Social And Legal Implications Of Driverless Cars

Social And Legal Implications Of Driverless Cars
By definition, an autonomous vehicle, or driverless car, is one that is able to navigate terrain without
the need for human input but human input is also an option. It is undeniably possible that we will
see driverless cars on roads around the world at some point in the not–so–distant future. It has been
stated that "the next generation of vehicles, such as BMW's self–driving prototype, could be
available within the next decade" and that within that decade Ford, GM, Toyota, Nissan, Volvo, and
Audi all plan to develop and sell some form of advanced automation (Knight, 2013). However,
before they are rolled off the production lines in their thousands, many questions that currently open
need answers and repercussions need to be considered. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Driverless cars would be able to take safety features such as these to a more advanced level that
would automatically make manoeuvres such as changing lanes suddenly or automatically slowing
down at higher speeds. For example, when driving through heavy fog, the driver would find it
difficult to see an oncoming traffic jam whereas an autonomous vehicle's (AV) sensors would be
alerted and would automatically slow the car down and alert the driver as to what was ahead. This
system would also be useful if a driver was travelling on unfamiliar roads: the AV would be
programmed as to the optimum speed to travel at certain times, eradicating the risk of an accident
due to human error. A study by Benenson et al highlights that vehicle–to–vehicle communication
may be an effective way of increasing safety with AV's: cars would communicate with each other
their plans of direction and position to ensure no collisions occurred. This reduce in road traffic
accidents would also largely reduce other societal costs. The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention estimated that in the US in 2012, crash injuries totalled costs of $18 billion and $33bn in
work lost (CDC, 2014). In the UK, the Department for Transport suggests that, allowing for
accidents that have not been reported to police, the total value of the prevention of road accidents
was £34.3 billion in 2012 (DFT, 2012). This shows that road accidents
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Persuasive Essay On A Driverless Car
You're riding in a driverless car with a loved one. It's cruising down a one–way, single–lane road
with a barricade to the left and a wall to the right. Just a few feet ahead, three pedestrians are
hurrying across a crosswalk even though it's flashing a red signal. The driverless vehicle's wheels
are faster than the pedestrians' feet, and a collision is inevitable. What should happen next? Should
the vehicle know to swerve into a wall and sacrifice its passengers to avoid the pedestrians, or
should it protect its passengers at all costs? A new study, published in the journal Science on
Thursday, presented that scenario, and others, to about 2,000 people in a series of six surveys.
Opinion: Why your grandkids won't drive Opinion: Why your grandkids won't drive The
surveys revealed that the majority of respondents believed autonomous vehicles should be
programmed to be "utilitarian," attempting to save the most lives (in this case, the pedestrians) while
sacrificing as few as possible (the passengers), said Jean–Francois Bonnefon, a psychological
scientist at the Toulouse School of Economics in France and a co–author of the study. Yet, most
respondents also indicated that they would not want to purchase a vehicle that was programmed to
be utilitarian. Google: Driverless cars only in 11 accidents Google: Driverless cars only in 11
accidents 03:09 The surveys showed that 76% of respondents believed it is more moral for a
driverless vehicle to sacrifice one passenger rather than 10 pedestrians when faced with such a
scenario. However, 81% of respondents said they would rather own a car that protected them and
their family members at all costs. For the study, conducted between June and November, 1,928
survey respondents were recruited online and presented with crash scenarios as well as questions
gauging their personal opinions about riding in an autonomous vehicle and their likelihood of
buying one. "We were surprised that so many people expressed a strong moral preference for cars
that would kill them, as passengers, for the greater good," Bonnefon said. "[We were] even more
surprised that so many people would renounce buying a driverless car if there was a regulation in
place that would force them to buy

Robots Apa
Critical Analysis of The Robot Invasion Patrick F. Nagle Delaware Technical Community College
Critical Analysis of The Robot Invasion In the article The Robot Invasion by Charles Gillis, it talks
about in the not too distant future how robotics will be a part of everyday society, how it will be
used in manufacturing and labor industry instead of people for jobs that are dirty, dangerous, and
difficult. The author argues that the world will be swarming with the robotics in the future which
will change the job industry and even how basic chores are done around the house. The world is
changing as the technology of robots are slowly taking over jobs, is not a too farfetched argument.
"For many years the work of engineers and sci–fi ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This automated warehouse system is said to triple distribution productivity by using robots to whip
merchandise from storage areas to the shipping bays. These robots have already taken the place of
lots of warehouse workers, but at the same time have opened the door for newer jobs that require
workers to program and interface with the robots to get the job done correctly. These robots really
show how robots will be moving into the workplaces to change how people will do jobs. As this is
happening now in the industry, it will be more commonly seen as the technology advances and cost
of the robots is more manageable for the efficiency that it provides. This article has been providing
many different types of support in the fact that robots are advancing in many ways and eventually
going to be part of everyday life. For most people that would read this article it would be very hard
to really get that it is not something that is here to frighten us but to inform us. All this support from
different scientists, engineers, and futurists is very informative in the tone to portray what will
becoming of robots in the future of the world. This type of informative tone is hard to read into as
there is so much to cause fright in one reader. As one comes across this article talking about robots
being developed for swarming like actions to get

Designing a Driving Instructor Robot
Driver–Bot Paper
Introduction/Overall Project Description
The idea for the Driver–Bot came from a simple discussion about driver's education.
Driver's training and education are big events for young adults, but sometimes learning to drive
from a parent or from an online course can be too stressful. The Driver–Bot was born from a need to
invent a new way to teach driving. Unlike online courses, the Driver–Bot gives a better and more
realistic physical representation of driving. However, modern simulators can actually placed drivers
in situations, forcing to react to virtual situations. The Driver–Bot was designed to be cheaper than
these simulators. This project is just a smaller scale of the actual project idea.
This primitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The simulators place drivers in dangerous situation without any risks. Drivers can gain experience
driving through snow, fog, and other environmental hazards.
Another type of modern–day training is done through the computer. Online courses from sites such
as Driversed.com can help with not only training but educating drivers. In fact, training through the
computer has been an efficient way for many companies to train drivers.
Companies such as Instructional Technology, Inc., use these interactive computer lessons called
TREAD–1 that teach much like driving simulators8. Driver's training no longer has to be only on–
road experience, and technology continues to evolve to give new ways to train.
Smart Cars
As our final project demonstrates a car undergoing a driver's education test, the car runs in
autonomous mode and gets information about its surroundings by using sensors. Using
programming in NQC, the RCX's job is to complete the course successfully while using the
DMV's rules for the road in California. However, past the Lego pieces and the simple programming
in NQC, this simple RCS is a small example of an autonomous robot car that is
5 http://fleetowner.com/information_technology/feature/fleet_st_century_driver/index.html
6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_simulator
7 http://fleetowner.com/information_technology/feature/fleet_st_century_driver/index.html
8

Annotated Bibliography On Robots
Annotated Bibliography
Armbrust, Christopher, Mehdi Atif Syed, Reichardt Max, Koch Jan, Berns Karsten. " Using an
autonomous robot to maintain privacy in assistive environments." Security and Communications
Network. February 8, 2011. DOI: 10.1002/sec.253.
The article explains how an autonomous robot (specifically ARTOS) can take care of elderly people
and not hinder privacy. The article uses logic and experiments to give credibility to their point. This
article relates to other privacy articles being used. It provides insight to how these robots do invade
privacy, but how they have been designed and are being designed to stop the problem. Through the
use of experiments, the article provides good credible information of the use of autonomous robots
in assisting the elderly. The article also provides good insight to the privacy issue with robots and
how producers are trying to eliminate or prevent this problem.
Broadbent, Elizabeth. "Interactions With Robots: The Truths We Reveal About Ourselves." Annual
Review of Psychology. September 14, 2016. 10.1146/annurev–psych–010416–043958.
Broadbent explains how robots are being used today. She goes into further detail by explaining how
some of these uses are causing problems and how people react to robots. The article uses a logical
appeal to emphasize her point. This logical appeal is evident through the use of statistics and
figures. This article relates to all other articles used

Driverless Car Vs Drones
Two emerging concepts that are changing the way the world looks at transportation and logistics is
the driverless car and drones. The concept behind the driverless car is pretty straight forward;
commercial automobiles will be operated by computer software instead of humans. Companies like
Google, who have already started implementing driverless cars for personal use are leading the way.
Large scale companies DHL will most likely be the first to introduce driverless fleets. According to
a 2016 online article by the NPD Group, LLC, " DHL, which have the ability to test driverless
vehicles inside massive warehouses, port facilities and intermodal yards, thereby reducing the risk
to human life while amassing data about the vehicles' capabilities,

Should Autonomous Military Autonomous Robots Be Banned?
Autonomous robots should be banned Autonomous military killer robots act on their own, they do
not have a human driver, instead they are programed to act in certain ways in specific situations.
The reasons why I think that military autonomous robots should be banned worldwide is because
they could be hacked, misinterpret civilians for enemies, and make lethal mistakes. The first reason
why I think autonomous robots should be banned is because they could be hacked. All the
capabilities the military put in the autonomous robot could be stolen just by an experienced hacker.
When a autonomous robot is hacked, it could kill many of people. Or if the autonomous robot was
ever captured, people could reprogram it into their own deadly weapon. Autonomous

Driverless Cars Advantages And Disadvantages
Name
Professor's Name
Course and Section
Date
Research paper
Introduction
There are various questions that have arisen regarding the introduction of driverless vehicles, its
benefits and disadvantages. With the huge advancement in technology in the present century, several
automakers have announced the emergence of driverless vehicles that boost of the functionality
without any need of drivers (Chopra). The driverless vehicles are fully autonomous cars that can not
only transform the lives of people and make it convenient for them to visit places but will also
consider the safety and driver support technologies with ease and efficiency. Various researches
were done, which showed that the driverless car programs could not only bring more ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The autonomous cars would also reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide, that was previously
estimated as 300 million tons every year. Because the autonomous cars will do most of the things
related to driving, so the passenger or driver can make out for most of the time in the vehicle (Lane).
Due to the reduction in traffic congestion, it would also be easy to reach the destination from the
source within less time. Thus, it could be understood that driverless vehicles would nearly save 1
billion hours once the autonomous cars would be available in the road. There would be increase in
safety and lesser traffic as well, which could determine the optimum road to reach the destination as
well as spread the demand for empty or lack of space in roads (David 62–71).
Addressing the opposite side
Though there are various benefits, there are few risks associated with the driverless cars too such as
failure of sensor that can make the brakes of the cars fail, cyber attacks and failure or inaccurate
functioning of the software used in the vehicles. The insurances related to motor would not be able
to insure the drivers, rather could insure the risks that were related to the driverless cars. While
making the car function, it is necessary to make sure that both the car and its

Autonomous Weapons
Killing Machines and our use of Autonomous Weapons
Science–fiction novels originated with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein in the 19th century. Since then,
we have upgraded our sci–fi books, from reanimating the dead to killer robots. But are killer robots
really fictitious? Science–Fiction author and Ted Talk speaker Daniel Suarez argues that releasing
autonomous robots for warfare will revert our nations into governments with centralized power;
therefore, we need to ban the use of autonomous weapons if we want to prevent an immoral and
anonymous arms race with robots. His allegations are backed with research that leaves me feeling
confident in supporting him.
Suarez claims that autonomy and warfare will lead to many losses, which could ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He explained how our right to vote on topics like autonomous weapons will be taken away, but it's
not just our opinions on autonomy that will be lost. It is our fundamental principles of moral ethics.
It is our laws that we as a country treat our citizens, and even our prisoners with respect. We have
banned the use of waterboarding, despite its use by Al Qaeda on our soldiers. So the idea of sending
these robots–lacking mankind's morals– to take the lives of hundreds, if not thousands, of people is
an argument that could never be solved in a justified manner. Suarez insinuates that if we allow
these robots to make life–or–death situations, our government would be forced to become a
totalitarian government, meaning we would have to forfeit our rights to vote on ideas. Secondly, he
mentions the cartel of secret warlords who could run the world with rogue robots. But he also brings
up the possibility of an individual being able to commit these heinous crimes. That's why I support
his claim of transparency; there must be an opportunity to bring criminals to justice. Evidence of
this being essential to our democracy can be found in one of the most popular unsolved cases in
criminal history– the Zodiac Killer. During the 60s and 70s, the Zodiac Killer was an unidentified
serial killer who terrorized northern California. It wasn't until recently that Gary L. Stewart came to
the conclusion that his biological father was the true Zodiac Killer. In his book on the topic, The
Most Dangerous Animal of All, he explains that it was at the scene of his last confirmed murder that
there was a chance of the killer being caught. Paul Stine was a taxi driver who met his demise on the
job on October 11, 1969. According to Stewart, his father shot the man at point–blank

What Is The Methods Of Objective Control Of UGV?
Another important problem faced in autonomous control of UGV due to size is safely maneuvering
around obstacle while avoiding it. Many obstacle avoidance algorithms are developed for fast and
smooth motion of UGV among unexpected obstacles [16]. These algorithms generate actions to
avoid obstacles in a response to feedback from sensors. Some of the methods for controlling UGVs
are artificial potential field method [17], [18], the vector field histogram method [19], [17–21], the
dynamic window approach [22], [23], above discussed PID controller and MPC. Taking size of the
UGV into account, improvements in algorithms originally developed for small UGVs are made and
algorithms for large UGVs are proposed for avoiding discrete static obstacles ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For the higher reliability, study is conducted using two different vehicle dynamic model for single
four–wheel truck, one with 2 degrees of freedom and another with 14 degrees of freedom. Report of
the study shows accurate maneuver of obstacle avoidance and trajectory tracking but there are still
some assumptions are made such as velocity of the UGV during the task is constant and the terrain
is flat.
Many studies have been done to localize and create model of environment using simultaneous
localization and mapping (SLAM). The aim of SLAM is to construct a map of the environment and
the trajectory on which robot is being driven. One of the most popular of these studies was an
approach provided by Smith and Cheeseman in a seminar paper in 1986 and it was developed and
implemented in [31]. In this approach, Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to estimate
subsequent robot pose and map. The EKF estimates the SLAM posterior in a form of high–
dimensional Gaussian overall features in the map and the robot pose. The single hypothesis data
association and quadratic complexity because of the high dimensional Gaussian estimation of
robot's state and landmark locations, makes the off–diagonal elements very large in covariance
matrices. That is why, if the environment has many landmarks, the EKF–SLAM algorithm requires
high time to update which increases cost of the computation.

Driverless Car Lab
Driverless cars are equipped with an array of detection technologies and advanced software that
ensure them to cope with major challenges on a city road. An experiment shows that vehicle setup
and software together made the testing driverless car able to drive together with other vehicles and
manage different road conditions on public urban roads and freeways. [1] The vehicle setup
involves various sensors that can capture images of the surroundings and extract detailed
information such as traffic lights and road markings. 3D cameras are mounted around the exterior of
the driverless car, having a 50–degree field of view that is wider than that of a human driver, to
enable precise dimensional measurement of obstacles on a road. Laser scanners,

Self-Driving Car Vs Autonomous Car
In the past, people were attracted by science fiction because of that high technology equipment, and
now it is possible to make those high–tech products come true. "Autonomous Car" (n.d.), the self–
driving car is a vehicle that people can use it without any driving skill. The vehicle has to use the
Internet to connect with the host computer. The function of the host computer is to control the self–
driving car. A self–driving car is also known as a car robot car, self–driving car, and autonomous
vehicle or driverless. In turn, the car people use now a day, although some of them are hybrid car or
electric car, without connecting with the computer or Internet, they are still the traditional cars.
Bogost (2014) pointed out that in 1964, the famous

The Pros And Cons Of Driverless Car Technology
Is technology taking over humans? Can this lead into something good or bad? New technology will
eventually happen to fit into society with all its pros and cons.A driver less car and delivery robot
can bring some benefits to humanity, but there are some cons to these new inventions.The article
"Google achieves milestone in driverless car technology development" written by Ashley Halsey III
and Michael Laris tells the reader about the first car to drive on its own, and how this is changing
the future .Google has made a car that drives itself without anyone on the steering wheel "Steve
Mahan" is the first person to get on this car by himself; Google's engineers test the "Waymo
driverless car" to make sure it is safe for Mahan to attend on his ... Show more content on
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No matter how many cons there are in these two new futuristic inventions are going to be normal in
society. There is already evidence that readers can infer this which is in the article by Montgomery "
A second company, TeleRetail, plans to test its sidewalk robot in Washington and other cities,
including and other Mountain, Calif., next year." and " For our friendly cities like Austin , Texas,
city planners say, "Bring it on." . With the driverless car " It is like driving with a very good driver,"
Mahan said. "If you close your eyes when you're riding with somebody you get a sense of whether
this is a good driver, or whether they're not . These self–driving cars drive like a very good driver."
This driver less car will get a lot of reviews because a legally blind man is the first person to test it
on his own; imagine being not able to see when driving this will make a huge

The Detection System For Aircraft Inspection
Summary
The sub–system which was analyzed in the aircraft flaw detection system is the 'sensing sub–
system'. The main function of this sub–system is to determine whether the flaw detected by the
scanning sub–system is valid by examining it further and notify the engineers if repair work is
needed and provide them with statistics of the flaw. Movement system will then be activated so that
the robot marks the points where examination has been done to ensure no repetition of inspection
occurs.
The problem encountered with most of the sensing system for aircraft inspection is the efficiency
and accuracy of it. The robot has to be designed in such a way that flaws can be detected precisely
in a short period of time so that the airline companies could use it for quick and safe inspection.
The best sensing method is a combination of laser scanning and ultrasonic, due to the facts that
surface and in–depth inspection could be carried out in a short period of time with minimum false
detection and less complicated analysis of inspection results.
Introduction
Ever since the first plane was invented by The Wright Brothers, their invention was further
improved and developed until present. Nevertheless, nothing is perfect, aviation accidents and
incidents have been happening once in a while and they are happening more frequently recently.
The main factors such as human error, weather, and mechanical failure have a total of 40%,
contributing to the causes of fatal aviation

Robotics Changes the World
Robotics Changes The World Robotic technology has taken an important role in our society since
many years ago. These recent days, scientists and engineers have been developing an automotive
technology that allows cars to park themselves without any troubles. Noel Sharkey (2008), a
professor of computer science at the University of Sheffield and an expert on robot science and
techno games, in "The Ethical Frontiers of Robotics" shows the unavoidable of the use of robots in
the future and ethical problems that come together (p. 357). According to Sharkey (2008), there are
positive and negative aspects of the robots use for care for children and the elderly, and the use of
autonomous robots in the military (p. 358). Sharkey claims that using ... Show more content on
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However, many people will needed personal–care robots one day. For example in Japan, there are
many children who are waiting for the vacancy of the publicly certified nursery schools. Many
children are on waiting list because the economic downturn has motivated most parents to work. If
the child–minding robots were on the market, then most people would use child–minding robot
without thinking of any causes that may happen to children. To avoid the children's isolation, people
should discuss and understand about the pros and cons of the child–minding robots to protect the
innocent children. These past decades, the average life span has increased because of medical
progress. The rise of elderly population and the descent of younger caregiver cause to develop the
eldercare robots. Sharkey explains the different types of robots that are available in today's
eldercare. There are "the Secom 'My Spoon' automatic feeding robot, the Sanyo electric bathtub
robot that automatically washes and rinses, and the Mitsubishi Wakamura robot for monitoring,
delivering messages, and reminding about medicines" (Sharkey, 2008, p. 359). Sharkey states that
these robots assist the elderly to be able to become independence at their house. However, these
robots also assist elderly to become isolation because the robots work instead of family or

Driving Cars And Its Effects On Public Roadways
Throughout the past year, media outlets have reported that autonomous vehicles, or self–driving
cars, will become increasingly used on public roadways. By 2020, it is estimated that approximately
10 million vehicles featuring driverless capabilities will be used on roads across the globe and
vehicles that are completely autonomous, with no user interaction, are expected as early as 2019. [1]
By taking the human element out of driving, researchers developing driverless car technologies
claim that the use of cars with autonomous capabilities can help reduce traffic problems, pollution,
and significantly reduce the number of accidents and fatalities on public roadways, as more than 90
percent of traffic accidents are caused by human error. [2] Vehicles with driverless technologies that
prevent the driver from accidentally swerving out of a lane and automatically brake in response to
objects in the road when the driver is distracted can already be currently found on the market. Using
a variety of sensors and cameras, these vehicles can detect the surrounding road conditions and steer
or brake in response to other drivers, pedestrians and objects in the road to avoid collisions. During
testing, researchers have also encountered situations where collisions cannot be avoided due to
unpredictable events that occur too quickly for autonomous vehicles to respond in time. In these
situations, crash optimization algorithms can be created to allow the vehicles to respond in a way
that

Self Driving Cars Are Becoming Realistic And Reliable
Technology is everywhere around us, it lead to many useful creations such as computers,
cellphones, airplanes, televisions and many more. Technology created many ways for people to
move from one place to another, like the metro, bus, train, bicycles and cars. They are the most
common transportation tools used by the people who live in big cities. Science is trying to take it a
step further by making the car driverless. Self–driving cars are becoming realistic and reliable, since
it is developed by many big companies competing with each other for being the first to release it for
sale. Big corporations competing with each other are great for the progression of the self–driving
cars, because they will all try to make the better one compared to other companies and if they make
it, the potential is absolutely insane.
"The first autonomous driving ever achieved was around 10000 B.C., when the first horse rider got
onto a horse's back and rode on it without directing it to any direction. Although this technology
rarely achieved the goal of arriving at a target destination, for 11980 years, this was the only form of
autonomous driving humankind could get." This is the earliest traces of the autonomous found. The
second earliest was a Mercedes Benz team making a van drive itself on empty streets at the speed of
100km per hour. After that, they achieved a autonomous driving on its own for 1600km. Challenges
from DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) spread this idea and

A Voice Guidance System For Autonomous Robots
A VOICE GUIDANCE SYSTEM FOR AUTONOMOUS ROBOT Neha Dingwani Email:
nehadingwani3@gmail.com Pranali Sonawane Email: pranalis93@gmail.com Sanjivani Yesade
Email: Sanjivani.yasade@gmail.com Vishal Motwani Email: rvmotwani960@gmail.com
ABSTRACT In this paper, a voice guidance system for autonomous robots is proposed as a project
based on microcontroller. The proposed system consists of a microcontroller and voice recognition
software that can recognize a limited number of voice patterns. The commands of autonomous
robots are classified and are organized such that one voice recognition software can distinguish
robot commands under each directory. Thus, the proposed system can distinguish more voice
commands than one voice recognition processor can. I. INTRODUCTION This Project Describe a
robot that can be operated by voice commands given from user. The project use speech recognition
system for giving and processing voice commands Speech recognition, or speech–to–text, involves
capturing and digitizing the sound waves, converting them to basic language units or phonemes. It is
the ability of a computer to recognize general, naturally flowing voice from a wide variety of users.
The robot will receive commands from user and do the actions like left, right, back, front etc. The
robot will detect the obstacles, fire and gas using sensor and do the work like if robot detect obstacle
it moves in different direction, if robot detect fire it will stop the fire /buzzer the alarm and if

The Pros And Cons Of Hacking The Autonomous Vehicles
Back in 2004 when everyone watched the dystopian science film, I, Robot, no one imagined that the
autonomous cars that were shown would one day belong to many Americans. In the 1860's, Robert
Whitehead invented a self– propelled torpedo which gave rise to many new ideas such as autopilots,
auto– tillers, and autonomous drones (Weber 3). With the new technology set in place, car
developers are engineering self– driving cars known as autonomous cars (Weber 3). Autonomous
cars are able to sense vehicles, humans, and surrounding territory without any human cognition (
Weber 4) These cars are available in the market today, but they are still a very futuristic design that
is being improved to reach a perfect state. To reach this perfect ... Show more content on
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This in turn improves the traffic conditions on the road in areas that have high trafficking. When
someone is not stuck in traffic and is able to accelerate to the speed of other cars, they can maximize
on gasoline usage( Standley 12). This way the consumer in Northern Virginia will have to buy less
gasoline, and the gasoline will run a longer way for the autonomous cars. This will also help
Northern Virginia's movement to becoming a greener place. Conclusion Lastly, drivers will have to
have some kind of knowledge about driving a car in case of an emergency and they need to be in
charge and take over, but a person who is disabled will be able to drive an autonomous car.
Teenagers and young adults with cognitive recognition and form will be able to use these cars even
if they are not the normal age of driving a regular car. Some type of testing procedure will need to
be put in place. Self– driving cars are progressing day by day which only a decade ago was
considered to be in dystopian literature or in science fiction movies. In many contexts, there can be
a lot of information that can be misleading about the self– driving or autonomous cars, its impact on
people's daily life, and what will happen

The Pros And Cons Of Robots
Are autonomous robots the warfare altering weapon of this generation? In order to answer this
question there must be a clear definition of autonomous robots. An autonomous robot is a robot that
can perform any action without any human assistance and once weaponized they become
autonomous robotic weapons who act on their own. Knowing the current standing of autonomous
robots, the limitations on them, and how easily they can cause an autonomous robot arms race one
would see how a preemptive ban can protect the world. Although some would argue for the help
these robots could provide, there would always be a threat of malfunction. Therefore banning all
applications autonomous robots could protect the world from unnecessary deaths or increased future
conflict.
The current standing of autonomous robots is fairly controversial. There are numerous groups
arguing over whether autonomous robots will help society or pave the way for a robot enforced
martial law. One group against the use of autonomous robots is the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots
which argues against the idea of anything other than a human being able to take a life (Goose &
Wareham, 2016,p. 32). This group sees autonomous robots as a threat to humanity ,due to how
weaponized autonomous robotics could dehumanize the casualties they cause. While in contrast, the
Department of Defense(DOD) is highly interested in the idea of autonomous weapons being able to
help remove soldiers from war zones and lessen the number of

Persuasive Essay On Autonomous Cars
The Autonomous car is coming and there is nothing we can do about it. In a world where everything
has a beginning and an end, technology is always upgrading and advancing every day. The next step
in the automotive world is Autonomous cars. The Autonomous car in the simplest terms are cars that
drive themselves using cameras and sensors to drive just like a human would. Today, instead of a
word its a phrase, the five levels of autonomy. (Martin) At level five the car does not need humans
at all and can drive almost anywhere without the help or the control of a human. When autonomous
cars start being widely produced it will affect almost everything that is near or in the world of
automotive Technology.
The autonomous car is coming without a doubt, the only question is when will it arrive? The Ford
company predicted that they will start producing a car without pedals or a steering wheel by
2021(Dekker). Many if, not all automakers try their hardest to produce the car as soon as they can, it
will be a couple years before the technology is ready for the everyday consumer use. Nevertheless,
its more than just automakers that are in this race for autonomous cars anymore. Technology
companies like Intel and NVIDIA are in the race for the autonomous car and are against some
companies and are making partners with others. The china company CMU is partnering with GM
for the autonomous car project with a contract that cost $5 million. When Automakers are predicting
the autonomous car

Planning With Obstacle Avoidance Of An Autonomous Robot
PRM Approach to Path Planning with Obstacle Avoidance of an Autonomous Robot
Saleh Alarabi
Abstract–Navigation and mapping the movement of the robot is one of the main challenges in an
intelligent robot system. Many studies have focused on avoiding path planning, navigation and
obstacle in the known environment, but it is difficult to get, the optimum path in the path in a known
environment this is one of the important parts of the robotic planning.
PRM works to guide the mobile robot to reach the target with obstacle avoidance. This paper
suggests path planning based on a probabilistic way Roadmap (PRM) for an autonmous robot path
in a known environment. To simulate and compare the robot motion path with other studies
curriculum was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Planning for the robot does mean search for a path which is giving the starting point to the target
point in the work environment with obstacles to make robot round secure any obstacle.
PRM has a powerful way to track the planning of robot's movement. PRM is to specimen at random
a robot's conﬁguration space, and relates the Samples points to build a graph of the road map, which
picks up the call of free space, PRM used in the implementation of many, in addition to robots,
including virtual models and computational biology. In this paper, a probabilistic roadmap method
of path planning for mobile robot is proposed to use it in Known environment.
II. RELATED WORK
PRM are considered as optimization algorithms for search in a space of potential solutions, the
solution to the problem of planning by PRM is proposed for the first time by [5]. Optimal trajectory
is calculated after several of Numnode. Some papers have focused on known environments. path
planning is an important subject in navigation of autonomous mobile robots, which is to find a best
path according to some criterion such as distance or time [6].
In this paper, PRM approach to path planning with Obstacle to solve the problem of path planning
for autonomous robots. We have mostly focused on using PRM to calculate optimized trajectory, we
have thus demonstrated their advantages and disadvantages, and for this we made a

Delivery Robots To Disagree With Driverless Car
Technology has changed a lot over and going to keep changing for the better or for the worse. I
agree and disagree with the driverless car. I agree with driverless cars because it gives everybody to
experience driving. I disagree with it because I do not think it could be safe. I also agree and
disagree with delivery robots. I agree with delivery robots because I think it might help get your
package quicker, but I also disagree with it because I think that people will not use it in a good way.
In the article about driverless cars, I agree and disagree with the idea of it. I agree with the idea of it
because I think it would give the blind, elderly, and others that can not drive to give them the
opportunity to be able to drive just like everyone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think it could be very unsafe because they haven't been around for a long time and something
could go wrong with the car. I think driverless cars would make people think that texting and
driving would be okay because you are not technically driving. I do not think it is a good idea
because I think driving is fun and I think learning how to drive was so fun. Also, I think: what if
something happened to the car the driver wouldn't know what happened or know how to fix it. I
agree and disagree with the delivery robots. I agree with delivery robots because I think people
could get their mail or packages a lot faster if the consumer needed them quick. I disagree with
delivery robots because I feel like if people saw this robot moving they would want to come up to it
and want to touch it, mess with it and break it and then someone would not get their package. I also
disagree because I think people are going to steal from it. I also think that this robot could get lost or
blow up. I honestly do not think it would work I think it would mess up way too much. I do not
think that either one of these new technology devices will go far in the future. I think that they are
both very good ideas, but something will probably go wrong and not be as useful as the creators
thought it would

How Will Autonomous Robots Change Military Tactics? Essay
. This technology is still under development. But how will autonomous robots change military
tactics? Many experts agree and disagree on using them on the battlefield. Because robots don 't
have human thinking and they don 't behave ethically, but some expert agrees that these
technologies will change military tactics. When the United States went to war in Afghanistan in
2001 and Iraq in 2003, American ground forces arrived without the support of robotic weapons. A
decade later, U.S. forces had deployed more than 6,000 ground robots to aid with surveillance and
bomb detection and destruction. Robots will be more effective than humans. Because they don 't
sleep, eat and they won 't need time to rest. Since there robots, they don 't need to train for long
period of time. They won 't be affected by the weather.A good example is an unmanned vehicle
commonly known as drones. These drones can operate in land, air and sea. Through the use of this
drones the military already changing its military tactics instead of sending soldiers they can send
drones to attack or to scan the area for the potential threat which can save a soldier 's life. Even
though they are effective in military operations. But there are still people who disagree because
some say machines can be unpredictable. In 2007, the United States deployed its first armed
military robots in Iraq called Special Weapons Observation Remote Direct–Action System
(SWORDS). The robots used Talon platforms equipped with an M249

Technology And The Health Care Industry With Robots
Robots have been rapidly introduced into our society over the past few decades and shows no sign
of slowing down, rather the production of new technology is rapidly increasing at rates never seen
before. With the recent strides in automated robots and artificial intelligence, we should expect to
see more and more new ideas as time passes and technology is produced. Many technology
companies have started creating and testing driverless cars that are safer than human drivers (Henig
2015). Another technological advance is in the health care industry with robots being used to
perform surgeries and other assist in rehabilitation (Henig 2015). Lastly one of the most important
advances is in warfare, where robots are being created to not just shoot blindly at whatever moves
(Henig 2015). They are being integrated with artificial intelligence that allows them to identify and
shoot enemies while located its' current position and identify surrounding buildings. With the recent
surge of new technology many people are skeptical if these robots and automated systems can
actually make correct decisions and not just logical ones. In a New York Times Magazine article
written by Robin Henig, she discusses the possible ethical decision making that people fear
automated robots cannot make consistently, which can result in death for those around the robot
(2015). However, these claims are short sited and mostly concern around outside factors rather than
the robots themselves. With the current

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Driverless Cars
An autonomous or driverless car is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and
navigating without human input. To detect their surroundings a range of techniques from computer
vision and radar to laser lights and odometry (the use of motion sensors to estimate movement and
changes) are used. Firstly, the car creates a map of its surroundings and aligns this with its sensor
data to understand where it is. It then adds in exactly what it sees at that moment using radar and
laser lights. The car must then predict movement and changes to the environment to work out how it
is going to respond. This can create very complex images as the car must be aware of all other
vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians, low flying birds and anything ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to this, driverless cars would be able to drive closer together due to quicker reaction
times and drive at faster speeds meaning more cars could be on the roads. To prevent even more
pollution being released into the atmosphere, these cars can be environmentally friendly to help the
environment and ourselves. Driverless cars would also allow elderly or disabled individuals to travel
around without relying on public transport or help from friends and family. Although I believe that
the positives about driverless cars outweigh the negatives they are significant factors to take into
consideration. For one, the cost of the cars is an issue. Although with time they will become
cheaper, currently they add up to more than $100,000 as they require lots of engineering, software,
sensors and power requirements. This would mean that for a long time they would not be available
to the majority of people. Furthermore, the introduction of driverless cars would mean that truck and
taxi drivers would lose their jobs. However, many people argue that although many jobs will be
eliminated, more jobs will be created. Moreover, as the Guardian highlighted, hackers may become
very interested in hacking the cars system to either cause crashes or gain personal information about
the owner. This would mean that very high security measures must be used so that this could be
avoided. A

Daniel Suarez Against The Evolution Of Robots
Daniel Suarez is against the evolution of robots and creating robots with the power to kill. The new
technological inventions are taking power and responsibility away from humans and putting it into
the hands of the machines. This creates a new problem where the machines, especially autonomous
weapons in the military, have increased power and are vulnerable to hacking that could cause them
to turn on us. By creating lethally autonomous robotic weapons, fewer people will fight in wars and
risk their lives, thus increasing the power of the few because they will not require as much
assistance anymore. Combat drones contain dozens of cameras that create so much footage that we
will need to create software to process all of it. That means the visual

Pros Of Driverless Cars
One of the self–driving cars approached a crosswalk, it did what it was supposed to do when it
slowed to allow a pedestrian to cross and the car used the brakes. The person who was crossing the
street was fine, but the automatic car has been hit from behind by a human–driven car. Those kind
of cars is programmed to follow the letter of the law. However, it is not easy to get a driverless car
in the streets with a lot of people that don't pay attention. In the United States, innovative and
futuristic cars are constantly developing, with the necessary modifications, to a new
industrialization. Evolutions of cars never stops, and this is more evident when we speak about new
technologies, such as those that are applied to electric vehicles. All of that being said, autonomous
cars can make a significant and positive difference in the way that society functions.... driverless car
will be an important futuristic change for people because it will provide benefits for traffic
reduction, it will provide benefits for both individual drivers and it will provide benefits to
positively change how America society functions. Autonomous cars could give advantages such as
the reduction of road accidents. Firstly, in 2013, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In conclusion, scientists had done extensive tests trying a new versions of a system that make cars
even more secure, electronic engineer and professor state that programs have bugs, but it is
impossible to solve them all before launching the products. Each company has provided several
reasons for the failure of certain tests causes. In some cases, these vague explanations as "planner
not ready" or "the" management evaluation technology. The future may be filled with this
technology but for now it is still in developmental

Advantages Of Driverless Car
A driverless car or robotic car is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating
without human input. It is known as autonomous car. In May 2017, automated cars permitted on
public roads but not yet fully autonomous since they all require human driver at the wheel who is
ready at a moment's notice to take control of the vehicle. There are many techniques to detect the
surroundings of autonomous cars like radar, GPS, laser light, odometry (the use of data from motion
sensors to estimate change in position over time), and computer vision. To identify appropriate
navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage, advanced control systems interpret
sensory information. Autonomous cars have control systems that can analyze sensory data to
distinguish between different cars on the road, which is very useful in planning a path to the desired
destination. The levels of autonomy are count from 0 to 5. The 0 level is for no automation. It is a
full–time performance by the human driver of all aspects of the dynamic driving task, even when
enhanced by warning or intervention systems such as cars from 20 years ago. For level 1, it is called
drive assistance where a driver assists system of either steering or acceleration or deceleration using
information about driving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the advantages is traffic safety improvements. Based on the study, 90 percent of accidents
are caused by driving error, and 20 to 30 percent of those accidents are a result of distracted driving.
The driverless cars will help to reduce the severity of 90 percent of all traffic accidents where they
think that in 2020, it will drastically reduce traffic–related collisions and fatalities. But, things can
get worse since it will occur the confusion about the capabilities of these vehicles along with the
newness of the technology might cause some accidents as

Obstacle Avoidance Process Paper
Figure 5: Adaptive vision recognizes similar–looking terrain in the distance [5]
Obstacle Avoidance Process
The obstacle avoidance process is what allows the self–driving car to identify and maneuver around
objects in the environment. This automated system allows the car to react to a changing
environment. The process consists of obstacle tracking and path planning.
Obstacle Tracking
To avoid static obstacles, such as curbs and parked vehicles in an urban environment, the self–
driving car generates local occupancy grid maps that maintain the location of static obstacles similar
to those generated in the the virtual mapping process.
The tracking of moving objects such as cars is equally important and plays a major role in urban
driving. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The radars provide a fine–tuning for close range moving object detection, further increasing the
vehicle's reliability. [6].
Path Planning
The self–driving car decides where to drive based on path planning. Path planning produces
multiple trajectories to determine the one that maximizes the set of criteria. These criteria include
those that minimize the risk of collision as well as those that favor the center of roads over the
periphery. The car searches for paths based on two dimensions: the amount which the car adjusts its
trajectory laterally and the speed at which this adjustment is carried out.
Figure 7: (a) Potential paths are created to avoid collisions with obstacles. (b) Individual choices
such as lane changes are considered. (c) A complex set of potential paths in a multi–intersection
situation. [7]
The car must also select the shortest path to a destination. A dynamic–programming–based global
shortest path planner similar to Google Maps calculates the expected drive time to a goal location
from any point in the environment. Dynamic–programming–based means that factors such as hill
climbing are considered when calculating expected travel

Short Essay On Robots
Robots used to be a futuristic fantasy seen on television, and in movies. Today though, robots are
becoming more prevalent in our daily lives. They are generally defined as machines that
automatically perform tasks with precision. A lot of robots include a computer that controls its
actions autonomously, others have a human controller, and occasionally it is a combination. As
technology advances, the use of robots is rapidly growing. Their use in the workplace increases
efficiency, and increases safety because they can do dangerous jobs humans would not normally do.
From the first robots used in manufacturing in the 1950s to now, their technology has advanced to
being used in an incredible number of fields in the present. In the future robots will create great
advancements in the fields of medicine, farming, military, science, and our daily lives.
To understand how robotics are and will be used in our daily lives it is important to know how
robots work. The most basic parts of robots are the physical frame, a motor, a sensor system, the
power supply, and a computer, that controls the robot. Most robots have movable joints, or wheels
which are controlled by an actuator, a mechanism that controls equipment (Gibilisco 1994). Lots of
robots, for example the common robotic arm, use individual step motors, which are motors that
move in exact increments, allowing for precise movements. Some robots are able to move on their
own, relying on response to outside stimuli. These robots

The Pros And Cons Of Developing An Autonomous Car
Google as one of the leading tech companies in the world always tries to come out with new ideas.
Their recent project is developing an autonomous car. Autonomous car is a car that can drive by
itself without any assistance, using technologies, such as sensors, camera, radar, and GPS.
According to Google, deaths from traffic accidents are over 1.2 million worldwide every year and
94% of them are caused by human error. From this fact, they decided to create an autonomous car
that is more practical and safer. Even though it seems like a promising idea, they are currently
facing some legal barriers. For instance, California rules prohibit the use of an autonomous car that
does not have a steering wheel or a brake pedal. A licensed operator must

Pros And Cons Of Autonomous Cars
In the past, people were attracted by science fiction because of that high technology equipment, and
now it is possible to make those high–tech products come true. "Autonomous Car" (n.d.), points out
the self–driving car is a vehicle that can guide itself without human conduction. This kind of vehicle
has become a concrete reality and may pave the way for future systems where computers take over
the art of driving. A self–driving car is also known as a driverless car, robot car, self–driving car or
autonomous vehicle. In turn, the car people use now a day, although some of them are hybrid car or
electric car, without connect with the computer or Internet, they are still the traditional cars. Bogost
(2014) pointed out that in 1964, the famous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among 18–year–olds, the percentage with a driver's license dropped from 80 percent to 60 percent,
and for 20– to 24–year–olds, from 92 to 77 percent. The numbers suggest that although self–driving
cars represent the transportation of tomorrow, people are ready for the technology today. Although
people send with the very high expectation in the self–driving car, its advocates argue that the self–
driving cars are bad for the environment. Those who object to self–driving car claim that most of the
energy is from electricity. To be sure, the electric car is more environmental friendly than the
traditional car. However, this belief fails to consider that the electricity for self–driving car is also
comes from fossil fuel; it is the same of the traditional car. As a result, using self–driving car cannot
save more energy and it is not good for the environment. The public will not accept self–driving car
industry in the next few years because it is not safe and it will bring some negative impacts in other

Self Driving Cars Essay
About 10 years ago, self driving cars were seen in movies that took place 50 years in the future, but
today, the self driving car is very close to becoming a reality that we will see in our streets. Self
driving cars or autonomous vehicles are already on the road in pilot programs and so far are seen as
capable of driving alongside humans with no difficulties. While you may thing that these cars will
be rare, Google has started a frenzy in the technology world and it is being followed by company
after company progressing their own autonomous vehicle. Most companies are making these cars
with the idea in mind of sometimes it is nice to drive and therefore are making car which a human
can drive, but also a computer. On the other hand, companies

Self-Driving Cars Research Paper
Self–Driving Cars Do you remember the good old days, when cars were new and you had to use the
steering wheel ?Well, Now a day's cars can drive themselves now! Because of the technology we
have today, we can make way more things happen than back then. Soon enough we'll all be in
driverless cars .So i'm gonna explain how this will change the experience for the people in them.
Now, let's start from the beginning. The first driverless cars or "Autonomous Cars" first started
appearing in the 1980's. A university called "Carnegie Mellon University, Mercedes–Benz and
Bundeswehr University Munich" started doing projects on autonomous vehicles. Ever since then, all
companies have been working on making a perfect driverless

How Autonomy Should Be Fully Operate Themselves With No...
With the push from google and Tesla to develop fully autonomous cars, the big question I think we
should ask is should we? Should we develop vehicles that can fully operate themselves with no
possibility of human intervention? Since Google in the early 2000s, there has been a push from
manufacturers to produce vehicles that will one day be The driver. These systems can see obstacles
in front, behind, and all around themselves. They can brake, accelerate, make turns, and park all by
themselves, but should they have this level of control? Should we have some level of control over
these systems? I think the driverless discussion like many should meet in the middle just like the old
Diamond Rio song. Autonomy should benefit the elderly, the disabled, and needy to provide levels
of transportation, they otherwise wouldn't have. Autonomy can take over on a crowded commute
home after a long day of work. It can relieve the driver when they need it, but people should always
know how to drive, and we should continue to bolster the transportation of our nation. The first
article we will cover is Brian Fung's article, "The big question about driverless cars that no one
seems able to answer." Fung deals with the large issue of liability with driverless cars. He focuses
on how insurance companies will have to adjust as cars become increasingly more autonomous.
Fung interviews several companies including State Farm, Liberty Mutual, and the District of
Columbia Insurance Federation. He

The Pros And Cons Of Lethal Autonomy
Lethal Autonomy is weaponized artificial intelligence. Regardless of the era, wars exist and the
weapons permeate the lives of humanity. Whether the conflicts are active or the ultimatums are
flaunted in the halls of great debate, wars are a current and future threat. Society is approaching a
waypoint by which humans will no longer fight against each other, but alongside and against
machines that possess volition. This issue has prompted the leading business owners and scientists
to present a ban against these "killer robots" to the United Nations in attempt to halt development of
Lethal Autonomy (LA). CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX, Elon Musk, warns that "We do not have
long to act. Once this Pandora's box is opened, it will be hard to close. We, therefore, implore the
High Contracting Parties to find a way to protect us all from these dangers" (Downs). Technology
like LA is unknown, this is the main fear concerning weaponized Artificial Intelligence (AI). ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In reality, building something like the "Terminator" is not the goal of governments and tech
companies for LA. It is impossible to program a computer with all the possible outcomes in a
scenario. The goal, however, is to create a system of software that is independent of human
decision–making. Lethal Autonomy works by weighing the cost of every decision and acting
accordingly. Unlike human intuition, Lethal Autonomy is intended to have multiple hosts streaming
and updating new data from its surroundings, with perfect information retrieval. With this
technology, fleets of drones could be operated by one artificial mind and be articulated with
precision. Human exhaustion and PTSD will no longer side effects from violent screen time, for the
machine never tires or is affected by the horrors of wars. The underlying fear is that with this rapidly
accelerating and seemingly omnipresent knowledge the machine could usurp human

Goodyear: Driverless Vehicles Revealed In The Film I, Robot
When the movie I,Robot came out, one of the most interesting things in the movie was the futuristic
autonomous car that Will Smith's character drove in the movie. Despite the cheesy moments where
he has to drive it himself because he doesn't trust technology, I almost noticed that the wheels of the
car where spherical –– at least when it was lifted up in the huge garage of the corporate building he
was investigating. I remember thinking how cool that would be, but I never in a million years would
know how that sort of technology could work until now. Ubiquitous tire manufacturer Goodyear is
apparently trying to make the spherical tire go from science fiction to a reality. With the introduction
of more driverless vehicles, Goodyear will introduce

Ece/110 Final Project Proposal
Final Project Proposal – ECE 110 (ABC) Lab Akashdeep Deb and Sudeep Gummadi 1 Introduction
and Problem Statement Electronics is a vast field and we, as a team, have just begun exploring the
plethora of tasks that can be accomplished using some very simple but powerful electronics
concepts. After having learnt a lot about electronics from the ECE 110 Lab section, we have decided
that our final project is going to be a robot car which will be completely autonomous and would
follow a line and will stop and move, when it would hear a clap. Furthermore, for additional
aesthetics and functionality, we plan to add a few more sensors – heat (IR) sensors and a few LEDs
which can sense the environment temperature and display the heat index using the LEDs. For this
project, we have a few challenges to overcome: 1 No flex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
2 Solution Outline For our final project we plan to use the following sensors: sonosensor (hears the
clap from the user to perform an action based on the input), an IR sensor (detects infrared waves and
detects heat close to the sensor), 4 IR sensors (tracks a line on a platform to follow the path; 4
sensors for additional mobility and accuracy). After looking up more on Sound Sensors, we found
that it works by detecting differences in air–pressure and then converts that into electrical signals.
Hence, when it detects a loud clap, it signals the motor to stop and thereby breaks a circuit. An IR
sensor works on the principal that, by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength
in the Infra–Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as
what the sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is
close to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This
results in a large jump in the intensity, which can be detected using a

Social And Legal Implications Of Driverless Cars

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