Chinese Economic Reform Research Paper

Chinese Economic Reform Research Paper
In today's world, China dominates the news outlets every day. The world's most populous country is
now the number one economic superpower according to the International Monetary Fund's rankings.
China has shown no indication of slowing down, pursuing projects all over the globe especially in
developing countries in Africa. Late arrival to the neo colonialist games has definitely not deterred
their lofty aspirations. China's reemergence as a global superpower is a throwback to the period
before the Industrial Revolution when they contributed close to 30% of the entire world's GDP. It is
staggering how China has been able to reverse the United States and Europe's global economic
stronghold. Hence, this paper analyzes Chinese economic reform ... Show more content on
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Buoyed by the success of the countryside strategy, the ruling CCP embarked on "an all–round
economic reform" and shifted focus to the cities (Chen, 2002, pp 573). The new leadership replaced
the centralized planning system adopted by Mao with one that promoted individual producers'
efficiency (Chen, 2002). According to Chen (2002), this new efficiency oriented system brought
about two important changes to the Chinese society. Farming was no longer collectivized and
individuals and enterprises had the rights to produce a surplus of whatever items they desired. This
new–found autonomy was coupled with the "development of a diversified property rights structure"
(Chen 2002, pp 574, You, 1998). Jackson (1992) reports that the decentralization featured in the
reforms allowed individual firms to freely determine the supply of inputs, wages and the distribution
of outputs (Chen, 2002). These initial steps were followed by the country's Seventh Five Year Plan
of 1986–1990. The measures proposed by this plan included:
"the opening of capital markets and markets for such producer goods as steel products, the
beginning of experiments in shareholding, the adoption of a new management responsibility
contract system, and the introduction of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law." (Chen, 2002, pp 574)
These measures were instrumental in boosting the country's Gross Domestic Product from an annual
average of 6% in the decades of Mao's rule to 9.4%
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Economic Reforms Of Alexander Hamilton
There were many important people in America's early years after the Revolutionary War. Many
people would argue that George Washington or James Madison may be the most important person in
the 15 years following the Revolutionary War, but there is one person who often gets overlooked.
The most important person from America's beginning years as a country is Alexander Hamilton
because of his economic reforms, his compromise with James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, and
his encouragement of manufacturing. Alexander Hamilton was very influential in America's early
years. He was known for his capitalistic views for America. He wanted America to become a
thriving country full of trade, banking, finance, investment, manufacturing, and commercial cities.
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James Madison was one of his allies while they were trying to ratify the constitution, but after James
Madison opposed him because of how he "assumed" the state debts. Madison started a fierce debate
in Congress over this issue because the southern states had paid off more of their debts than the
northern states. His state "assumption plan" was not passed in Congress, but he did not give up. He
invited Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to dinner in New York City. He worked to meet a
compromise with them within just a night together, and he succeeded. Their famous compromise
decided that the capital would be moved from New York City to Philadelphia, after this the new
capital would be built on a federal district between Maryland and Virginia, and Hamilton got the
votes he needed for his "debt assumption plan." This compromise shows us how persuasive he is.
He was also very persuasive when he tried to turn America into an industrialized

Summary: The Military Government Economic Reform
The military government economic reform plan was a two–fold program geared to tackle
stabilization and liberalization issues simultaneously. There were two main stabilization policies,
one a more orthodox approach to reducing inflation and budget issues and one an experimental
approach using exchange rate targets, and liberalization policies to deregulate trade, commodity
markets, and financial markets. Understanding that heavy economic repression was unsustainable
and leading to the worsening economic conditions, the liberalization reform plan aimed to
decentralize markets and relax some restrictions set by the previous government. The first policy
deregulated the commodity market by reversing price freezes, privatizing previously nationalized

What Is The Real Impact Of Geographical Factors On...
Research Design In examining the empirical data of post–Communist reform, I hope to exhibit the
real impact of geographical factors on political and economic reform in an effort to abandon
conventional explanations of this discussion. My intent with this research is to introduce the notion
that spatial issues can be as much of a determinant of state behavior, as any other factor. This is not
to prove that certain explanations are better than others, but rather to underscore the validity in
geographical explanations; even if variables are not exclusively affiliated to the central subject of
my study, they can still hold powerful implications. My research design would organize a
geographical positioning variable (independent) against a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Second, Polity IV offers a much more detailed signal of change than most other indicators of
democracy. The data set ranges from –10 to +10, in which a "Polity Score" is determined through a
country's placement in one of three categories: autocracies (–10 to –6), anocracies (–5 to 5), and
democracies (6 to 10). In this, a 20–point measurement of political class is produced of each
country, every year. To measure economic reform, I chose the Index of Economic Freedom; an
annual index and ranking system created in 1995 through the Heritage Foundation and The Wall
Street Journal. This particular tool evaluates countries on ten economic factors:
1. trade policy 6. property rights
2. taxation 7. banking
3. government intervention in the economy 8. wage and price controls
4. monetary policy 9. regulation
5. capital flows and foreign investment 10. black market
As a means of investigating principled governance I focused solely on the Economic Freedom
measures of trade policy, government intervention, and capital flows and foreign investment. I chose
only these indicators because I believe they provide thorough insight into the conjoining issues of
post–Communist legacies and overall geographical access – namely, how close they are to a body of
water large enough for ports. The scores for this computation are ranked as follows: Repressed (0 to
49.9),

Stages of Economic Reform in China
China had gone through a major reformation that is called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics"
that started in late 1978, sparked by a very influential politician and leader, Deng Xiaoping. The
reformation is carried out in different stages. It is very important to understand these stages, as each
stage is the prerequisite for China to move to another stage. Large–scale of government planning is
heavily involved throughout the reformation. Despite having to go through financial crisis couple of
times, globally and throughout Asia, China seemed to respond quickly and effectively to handle
these difficult situations. As of today, China remains as an admiration and aspiration for not only
countries in Asia, but also around the world. According to Tian (1996), there are three stages of
economic reform in China. The first stage is characterized by economic liberalization. This stage
was said to be the most remarkable stage as it has greatly changed the Chinese people's values,
thinking and behavior. The changes were first introduced to people in rural areas and later to other
industries and geographic areas. The first stage involved a lot of efforts to the development of
foreign trade. China began to adopt decentralized decision–making and various types of incentive
mechanisms. China has been using its abundant supply of labor effectively since then. The second
stage of the economic reform is described by marketization. This stage can only be carried out
effectively only

Reforms : Addressing Economic Imbalances Essay
Reforms: addressing economic imbalances As noted, the growth model is facing its limits, with
growth slowing and vulnerabilities rising, successful development in the past relied on high
investment, relatively inexpensive labor, productivity– enhancing foreign direct investment, and
strong global demand. Along the way, the government played an important role in the allocation of
resources, both through state–owned enterprises and local governments, especially in infrastructure.
The moderation of China 's growth has been structural, in part reflecting natural convergence as
income per capita reached middle–income levels. At the same time, slower growth reflects waning
dividends from previous productivity–boosting reforms, such as the state–owned enterprise reform
at the end of the 1990s and the accession to the World Trade organization in 2001. Already prior to
the global financial crisis, China recognized the limits of its growth model and the growing
imbalances inherent in it. Former Premier Wen Jiabao in March 2007 called for reforms to address
"unsteady, unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development". As the global financial
crisis unfolded, reforms were largely put on hold, and the country embarked on massive economic
stimulus amounting to 11 percent of GDP, mostly for infrastructure and social housing, this
stabilized domestic demand and gave a welcome shot in the arm for the global economy. But it also
led to a further build–up in imbalances

Economic Reform Through International Financial Institutions
Over three fourths of African states have pursued programs of economic reform through
international financial institutions such as the IMF and World Bank. These financial institutions are
centred in western states and push western ideas of economic structures, such as liberalization.
Programs of economic reform enacted by these institutions have been viewed as a dominant source
of influence, or power, over African economic policy formulation. These institutions are not only
using the power of knowledge and the worlds acceptance of liberalization, produced by western
schools of thought, these economy reforms also display the interconnectedness of economic,
political and social power. It appears when African countries release one form of power the other
two are relinquished as well. This paper will argue that because of western IR's brand of knowledge,
which promotes liberal economic ideals, especially the belief that free trade benefits all, the west is
able to justify its intervening in foreign economies. Western IR's monopoly over knowledge hold a
powerful position where they posses both the power to define issues impeding upon developing
countries and the position to act as the selfless savior assisting these countries. They are not truly
assisting as much of their actions benefit western countries more than the country receiving help.
This will be seen through examining the case of aid, particularly structural adjustment programs in
Africa. The specific case study that

The Economic Reforms in India Since 1991
It has been over twenty years since the unlikely combination of P.V. Narasimha Rao as Prime
Minister and his Oxford–educated finance minister finally liberated (so they claim) the Indian
economy from overwhelming government control.
It was a rotting edifice based on institutionalized scarcity, wildly illogical price controls, hilariously
shoddy products, protectionism and endemic underperformance was swiftly demolished in 100 days
of inspired action. The Socialist Utopia powered by the fevered imaginations of Nehru and
Mahalanobis which seemed forever doomed to rot at the so called 'Hindu Rate of Growth' was now
dead and buried, just like them.
In the iconic Union Budget of 1991, Singh tabled the New Economic Policy or NEP, which ... Show
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But one can argue that 'modern' India has always dispossessed and ignored its poorest of the poor
who are routinely bullied by the state.
Now the dominant discourse has framed the so–called 'Great Development Challenge' as an effort to
extend the 'dynamism of liberalism' to 'those denied access and equal opportunity' (Tripathi 2011).
This does not make accounts of horrendous poverty any less legitimate, not does it make the
suicides of farmers any less tragic.
But some argue that the statistics speak for themselves. In 1991, 35.8% of India's population of 846
million, that is, about 300 million people, lived on less than one dollar a day, which is the generally
accepted measure that economists use worldwide to define absolute poverty (in a strictly global
context, as opposed to relative poverty, which is necessary an intra–state indicator) . Ten years later,
the figure dropped to 27.5%. By 2006, with India's population at 1.02 billion people, that necessarily
implied that there were 270 million people living in absolute poverty. In the intervening years, when
India added 115 million people, those living in absolute poverty fell by 30 million. Had the poverty
rate remained as it was, that is 35.8% , there have been 365 million poor people. Thus we are able to
argue, with some fairly reasonable certainty that the economy, within this timeframe lifted 95
million people out of absolute poverty.
I now move to the last

Solution to the Current Global Economy: Judaism and...
In the essay "Judaism and Economic Reform", Norman Solomon, a Jewish–American journalist,
presents a compelling argument on the basis of the need for economic reform while providing
simple religious base solutions. While discussing two major economic problems that plague the
world's current economy, Solomon introduces the Jewish view of the global economy and their
general view on economics as a whole. With this introduction to the Jewish worldview of economics
we as readers are able to transition into understanding Solomon's solutions of education & using
Jewish law to improve the current state of the global economy. Although Solomon's ideas of
education and relying on Jewish law to improve the global economy seem logical, Sallie McFague,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of focusing on the individual, "ecological economics invites us to picture ourselves not as
isolated individuals but as housemates" (McFague 132). This model has two goals striving for
sustainability and distributive justice which will allow for the earth's resources to be sustained for
future generations. McFague feels that the ecological economic system will provide an efficient
system that will suit and support the needs of the world.
Likewise and the topic of this paper Solomon provides a thorough discussion of the problems of the
present global economy. In his essay Solomon provides three mind–wrenching questions that
questions and supports his methods of economic reform. The first question of "is it possible to
engage in the pursuit of wealth without succumbing to greed and selfishness?" brings the topic of
morality when it comes to wealth (108). Sallie McFague brings an argument stating that human
beings are people filled with emotions of self–interest and will do whatever it takes to become
wealthy. In the grand scheme of things this innate self–interest that is within people makes it
extremely tough for countries to follow certain Jewish laws that he provided. McFague's solution of
moving towards an ecological economic system makes it tough on countries as well because it will
force them to forget about their self–interest and learn to understand that they are dependent upon
each other. McFague states, "ecological economics claims we

Reforms in the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996
There are two important major reforms that the U.S. established, the Economic Espionage Act
(EEA) of 1996 and the Theft of Trade Secrets Act of 2012. The U.S. established the EEA of 1996 to
protect companies with industrial espionage, theft of trade secrets, fraud, transfer of custody, and
penalties on offenses(ECONOMIC ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1996). "The EEA of 1996 is an act that
makes theft or misappropriation of trade secrets a federal crime" (LaMance). Activities that are
punishable under the EEA of 1996 if the person:
"steals, or without authorization takes, carries away, or by deception obtains a trade secret without
authorization copies, downloads, uploads, alters, destroys, transmits, or conveys a trade secret,
receives, buys, or possesses a trade secret, knowing that the trade secret has been stolen or obtained
wrongfully attempts to do any of the aforementioned activities , attempts to commit economic
espionage are punishable under the same penalties. The EEA is particularly severe with people or
corporations who steal trade secrets in order to benefit foreign countries or foreign agents"
(LaMance). Penalties under the EEA of 1996 if a person is found guilty can be fined up to $500
thousand and serve 10 years in jail. A company can be fined up to five million but if it serves to
benefit, a foreign country or a foreign agent fines are up to $10 million and up to 15 years in jail.
In April 2012, the U.S. tried to convict Sergey Aleynikov, a computer programmer at

China 's Economic Reforms Increase The Economic Output
China's 1970 economic reforms boosted the economic output by 11.4% on a yearly basis. The
reforms gave authority to the provinces and enabled the market–oriented public enterprises. The
economic gains were so great that they accounted for about 33% of the national GDP. Prosperity
seemed imminent since the 1970s, but little did the people know that they were on the path that
would place them as the world's most polluted countries and the worlds largest greenhouse gas
emitter.
China is experiencing an alarming decrease in air quality. In the first 3 months of 2015, about 90%
of the cities in China failed to meet the national air quality requirement. Beijing, surrounded by the
heavily industrialized province of Hebei, is one of the most polluted cities in China and is followed
by the cities Baoding, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Handan and Hengshui. The smog in Beijing
has forced schools to build domes with air filters over recreational sections so that students can play
sports without having to inhale the dangerous components in the smog. The recommended safe air
quality index level is 25, but that index is rarely met given that levels over 250 are reached in
Beijing; young children are not allowed to play outdoors at levels above 200, and older children are
to remain indoors when the levels reach above 250. People are getting in the habit of wearing air
filter masks to decrease their exposure to polluted air, but pollution is now threatening water
quality–no mask can fix

Russian Reform and Economics: the Last Quarter of the 20th...
Russian Reform and Economics: The Last Quarter of the 20th Century Outline Thesis: As the
reformation of the USSR was becoming a reality, Russia's economy was crumbling beneath it.
Russia began its economic challenge of perestroika in the 1980's. The Russian people wanted
economic security and freedom, while the government was trying to obtain democracy. The previous
management styles needed to be changed along with the way that most businesses in Russia
operated. I. Reformation of USSR A. The change from communism to democracy. B. The change in
government has had a great effect on the Russian people and workers. C. The reformation left the
Russian economy upside down. II. Post–Reform economy versus ... Show more content on
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13 percent of the industry was subsidized to make up for operating losses (Smith, H., 238). There
was many reasons for the economic growth rate falloff including centralized price determination,
centralized allocation of resources and products, to many exchange rates, hard currency problems,
and retention quotas. Glasnost revealed many of the problems dealing with issues in the society and
the peoples' living conditions. The people of Russia had very little income and very little food. The
food supply was very limited and caused the government to resort to rationing. The lack of food
caused many health problems for the people. The outcome of Russia's problems are based on the
decisions and policies taken in the first steps of perestroika. 1988 to 1990 was the transition phase
for the Russian government and economy. During this time Russian leaders were forecasting a full
recovery from the economic collapse by the year 2000 (Colton & Legvold, 70). Russian leaders
started changing the government from the top down. In the preliminary phase they changed the
highest levels of the administration. In the stabilizing stage change was in the lower levels and was
had an emphasis on politics instead of the economy. 563 of 965 party members were replaced
between March 1985 and August 1988 (Hill & Dellenbrant, 144). In the expansive stage changes
brought about a wider democracy, decentralization in

Aspects of Economic Reforms in the Nigerian Fourth Republic
ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE NIGERIAN FOURTH REPUBLIC
BY
ADEBAYO, A. ADEKUNLE E–mail : mayowa2000ng@yahoo.com
&
YUSUF M.0 (MRS)
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
MICHAEL OTEDOLA COLLEGE OF PRIMARY EDUCATION, NOFORIJA,
P.M.B. 1028, EPE, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.
ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE NIGERIAN FOURTH REPUBLIC
ABSTRACT
In Nigeria, the return to democratic rule in 1999 led to a myriad of programmes and strategies that
were aimed at refocusing the face of the economy so as to resolve the difficulties which years of
military rule had placed on it. This reform was, conceptualized principally in the form of a medium
term development strategy called the National Economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The goals were four viz, poverty reduction, wealth creation, employment generation and value re–
orientation. Its main strategies were public sector reforms; privatization/liberalization; transparency,
accountability, efficiency, waste reduction and service delivery in governance; anti–corruption;
infrastructure development in key sectors; coherent and consistent trade policy; explicit sectoral
strategies for agriculture and SMEs; social charter for human development in education, health,
housing, employment and youth development; gender and geo–political balance adjustment; safety
nets such as pension reform; etc (Nigerian Economic Society, 2004: 8 –11). The key feature of the
programme was the promotion of the private sector as the engine for economic growth in terms of
wealth creation, employment generation and poverty reduction while government acts as a
facilitator / regulator, and the re–orientation of people towards hard work / efficiency, transparency
and accountability and selfless service to the nation. NEEDS proposed a 5% – 7% growth in GDP
within 3 years, 5% reduction in poverty rate per year between 2003 and 3007, single digit inflation,
70% capacity utilization and increase in power generation from 6000 megawatts to 10000
megawatts. As a development policy document, NEEDS was commended by many. The document

is all embracing. It gave consideration to the vital policy areas of the national life and is multi–
sectoral

The Economic Reforms Of Argentina Essay
In December 2015, Argentina's newly elected "Cambiemos" party (Lets Change) announced it
planned on lifting all restrictions on capital flows, allowing practically unlimited access to foreign
currency in a process intended to push the peso's value to float towards its true market value. The
move to liberalize capital flows was a desperate attempt to increase exports and spur economic
growth in an economy that has been battling low foreign reserves and double–digit inflation for the
past several years. The free–market candidate, Mauricio Macri, was determined to restore investor
confidence in Argentina, utterly destroyed by its 2002 record default, a lack of transparency in its
economic institutions, and heavy state intervention. With the backing of big business, both domestic
and foreign, Macri was able to mobilize a dissatisfied middle–class tired of the leftist protectionism
of the past decade. The economic reforms came at a time of extreme political polarization and civil
unrest in Argentina. The Peronist candidate, Daniel Scioli, lost by a very slim margin, leaving the
opposition eager to utilize any economic setbacks as political ammunition. For many Argentines,
Macri's neoliberal plans sound awfully reminiscent of the disastrous policies implemented by Carlos
Menem in the 1990s. Given the population's low tolerance for austerity measures and a ferocious
opposition watching every move, Macri's must walk a tight line if he is to successfully tackle
Argentina's economic

Deng Xiaoping's Economic Reform in China Essay
The goals of Deng Xiaoping's economic reform were the 'Four Modernizations'. This Four
Modernization refers to the reform of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science technology.
These reforms were to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger
surplus and to eliminate economic imbalances that were common in command economies.
Deng Xiaoping felt that the quickest way to build a better China was to improve living conditions
immediately, to give people the level of morale they need for further development. At that time, he
realized that China's economic need to reform; he found very effective ways to reform the China's
economic. His goals were to open up the China's market to the outside world, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Foreign investors were allowed to do the same. They built factories and used cheap Chinese labors
to produce goods for export. Deng had set up a successfully solution that lowered the rate of
unemployment Chinese and to improve the industrial market. These new factories and workshops
not only provided a lot of jobs for unemployed Chinese, but also to have modern machines that was
brought in by the foreign investors and Chinese workers had opportunities to be trained to use it
(Moise, 217).
Feeling this was not enough to boost the economic up, Deng loaned money from IMF and the World
Bank "to upgrade machinery and establish new manufacturing and industrial development" (Benson,
48). He opened a total of five towns and villages as SEZs and allowed foreign investors to build
factories and hire Chinese to work for them. It might not be the best way to reform the economic as
a whole, but it played an important role because it benefited the Chinese workers, the investors, and
the Chinese government. During the 1980s, Deng promoted the "open door" policy to encourage
foreign investment and to trade with the world. China needed larger quantities of raw materials to
fuel its industrial growth so they signed contracts for minerals, timer, and so forth. It had not only
provided China with raw materials that were needed, but also improved the relations with other
neighbor counties and the US.

Over the past three decades, China has been undergoing...
Over the past three decades, China has been undergoing economic reforms and changes to its
political structure from communism towards a more market–oriented system. It's changing political
structure has been described in various terms such as pro–growth authoritarianism (Lai, 2010), a
variegated form of state–permeated capitalism (Brink, 2013), refurbished state capitalism (McNally,
2013), and a social–capitalist model (Degen, 2011). All these terms suggest that China has been
shifting towards a more market–oriented system but continue to take a state–centric approach. Deng
Xiaoping described this system as a Socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. This
hybrid social–capitalist or social–communist model (Sigley, 2006; Wu, ... Show more content on
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Thus, this paper examines the complications of China's political structure and aims to determine if it
is economically beneficial.
In order to clearly understand the implications of this political structure on China's economy, this
paper will discuss the following sections:
1. What is China's current GDP growth rate?
2. What is China's political structure like?
3. Are there underlying problems arising from its political structure?
4. What is the impact on its economy?
What is China's current GDP Growth rate?
China's economy has been largely influenced by political activities before the 1990s. Several
economic reforms had already been put in to place since 1978 but the defining change was only
triggered in 1992 with the speech by Mr. Deng Xiaoping, where he affirmed the nation of their shift
towards a market–oriented system (Chen, Quan, & Liu, 2013).
Empirical data represented in Figure 1a & 1b shows the rapid change in China's Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) that started from 1992 (Chen, Quan, & Liu, 2013).
It has a relatively high average GDP growth of 10% per year over the last 30 years and its greatest
increase occurred between 2001 and 2007 with an average of 11.6% (Malkiel, et al., 2008). This
equates to a GDP growth increase of nearly

Essay The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia
The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia
When Sergei Witte became minister of finance in Russia in 1892 he recognised that the economy
had to be modernised if Russia was to become a world power on a par with the west.
The Industrial Revolution that had taken place in the west had led to its massive economic growth
and an increase in power and Empire building. Being able to buy cheap, raw materials like oil and
coal from Russia fuelled part of the west's industrial revolution.
Witte decided that Russia needed state Capitalism to modernise. He borrowed capital and
encouraged investment from the west and large factories began to produce heavy industry like steel.
Witte imposed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wittes economic policy seemed to be working as by 1897 the Russian currency, the Rouble, was put
on the Gold Standard which gave it value in exchange with other currencies. But there were other
problems that were beginning to undermine Wittes visions for a successful economy. Although a
brilliant mind, Witte was not an easy man to get on with and he was not popular with the Tsarist
court or the government. Change was resisted and Witte had no support for his vision of a richer,
more powerful, modernised Russia.
There was also conflict with the military commanders who pushed their needs for transport and
military hardware to the top of the economic agenda. These conflicts interfered with Wittes plans
and so by the time of the Great Trade Recession at the turn of the century, critics could identify three
major weaknesses in his economic reform. Witte paid
To drive his economic reform through without support or interest from the Tsarist court or the
government Witte (who was German) brought in many experienced foreign industrialist and capital
from the west to manage and finance his projects. This was not at all popular with the Tsar or Russia
who did not trust him. Wittes industrial projects were always large and on a grand scale. He failed to
nurture light engineering projects which would have helped to modernise

The Development Of Liberalism After The Chinese Economic...
Friedrich von Hayek elaborates the necessity of economic freedom to the formulation of liberalism.
In the 1980s, China, a country undergoing dramatic economic program, worshiped Hayek's idea,
and fiercely debated the extent of government interventionism in this entire process. Following
Hayek's logic, a pure and complete economic freedom would inevitably lead to political liberalism.
In contrast, a manipulated economy, like the one China developed before 1977, suppressed
consumers' freedom, and facilitated an authoritarian government. Yet, did the Chinese economic
development really enhance the foundation of a liberal society? Or is there something else that
impedes the growth of freedom? Before answering these questions, liberalism (ziyou ... Show more
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Hayek's vision echoes the Chinese economic scene today, in which the decelerating economic
growth rate is coupled with an increasing centralization of political power, foreshadowing an
absolutist autocracy, at least.
Hayek argues that the foundations of individualism go back to a root from classical antiquity and
Christianity. And he sees the transfer of power from the state to the individual as the basis of
western civilization. People in the past experienced dramatic elevation of material comfort and
development of science and technology, thanks to the granting of individual freedom. Unconscious
and unintended aggregate of individual actions outweighed the idea of central planning. Yet when
socialism appeared, there emerged a great utopia that socialism could be combined with democracy.
Hayek opposes this naive interpretation because socialism seeks equality through "restraint and
servitude." A planned economy in socialism, as well, would not produce the most efficient output
and creativity simply due to a lack of price mechanism and thus a lack of information. When the
allocation of resources is unpredictable and often false, and when the economic policy is imposed by
force, the government is accumulating greater centralized power that weighs much more than
individual wills. Even though Hayek says the government has the duty to ensure the competitiveness
of the market, he would

Deng Xiaoping's Economic Reform
Throughout time, many countries have needed to implement some sort of economic reform in order
to strengthen their economy so that they can be more of a power on the world stage and to stabilize
their country. The Chinese reforms were long in the making, an unfolding process that had spanned
most of the 20th century and, unlike other countries such as Russia who were trying to do the same
thing but whom eventually failed, China prospered, and increased its economy greatly. China has
had the fastest growing economy in the world for the past two decades, with an annual growth rate
of approximately 10 percent since the economic reforms in 1979, and now has the second largest
GDP in the world, second only to the USA. Starting in 1979 they ... Show more content on
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This moved gradually increased agricultural production, increased the living standards of hundreds
of millions of farmers and stimulated the rural industry (Brandt, 2008). Reforms were also put in
place in the urban industry to increase the waning productivity. A dual price system was also
introduced, wherein state–owned industries were allowed to sell any production above the plan
quota, and commodities were sold at both plan and market prices, which then allowed citizens to
avoid the shortages of the Maoist era. Private businesses were also allowed to operate for the first
time since the Communist takeover, and they gradually began to make up a greater percentage of
industrial output (Brandt, 2008). Price flexibility was also increased, in turn, expanding the service
sector (Brandt, 2008). During this time period, China was also opened to foreign investment for the
first time since the Kuomintang era. It was during this time that Deng created a series of special
economic zones for foreign investment that were relatively free of the bureaucratic regulations and
interventions that had hampered economic growth for so long until this time. These regions became
the engines of growth for the national economy (Brandt, 2008). Following this, the period of 1984–
1993 Deng's policies continued beyond his initial reforms. Controls on private businesses and
government intervention continued to decrease, and there was

China's Survival of Crisis Due to Economic Reforms Essay
China's Survival of Crisis Due to Economic Reforms
In the years before 1976, many unwise policies were carried out which brought China into a crisis of
communism, or a state in which communism was threatened. The Great Leap Forward and the
Cultural Revolution were specifically the main causes of the crisis of communism and the
mastermind between these two movements, Mao Zedong, can be held responsible for their initiation.
The Great Leap Forward was a great economic failure. Years of famine and intense suffering came
about as a result of this skewed project of Mao's. Consequently, he was sidelined in the CCP. The
direct consequence of this was the Cultural Revolution, as he sought to regain his ... Show more
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From post–1976 onwards, Deng Xiaoping and his conservative pragmatist government would bring
great reform to China, which would allow her to tide over the troubles caused by the crisis in
communism. Indeed, it would seem that his economic reforms were the main reason for China's
survival, as opposed to political reform. Under Deng Xiaoping, action was taken to move China
from a Soviet–style command economy to a more capitalist market economy. On the other hand,
political reform was not as pronounced as Deng wished to retain the traditional communist style of
party dictatorship.
When Deng came into power, China's economy had not progressed as much as Mao had imagined it
would. The crisis in communism had also had an adverse effect on the economy. Deng's catch
phrase "it doesn't matter if the cat is black or white so long as it catches the mouse" encapsulates his
entire approach towards economic reform. His economic reforms were very obviously not in line
with communism at all but he felt that if they could bring greater prosperity to China, it was worth it
to adopt these new measures.
The reforms took place largely in rural China. There was increased emphasis and investment on
consumer

Fdr's Economic Reform
From the early to mid 20th century, the U.S. underwent severe economic changes due to the internal
problems. A system of laissez faire does not protect the people in the most damaging recession, the
Great Depression. A shift from Hoover to FDR, leads to reform in the New Deal. Later in World War
II, the U.S. will isolate itself to focus on the internal economy. The changes in the economy reflected
back into the world and into domestic policy. Internally, reform and relief will bring back the nation
and the focus of internal economy would create global problems. The U.S.'s economic policy shaped
the nation as a welfare state from FDR's New Deal and proved to be a world power from the causes
and post war effects of World War II . The Great Depression ... Show more content on
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The National Recovery Administration would focus on labor reform as a 40 hour work week and
$3.50 minimum wage is established. The Works Progress Administration would provide temporary
jobs and the the Emergency Banking Relief Act would establish the new American banking system.
These are only a few of the "alphabet agencies" from the new deal. As the citizens became reliant on
federal aid, FDR set the government as a welfare government, helping the people out of their
economic crises. Along with the New Deal, Americans are also practicing FDR's policy of
isolationism. This again establishes U.S.'s role of a world power. The U.S.'s inability to convene in
world affairs leads to World War II. For example,the U.S. ignores the Spanish Civil War in which
fascist Francisco Franco wins with help from Nazi Germany. Then, the U.S. creates the Neutrality
Acts, which prevents Britain and France from receiving war materials and aid as they did in World
War I. These barriers result in the expansion of Nazi Germany and the fall of France. The U.S will
break their isolationist policy and join the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. From their
position of a world power, the U.S. would be placed on the Security Council in the U.N.. As a world
power, they will also provide monetary

Poland 's Economic Reform Plan Of 1989
The year of 1989 is generally regarded as a watershed moment in the history of Eastern Europe–the
one which effectively ended the dominance of Communist politics in the region formerly known as
the Soviet Bloc. Comprised of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and East
Germany, this region was politically and economically depended on the Soviet Union that largely
dictated the official ideological orientation of the Soviet Bloc nations. In 1989, the region's
dependence on the Soviet Union effectively came to an end along with the communist hegemony in
Eastern Europe. At the same time, Eastern Europeans finally discovered the opportunity to make a
transition from centralized socialism to democratic and decentralized form of market economy that
was largely modeled on the Western democracies. The following chapter examines the extent to
which Western theoretical and institutional trends influenced Poland's economic reform plan of
1989. At the same time, it seeks to account for Poland's own local tradition of neoliberal thought. In
so doing, it aims to dispel the oversimplified interpretation of the transnational exchange between
Polish and American economists according to which the former had to learn from scratch while the
former assumed the role of educators. As various commentators have observed, the Eastern
European transition to market economy took Western neoliberalism as its principal ideological
model. It is no secret, for instance, that Jeffrey

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the dawn of...
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the dawn of Chinese economic reform under Deng
Xiaoping in 1978 promised to produce somewhat parallel long–term results for two of the world's
largest economies. Although China and Russia mirrored each other in the nature of the transitions
they were undertaking at the time, their trajectories for future economic and political change are
now diverging. Despite the fact that both China and post–soviet Russia would ultimately tip the
scale away from central economic planning toward market based systems and global integration, the
approaches and circumstances surrounding these economic shifts are completely different. Initially,
Russia's implementation of "shock therapy" under Yeltsin in 1992 ... Show more content on
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The USSR had experienced two decades of stability under Brezhnev, but this era was coupled with
rising corruption and weighty foreign policy issues like the US arms race and the invasion of
Afghanistan. Contrasting economic preconditions of the movement toward market based models
also influenced patterns of change and development in Russia and China at the end of the 20th
century. For example, by the close of the 1980's, Russia stood as a seasoned industrial power with a
sizeable, well educated, urban labor force. Militarily, it was on par with the United States and had
developed a strong presence in science and technology development. Contrastingly, when China
began its own transition – almost a decade earlier, at the end of the 1970's – its economy was still
predominantly rooted in agriculture. 80% of the nation's population (as compared with 15% for
Russia) consisted of uneducated agrarian peasantry, and the country had little stake in industry or
scientific innovation. In the wake of the soviet state's collapse, Russia faced a dropping population
and a deficit of available labor, while China's population was considered very large relative to its
productivity. Though these demographic factors allowed for cheaper, more readily available labor in
China, Russia vastly outstripped China in terms of natural

China's Economic Reform
China's economic reform has attracted worldwide attention. From the early stage of mainly export–
oriented industries with cheaper labour costs to more recent foreign investments aiming to tap the
huge domestic market, China, especially eastern region has gradually opened up to the rest of the
world. While this research study is not only of vital importance to China, but also meaningful to the
FDI development efforts to the individual regions in other countries. This research provides the
empirical evidence that GDP which proxies for the market size was a great attraction power for FDI
in China. The labour quality and the level of infrastructure are positively connected with the FDI
growth and become crucial determinants of the FDI distribution in eastern China.Besides,the degree
of openness and labour costs show the negative relevance to the FDI in The twenty–first century is a
century of intellectual competition; thus the human capital of knowledge, intelligence and labour
quality will surely be crucial factors relative to FDI. Past studies (Bhagwati and Srinivasan, 1983;
Sun et al., 2002)also found a correlation between the level of labour quality and FDI. The
development of labour quality is a key point to both export–oriented FDI and market–seeking FDI.
But on the Chinese mainland, for every 100,000 people, there are only 3,611 who have received a
higher education and 11,146 ones who have received a secondary school education. There are 85
million illiterate people

The First Phase Of The Chinese Economic Reform Was...
The first phase of the Chinese economic reform was characterized by an emergence of rural
initiatives and new modes of corporations such as TVEs. The central authority allowed vague
ownership and, therefore, permitted the existence of transitional institutions that retained the pre–
reform structures yet functioned to serve the contemporary users. In the industrial sector, however,
at the beginning of the first phase, state–owned enterprises dominated the economic output when
private foreign invested firms did not appear. Two decades after, SOEs only comprised of about
one–third of the total output while collective enterprises and private firms occupied one–third each.
This drastic drop of the power of SOEs was the result of both the ... Show more content on
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However, the development of TVEs and the entries of private enterprises and foreign joint ventures
became the chief driving force in the early reform period. These were the brand new institutions,
unlike state–owned enterprises. The deteriorating performance and market share of SOEs attracted
the attention of Qian and Lin. In the wave of growing business of various types of enterprises, the
large–scaled SOEs could not sustain their profits and constantly need governmental subsidies, a
phenomenon in opposition to the economic trend in the reform era. Many SOEs had to offer their
employees insurances, training, education and health care, deepening the financial burden. Such an
anti–development scene would make Lin and Qian oppose the ideas of Rawski and Jefferson. Qian
observes that large–scaled state–owned enterprises, even though experienced managerial reforms
and ownership reconfiguration, continued to suffer from declining performance, i.e. profitability.
The new corporate organization consisting shareholders, board of directors and supervisory board
clashed with the role of the party committees. In this case, Qian pointed out that the key reason for
this failure was the party's control over the appointment of senior executives of SOEs. The
executives' politicized standing overshadowed their role in enhancing the corporate performances.
The secretive selection

Theme Of Economic Reform In Walden Two
Moreover, Skinner emphasizes in his novel the theme of economic reform which is highlighted
through the first person narration technique and the use of allusion. In chapter eight, Frazier
introduces to his visitors the economic system of the society of Walden Two. In Walden Two, no one
is paid, and all services and goods are free. However, each person is required to do a certain amount
of work, for which they receive labor credits. About four labor credits are required per day, which
translates to anywhere from two to six hours of work depending on the number of credits that are
awarded per hour for a given job. As Frazier says ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We consume less than the average American (Skinner, 57) Moreover, the use of the allusion
technique emphasizes the theme of economic reform at the society of Walden Two. There is an
obvious allusion to Thoreau, the author of Walden. Skinner is highly affected by Thoreau and his
novel Walden. This is shown when Frazier says:
We practice the Thoreauvian principle of unnecessary possessions. Thoreau pointed out that the
average Concord laborer worked ten or fifteen years of his life just to have a roof over his head
(Skinner,

Tax Reform : Stimulate Economic Growth
Tax reform to stimulate economic growth in America
There is an ominous shadow hanging over America consuming its wealth, and dividing its people
over the promise of fair and equal treatment. American debt has no rival in the modern world, and it
continues to spiral out of control as politicians' debate solutions that would bring it under control. To
manage this debt citizens are burdened with a federal income tax system that is inefficient,
discriminatory and cumbersome to the American people. Since the federal income tax was created
the cost to comply with it has grown into an economic nightmare for the American economy, and its
people. Seventy thousand pages tax codes and hundreds of tax forms are required to calculate taxes,
increasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flat tax uses a common administrative principle; income should be taxed only once and as close to
the source as possible. The current tax system violates this common principle by not providing a
comprehensive definition of income, allowing discrimination against some taxpayers, and avoidance
of taxes by others. As an example, fringe benefits are not taxed at all while dividends and capital
gains are taxed twice. A flat tax would provide a comprehensive definition of all income, and tax it
only once, at the same rate, removing the discrimination of the current tax system. Furthermore,
eliminating the current tax system where incomes and taxpayers are taxed at different rates would
also eliminate the opportunity for exploiting that difference to avoid taxes. The current tax system
supports a whole industry consisting of tax lawyers, tax accountants, tax planners, and tax filers
dedicated to finding loopholes and differences in the tax code. In a memo from the Department of
Treasury, tax analyst Robert Carroll stated, "The Internal Revenue Service is aware that business
and individual taxpayers spend more than 6 billion hours per year to comply with the tax system."
Carroll further stated that "Some research places the total compliance costs of the income tax at
roughly $130 billion annually – about 13 cents for every dollar in income tax revenues collected."
Not only would a flat tax

Woodrow Wilson's Economic Reform
Woodrow Wilson is a reformer. He focused on the reform of the social, political and economic
aspect of the United States. He is also the only democratic president between 1897 to 1933. He was
known to be progressive. During his first term, the Federal Reserve Act, Clayton Antitrust Act and
Federal Farm Loan Act was passed. The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System.
The system can issue the US dollar. Clayton Antitrust Act is an antitrust law. It protected the
customers from the monopoly of the business. It tried to stop the price discrimination and thus stop
the monopoly of the business. It took control of the mergers and acquisitions. Federal Farm Loan
Act increased the credit for the farmers. Farmers were able to borrow money more easily with a
bigger amount. The rate of interest is lower so the farmers could repay the loan easier. It helped the
normal citizen to fight against the big companies. Woodrow Wilson also established the Federal
Trade Commision. The power of the companies was limited by the reformers and the government.
Theodore Roosevelt sided with the workers and fought against the ... Show more content on
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Wilson tried to put down the national tariff. It was at about 40% before he took action. After the
Underwood Tariff Act was passed in 1913, the tariff returned back to 25% and some tax like tax on
sugar was eliminated. The business reform was accomplished by the Federal Trade Commision and
the Clayton Antitrust Act while the banking reform was accomplished by the Federal Farm Loan Act
and Federal Reserve Act. Woodrow Wilson accomplished all his goal listed in the New Freedom. He
passed the child labour act to protect the normal citizen. He fought for the limited working hours
and his was a ture president that is for the people. However, he also support the racial segregation in
the federal government and many black was fired at that

Welfare Reform : A New Era Of Social And Economic Inequality
The introduction and subsequent implementation of the Welfare Reform act in 2012 by the Coalition
government, introduced a new era of increased social and economic inequality in the UK. Through
the introduction of welfare reforms, the inequality gap in the UK is at its biggest ever. By focusing
on reforms in two areas; housing and benefits, this essay will present the ways in which reforms like
the introduction of Universal Credit, the Benefit Cap, Housing reform and finally the reduction and
devolvement of many other benefits have severely impacted Somali communities. By focusing
extensively on London, specific boroughs where necessary, this essay will argue that the impact of
welfare reforms is reducing Somali families to relative and ... Show more content on
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However, while the welfare state flourished in post–war Britain, during times of economic
downturn, the welfare state was the first to be targeted. Following the successful post–war years, the
government was met with a period of economic recession, major inflation and rising unemployment.
As a result of this, the 1970s saw the abandonment of post–war policy and "the emergence of a
period of privatisation and deregulation." Ultimately, the great welfare post–war period was
removed and a new "post–welfare" phase was introduced. And the socio–economic policies of the
1970s were described as 'creating a "crisis" for social policy and the demise of the British welfare
state' This, headed by the then conservative government, was very much a predecessor for the
welfare reforms of 2012. The 1970s saw the introduction of 'means–tested benefits' to tackle the
negative opinions surrounding benefits. In terms of housing, the Conservative government sought to
emphasise private ownership, as opposed to local authority housing, which was introduced through
the 1980 Housing Act and the 'right to buy'. This arguably led to a further divide in inequality, as the
increase in housing ownership led to the increase in rent. Because of this, the government was left
with shortage of housing, which "impacted adversely on housing costs and standards, including
overcrowding" . This also meant local authorities had "difficulties in raising capital" which led to
the introduction of

Economic Reform In China
In the last few decades, China has performed many non–repeated miracles in its developing process,
especially in economy, which greatly increase China's influential power in the world. After suffered
numerous aggressive war started by the external, as well as some internal crisis, such as the Great
Leap Forward and the Great Cultural Revolution, which left indelible effect on China's economy.
Until the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) in 1978, Deng Xiaoping raised up the famous policy, the Economic Reform and Opening–up,
which is suitable for the national conditions and, take the four Special Economic Zones as example,
rapid economic growth of China begins ever since then. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Guangdong Provincial Secretary, Xi Zhongxun, wished Central government to transfer
more power to the local government, which would help Guangdong have more flexibility in foreign
economic activities, Deng Xiaoping agreed with this idea, and chose four cities, which just small
county towns at that time, became Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
In the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, Deng charged that the Central
government was "overconcentration of power in the hands of an individual or of a few people",
which undeniably damaged democracy and incompatible with socialism (Deng Xiaoping, 1978).
Therefore, after 1980, the Regulation on Special Economic Zones in Guangdong Province been
published, the Central government gives autonomy and the legislative power to Guangdong and
Fujian provinces, which has the right of jurisdiction over SEZs, to some extend. Therefore, the local
government have the legislative power so that they could enact their special law that aiming foreign
investors and assets, and suitable for the local situation. Deng's opinion toward these measures was,
if they are conforming to the CCP's ideology, Marxism, and the government thinks it is the right
method, then do it without being afraid of failure and punishment (Deng Xiaoping, 1992).
Article 3rd of the special regulation of Guangdong SEZs is "A Guangdong Provincial Committee for
the Administration of Special

Type Of Chinese Economic Reform
Type of Chinese economic reform
Chinese economic reform is experimental, fast and upheaval. Reform and Opening–Up Policy is a
significant policy in the Chinese economics reform. It was a turning point that Chinese economy got
over the shock from the aggressive economic policies ahead and realized the economics renaissance
gradually.
One of the most important changes is in resource allocation. Now, resource allocation is mainly
influenced by the market rather than the central planning. As the alternative mechanism, government
interventions take place when the market mechanism is not enough to maintain the good
performance of economy.
Besides, China is opening to the outside world away from the closed and self–fettered condition.
Four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The policy was planned to attract foreign investors. And it works very well now. The investment
from overseas mainly contributes to key infrastructure sectors such as agriculture, forestry, energy,
transport, and raw materials. The investment helps the national economy recovered from the
economic depression in the long period of the Cultural Revolution and maintains a high rate of
growth.
Investment is recognized as an effective measure to maintain the economy stable and ease the
unemployment rate if financial crisis happens. When the global economic crisis happened in 2008,
Chinese government invested 4 trillion RMB for expansion of domestic demand because the
government thought that rarely depending on export cannot develop economy anymore. The fact is,
the financial crisis reduced the consumption capacity of developed countries and they decrease the
import from China. So, it is very important for Chinese government to do the investment. This
investment plays an essential role in the consequent good economic performance of China while a
wide range of severe economic depression happened in the world. However, now, many people
agree that that 4 trillion stimulus package is a overreaction for financial crisis and lead to
detrimental consequences.
Based on the data of National Bureau of Statistics of China, Investment Rate of China has fluctuated
between 30% and 50% since 1978, much higher than responding world

Comparing Mcfague's 'Judaism And Economic Reform'
The distribution of wealth has been a major problem in modern society. The economic system is
currently dividing the nation into a society of either being classified as rich or poor. The current
system is causing individuals to consume more than what the Earth's surface can reproduce.
Furthermore, the allocation of goods and services are not fairly distributed worldwide. People are
supposed to live as one and share goods and services equitably, but because of capitalism, many
individuals live a life of self–interest and greed. Since resources are scarce, we live in an all for one
society. This essay will critique Norman Solomon's argument in "Judaism and Economic Reform" to
Sallie McFague's argument in "God's Household: Christianity, Economics, ... Show more content on
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McFague's argues that people should stop limiting their ability to concern their needs as humans
being and consider the environment and other living organisms. McFague argues that people must
move toward thinking about sustaining the world, not just the people. McFague poses the concept of
the Earth being a household that everyone in society livings a part of this one house that lives
together. Therefore, she goes to mention that those of the Christian Faith embrace "all creations and
not just human beings who make up less than one percent of it" (120). McFague asserts that society
needs to pay more attention to what is happening with the environment because under this
neoclassical model people are consuming too many resources. The Neoclassical model is a system
that "sees human beings on the planet as a corporation or syndicate, a collection of individuals
drawn together to benefit its members by optimal use of resources" (124). McFague argues that this
model exploits the earth's resources and causes greed in people, which has led to their being a need
for economic reform. Therefore, Mcfague poses the Ecological model as the solution, which "sees
the planet as a community that survives and prospers only through the interdependence of all its
parts, human and nonhuman" (McFague 127). The ecological model is about sustaining the
environment and limiting the greed of individuals by transforming society from thinking about
oneself to more of a community mindset. Therefore, McFague mentions people must thinking about
the world as a community in order for the world to flourish, which means that the "earth's resources
must be distributed justly among all its inhabitants, human and each other, on a sustainable basis"
(120). Mcfague is arguing that the ecological model makes individuals more conscious, which can
help direct our faith. For instance, we are God's children; however, we must learn to operate from
his

Economic Reforms In Cuba
Cuba has begun to open itself to economic integration, and most importantly to the United States.
However, their economy has been suffering due to two major economic shocks, which has resulted
in the Cuban regime setting up economic and regulatory reforms. These reforms have spurred a
transition as the Cuban people have been given more opportunities than ever before to establish
ownership over small businesses in approximately 200 categories. However, the prospective
entrepreneurs in Cuba are held back by several challenges such as a complicated and often
contradictory regulatory environment that prevent smaller, private businesses from flourishing due
to a lack of experienced entrepreneurs, mentors, and an ecosystem that supports development. ...
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This is especially the case as United States President Donald J. Trump recently stated that he would
repeal reforms previously done under the Obama administration if Cuba were not to make more
concessions (Council on Foreign Relations). Moreover, the Republican–dominated Congress is
unlikely to pass a lift on the U.S. embargo of Cuban products that has been a major point of
contention and business loss to Cubans for years (Council on Foreign Relations). It is evident that
there are many forces trying to postpone or even reverse the trend of economic integration of Cuba
in addition to the Cuban regime. Providing aid, establishing programs and setting up policies to help
small business owners in Cuba would also benefit the United States, as it would promote trade with
a country of great geopolitical importance as it situated in between the continental United States and
Latin America. In addition, the scope of the problem is vast as entrepreneurs are finding arduous
businesses environments in its capital of Havana and even less throughout the entirety of Cuba,
which is predominantly

Socio Economic And Legislative Reforms Essay
In 2011, after decades of authoritarian rule, Myanmar has opened up to the outside world again and
undertaken a series of socio–economic and legislative reforms under the new civilian government.
Since then, many domestic civil organisations, international non–governmental organisations (NGO)
and aid agencies have increased their presence and activities inside the country. The most
unprecedented move was in 2013 when the government allowed for the first time to carefully
reconsider on the state of civil society in Myanmar and revoked a restrictive law that was enforced
during the military rule (Morgan, 2015). The government started drafting the Organisation
Registration Law in 2013 and allowed the representatives of the civil society to review the draft law
and critique over it (ICNL, 2014). The law was then revised by the government with the views from
the critiques and was passed by the parliament in 2014 (ICNL, 2014). The law provides voluntary
registration procedures for local and international NGOs and contains no restrictions or criminal
punishments. The law was a major achievement of legislative reforms for the development of the
civil society in Myanmar which was repressed during the previous regimes. Although the civil
society in Myanmar has only recently been officially accepted and recognised, the civil society in its
many different forms have always had a significant role in the social, economic and political scenes
of the country. Policy environment: The civil

Civil War: Political, Social, And Economic Reforms
The Civil War was a major event in our nation's history that would affect the country for years to
come. Both good and bad came from the political, social, and economic reforms that would fall
upon the United States in this aftermath. This paper will detail how constitutional amendments, Jim
Crow laws, and Scalawags and Carpetbaggers were lasting effects of the Civil War.
The greatest effects of the Civil War were most likely the political changes made after the Union
victory. Amendment 13 stated that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude... shall exist within the
United States"(US Constitution), freeing all slaves from their previous masters. The 14, and possibly
most important of the three amendments added to the constitution after the Civil War, granted ...
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Lastly, the 15th amendment gave the right to vote to any (male) citizen regardless of race, or
previous servitude. The amendments to the constitution politically gave slaves the same freedoms as
whites, however social reforms were not put into place. The lack of these reforms gave way to not
only the laws, but the way of life that was the Jim Crow system. Jim Crow laws separated white and
African American people on state and local levels, and in almost all places in, but not limited to, the
south, and border states. While segregation was the most likely outcome of these laws, people living
in this system believed that white people were superior to African American, and that belief was
shared in schools, churches, and through the speeches of its supporters. As well as political and
social changes, the economy of the United States changed greatly after the Civil War. "Scalawags"
and "Carpetbaggers" were terms used to describe two types of people who were political and
economic allies after the Civil War. Scalawags were typically white southern men who supported the

Policy Proposal for Economic Reform in Russia Essay
Policy Proposal for Economic Reform in Russia
Despite making a recovery after the 1998 market crash, Russia remains weighted with numerous
holdovers from the Communist era that keep its economy from taking advantage of free–market
reforms. In short, Russia has not prospered under capitalism because it has not yet discovered it. In
order to do so, the Russian government must engage in extensive reform in several key areas:
improving the rule of law, creating stable monetary policy, and ending a policy of favoritism to
particular businesses. Engaging in these reforms would lower the extremely high transaction costs of
doing business legally, stimulating a wave of new investment and wealth creation within Russia, as
well as encouraging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lack of clearly defined and enforced property rights is another major problem. The communist–
era criminal code has only been partially replaced, and each contract must be carefully examined to
check whether it contradicts an ever shifting mess of regulations. In addition, it is unclear what
success the communists will have in the next election, so long term planning is very difficult
because the future is so unpredictable.
Despite an ambitions privatization program, many of the large factories remain state owned, partly
because of the fact that their outdated and inefficient production would immediately and properly
put them out of business under a free market. However, because the government has so much
influence over the banks, it keeps funding these inefficient enterprises to earn the support of the
many workers they hire. Many of the factories that were privatized, simply signed ownership to
their communist bosses, and because of their pull with the government, stay alive by government
aid.
Despite all the issues mentioned above, the biggest challenge to Russian economic growth is
probably its monetary policy. The Russian central bank is a direct holdover from Soviet times and
needs to change its policy drastically to adapt to a free–market economy. In a capitalist economy,
private banks serve to store money and provide investment to business. Because banks lose their
investment when a debtor defaults, they are careful to insure that entrepreneurs

How Did The New Deal Strengthen Economic Reform
There were many programs created during the Great Depression in hope for reform and recovery of
the economy. Some succeeded and helped the economy in small ways while others received the total
opposite reaction from Americans than what was hoped for. Many of these reforms and programs
were started by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the New Deal. The New Deal had three main goals: relief
for the jobless, economic recovery, and reforms to prevent future depressions. Like all programs
started by the government, it had many supporters as well as many people who didn't agree with
how far it went with regulating businesses and restricting individual freedom. The New Deal failed
to end the Great Depression, which was its ultimate goal. Overall, it was very successful due to the
many problems it eased in the economy. It employed millions, ended the banking crisis, reformed
the stock market that had collapsed, saved poor families, improved working conditions, created
lasting works of art, and, most importantly, restored Americans' faith in the government. Some of
the successful programs started through the New Deal included the Federal Emergency
Administration to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He assured them that there was a way to improve the economy and that not all would be lost in the
Depression. He had a way of making people trust him, so the voters put their trust in him and
elected him. Through his entire journey as President, FDR worked hard, with trial and error, to
improve the failing economy, from the day after he took office to his very last day in office.
Conservatives may have said that his New Deal went too far in regulating businesses while liberals
said it didn't go far enough, but many Americans found the New Deal, along with FDR himself, to
take care of them during this difficult time in American

Health Reform : An Integral Part Of Economic Recovery
Health reform constitutes our most important domestic priority and is an integral part of economic
recovery. Since 2000, health insurance premiums have almost doubled, growing three times faster
than wages. This means foregone opportunities for chronic disease management and prevention. As
the American economy continues to transform, it is expected that fewer and fewer employers will
offer coverage. From 2003 to 2007, the number of "under–insured" families – those who pay for
coverage but are unprotected against high costs – rose by 60 percent. We have by far the most
expensive health system in the world. We spend 50 percent more per person than the average
developed country –– spending more on health care than housing or food. ... Show more content on
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A 21st century strategy for health reform in the United States must harness the commitment of all
Americans and the power and resources of all sectors of society. It must involve both social and
personal responsibility to achieve a healthier United States. All Americans should be able to live in
communities in which they can achieve the best of health and well–being, receive high quality,
effective, and compassionate care when it is needed, and be protected from economic hardship due
to medical expenses. Now is the time for individuals, families, schools, businesses, health care
providers, scientists, foundations, and the government to work together to move our nation and
world towards a healthier, more secure and prosperous future (Blumenthal & Cortese, 2011). For
that reason, the following initiatives should go into the planning and designing of our 21st century
healthcare systems. First, ensuring public health agencies are able to receive and share information
with healthcare professionals by using certified electronic health record (EHR) technology. EHRs
can improve public and population health outcomes. By efficiently collecting data in a form that can
be shared across multiple health care organizations and leveraged for quality improvement and
prevention activities. By making it easier for organizations to collect standardized, systematic data
will improve reporting capabilities. With more and better data

The Indian Economic Reforms Of The Economy
The Indian economic reforms of 1991 are a prime example of radical changes in the economic
policies of India from a conservative to an orthodox one. Prior to the reforms, the country followed
the system of regularising imports and replacing them with domestic products, with the state playing
the dominant role in economy. However serious macroeconomic and debt payment crisis forced the
government to implement radical policies in the form of the Economic Reforms of 1991.
Situation Prior 1991–
Prior to the reforms, the Indian economic strategy pursued import–substituting industrialisation1
with the state playing a dominant role in the economy. This was ground–set prior independence and
attracted wide support across political spectrum. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political instability led to a lack of confidence in investors about the government 's ability to manage
the economy. Foreign exchange reserves dwindled to an all time low of the cost of two weeks worth
of import. This prompted the government to immediately take action and reform the basic economic
structure. The crisis of 1991 came after 11 years of improved and stable growth performance, lower
inflation rates and steady decline in poverty. These reforms tried to consciously fashion the new
policy as close to the Washington Consensus as was permissible by the then prevailing economic
condition.
Steps taken by the Government–
The following were the steps taken by the government in the light of the 1991 economic crisis.
1.Problems of Fiscal deficit
To handle the problem of fiscal deficit, the following steps were taken
The tax rate for individual and corporate tax was reduced to bring more people under the tax net.
The tax procedure was made more efficient and simplified.
Heavy reductions were implemented in the import duties.
2.Removal and relaxation of government control over industries
In order to make the industrial management and provide an impetus for growth and development,
the industries were given more freedom in the following ways–
Freedom from licenses and various other restrictions
Foreign technological imports and usage were promoted to ensure technological

Chinese Economic Reform Research Paper

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