridges,
causes sea-floor spreading, rift and trenches.
01
02
03
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

16. Transform Boundaries
No Volcanoes and mountains are produce01
02
03
It creates FAULT LINES
FAULT LINES: Dip Slip; Strike slip; Oblique-slip fault.
- Plates move sideways/upside down that cause the formation of faults

17. Mechanism of Plate Movements
- Earths PLATES continuously move with the speed of 1-2 inches per
year.
Driving forces
01 02 03 04
MantleConvection
Slabpull
Slabsuction
Ridgepush

18. Mechanism of Plate Movements
cont.
Resisting force
01 02 03 04
Slabresistance
CollisionResistance
Transformfault
Dragforce

19. Mantle Convection
-caused by rising of heat from the core towards the mantle.
Oceanic plates produces mid-ocean ridges,
causes sea-floor spreading, rift and trenches.
01
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

20. Slab pull
-takes place when subducting slab sinks into the hot mantle
because of a different temperature.
Oceanic plates produces mid-ocean ridges,
causes sea-floor spreading, rift and trenches.
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

21. Slab Suction
- Occurs between two colliding plates, one subducting underneath
the other, whereby convection currents in, the upper mantle suck
both plates down.
Oceanic plates produces mid-ocean ridges,
causes sea-floor spreading, rift and trenches.
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

22. Ridge push
- Occurs when lithosphere is pushed up by the asthenosphere
because of convection currents from the mantle.
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

23. Resisting force

24. Slab resistance
Is the force that resists all the forces associated with plate
movement in subduction zone.
Oceanic plates produces mid-ocean ridges,
causes sea-floor spreading, rift and trenches.
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

25. Collision resistance
- Occurs when a heavy plate is pulled into the mantle but resists
subduction because of friction.
Oceanic plates produces mid-ocean ridges,
causes sea-floor spreading, rift and trenches.
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

26. Transform fault resistance
- Friction force due to the opposing movement of plates moving
past one another between two spreading centers.
Oceanic plates produces mid-ocean ridges,
causes sea-floor spreading, rift and trenches.
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

27. Drag force
- Resists movements of the Lithosphere.
Continental plates results to rift Valley
Great East African Rift Valley

28. Ends here…