APA 7th ed. GuidelinesAPA 7th ed. GuidelinesFAPA 7th ed. G.docx

APA 7th ed. Guidelines
FAPA 7th ed. Guidelines
New Seventh Edition 2019 The Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association has recently
updated the widely referenced Manual to a Seventh Edition.
Updated for simplified, condensed material while retaining and
strengthening the basic rules of APA. American Public
University
New Guidelines seventh Edition 2019
In today’s fast growing technological world, new inventions
have altered the manner in which we gather report and perform
scientific research. Thus, the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association updated the widely
referenced Manual to a Seventh Edition, which simplifies,
condenses, and meets the needs of users in mind. This edition
promotes accessibility for everyone, including Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines while also concentrating on the Basic
Elements of APA writing.
October 2019, the American Psychological Association released
its seventh edition of the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, with modifications to APA Style writing, sources,
& structure.
As you continue your higher education, you are faced with
different writing styles. This reference guide will concentrate
on the basic principles of APA style as it applies to writing term
(research) papers and essays. This reference guide will provide
helpful tips and suggestions to assist in producing a scholarly
term paper or essay using APA formatting and style guidelines.
CHANGES TO THE NEW APA EDITION
· Citing online material
· Use of inclusive & bias-free language
· References & in-text citations are easier and clearer
· APA diversity for paper guidelines professionally or
academically created
· Better explained guidelines for mechanics
APA Manual 7th edition: The most notable changes
Date published October 11, 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk. Date
updated: November 5, 2019
In October 2019, the American Psychological Association
(APA) introduced the 7th edition of the APA Publication
Manual, which replaces the 6th edition published in 2009.
In that time a lot of things have changed. Citing online material
has become more common
· the use of inclusive

· bias-free language is increasingly important
· technology used by researchers and students has changed
The 7th edition addresses these changes by providing better and
more extensive guidelines. This article outlines the biggest
changes that you should know about.References and in-text
citations in APA Style
· When it comes to citing sources, more guidelines have been
added that make citing online sources easier and clearer.
· In total, 114 examples are provided, ranging from books and
periodicals to audiovisuals and social media. For each reference
category an easy template is provided that helps you to
understand and apply the citation guidelines. The biggest
changes in the 7th edition are:
1.
The publisher location is no longer included in the
reference. Instead of “New York, NY: McGraw-Hill” it’s just
“McGraw-Hill.”
(9.29)
2. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is
now shortened right from the first citation. You only include the
first author’s name and “et al.”.
(8.17)
3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7)
should be provided in the reference list.
(9.8)
4. DOIs are formatted as urls (https://doi.org/xxx). The label
“DOI:” is no longer necessary.
(DOI)
5. URLs are embedded directly in the reference, without being
preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed.
6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is
no longer included in the reference.
(10.2)
7. Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors that

are not an author or editor. For example, when citing a podcast
episode, the host of the episode should be included; for a TV
series episode, the writer and director of that episode are cited.
(Table 10.15)
8. Dozens of examples are included for online source types such
as podcast episodes, social media posts, and YouTube videos.
Also, the use of emojis and hashtags is explained.
(Table 10.15)Inclusive and bias-free language (5.1-
5.10)
Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and
APA’s new publication manual contains a separate chapter on
this topic.
The guidelines provided by APA help authors to reduce bias
around topics such as gender, age, disability, racial and ethnic
identity, and sexual orientation, as well as being sensitive to
labels. Some examples are:
9. The singular “they” or “their” is endorsed as a gender-neutral
pronoun.
10. Descriptive phrases such as “people living in poverty” are
preferred over adjectives as nouns to label people (e.g., “the
poor”).
11. Instead of broad categories (e.g., over 65 years old), you
should use exact age ranges (e.g., 65-75) that are more relevant
and specific.APA Paper format
In the 7th edition, APA decided to provide different paper
format guidelines for professional and student papers. For both
types a sample paper is included. Some notable changes include:
12.
Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options include
Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New
Roman 12, and Georgia 11.
(2.19)
13. The running head on the title page no longer includes the
words “Running head:”. It now contains only a page number and
the (shortened) paper title.
(2.2-Sample)

14. The running head is omitted in student papers (unless your
instructor tells you otherwise).
15. Heading levels 3-5 are updated to improve readability.
(Table 2.3)Mechanics of style
In terms of style, not much has changed in the 7th edition. In
addition to some updated and better explained guidelines, there
are two notable changes:
16. Use only one space after a period at the end of a sentence.
(6.1)
17. Use double quotation marks to refer to linguistic examples
(e.g. APA endorses the use of the singular pronoun “they”)
instead of italics.
(6.22-6.23)
WHY APA?
APA (Seventh Edition) provides a foundation for effective
scholarly communication, helping authors present ideas clearly,
concisely, and in an organization manner. Uniformity and
consistency enable writers and readers to:
a) Focus on ideas being presented vs. formatting
b) Scan works quickly for key points, findings, sources
APA style guidelines encourage writers to disclose essential
information allowing readers to dispense with minor
distractions i.e.
1) Inconsistencies or omissions in punctuation
2) Capitalization
3) Reference citations
4) Presentation of statistics (p. xvii)

APA 7th ed. broadened its audience of consultants of not only
by psychologists but also students and researchers in many
fields such as business, education, social work, nursing and
many other behavioral and social sciences. The scope and length
of the APA manual has grown in the response to the needs of
researchers, students, and educators across disciplines.
(2.2) APA BASIC/MINIMUM STUDENT PAPER ELEMENTS:
Student papers, narrative essays, literature review, usually
include:
· The cover page or title page
(Sections 2.3-2.6)
· Text of the paper
(Section 2.11)
· Reference page
(Section 2.12)
· Page numbers
(Section 2.18)
(2.3) COVER PAGE/TITLE PAGE
APA Manuscript elements of the title page:
***For
Student Papers there is no requirement for a Running
head in the header.

Page number in the header flush right
Title of the paper in bold
Added space
Student/Author name
Course #
Affiliation
Instructor
Due date
The Seventh Edition has revised the
Title Page to consist of seven elements: page number,
paper title, author, affiliation, Course, Instructor, Due date
(2.2 - Sample Student Title Page).
1. Title (in title case 6.17) bold, centered, and positioned in the
upper half of the title page, 3-4 lines down from top margin
(2.4)added space for the next element is not required
2. Author name first name, middle initial, last name. No titles
or degrees are used (Dr. or Ph.D.)
(1.22)
3. Under the author’s name is the institutional affiliation –
American Public University
(2.6)
4. Next is the Course number – Course name
5. Instructor name

6. Due date (month date year)
7. Page numbers
(2.18)
(2.11) TEXT OF THE PAPER
· 1” margins all the way around
· All text double-spaced
· Every new sentence 1 tab indent (0.5 inches)
Format, the text should start on a new page after the title page
and after the title of the paper in
title case, bold, and centered.
The text left-aligned, double-spaced paragraphs, the first line of
each paragraph indented by one tab key (0.5 in.;
Section 2.23-2.24). Use headings as needed to separate
sections and reflect the organizational structure of content

(Section 2.26-2.27). Do not start a new page or add
extra line breaks when a new heading occurs; each section of
the text should follow the next without a break.
BASIC APA WRITING COMPONENTS
·
(2.3) Title page: Use APA format (see example above)
·
(2.4) Title: Name your paper. The title can “hook” your
readers. The title should summarize the main idea of the paper
·
(2.11) Introductory Paragraph: Should summarize the
prose of the assignment, introducing the topic. Pretend the
reader has no idea of the topic the paper, concisely elaborate on
the topic. The thesis statement is often the last sentence of the
first paragraph, generally a segue sentence to the body/sub-
header (if used) essay
·
(2.26) Principles of Organization: The key to writing
sound, organized, scholarly structured is to be clear, precise and
logical. Headings in a paper identify the purpose
and aid the reader’s ability to become familiar with the essays
content – allows for easier found information sought.
·

(2.27) Heading Levels: The first paragraphs of the
paper are understood to be introductory, the heading
“Introduction” is not needed. Do not begin a paper with an
“Introduction” heading
·
(4.06) Sentence & Paragraph Length: Discuss topic. The
number of paragraphs will depend on the length and complexity
of your paper. There is not minimum or maximum sentence
length in APA Style. Overuse of too short or too long sentences
results in incomprehensible. Single sentence paragraphs are
abrupt and used infrequently. A new paragraph signals a shift
to a new idea.
WRITING THE PAPER
There are specific guidelines when writing an APA style paper.
· Center the title at the top of page
two. The title is written in title case
(6.17)
· Double space entire paper
(2.21)
· Use 1 inch margins
(2.22)
· Text is left aligned
(2.23)
· APA Style paper should be written in a font accessible to all
users.
· Use the same font throughout the paper
(2.19)
· Suggested options

· 11-point Calibri
· 11-point Arial
· 10-point Lucida
· 12-point Times New Roman
· 11-point Georgia
· Normal 10-point Computer Modern
· First sentence of every paragraph must be indented
(2.24)
· Quotes 40 words or more must be in blocked quotation format
with no quotation marks and include the page number in
parentheses after the last period
(8.27)
(2.12) COMPONENTS OF A REFERENCE PAGE
Page number
Title of page, in bold (
References)
Alphabetize
Double-spaced
Hanging Indent
`
The word ‘References’ (‘Reference if only one source) should
appear at the top center of the page in
bold. Entries are double-spaced using a hanging indent.

**Do
not list a reference not used in the body of the paper.
Similarly, do
not include an in-text citation without a corresponding
reference on the reference page.
(3) Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS)
Specialized guidelines developed by APA referred to as JARS
outline for authors what information should be included for
journal articles. Primarily authors seeking publication or
students conducting advanced research projects.
Undergraduate or graduate students conducting
advanced projects will use JARS. Common reporting
standards for journal articles include the abstract and the
introduction.
Undergraduate and graduate students tend to write less
complicated research papers; therefore an abstract or
introduction are not requirements (unless by programmatic
design).
WRITING TIPS FOR STUDENTS
·
Acronyms: Identify acronyms on

first use. Example: American Public University
(APUS).
·
Allow Time Between Drafts: While a break of 24 hours
or more is ideal, a thirty minute break will yield positive
results.
·
Ampersand: If the citation is in parentheses, use the
ampersand ('&') instead of the word “and” in text of paper.
Always use ampersand (&) in tables, captions and on the
reference page.
·
Awkward Phrasing: Use Standard English phrasing. For
example, “try to do” rather than “try and do,” “we went” rather
than “us went.”
·
Brainstorming: Before beginning to write, take the time
to put ideas down on paper. Mind-mapping and list-making are
two useful brainstorming techniques.
·
Commas and Introductory Phrases: Usually commas are
placed between an introductory phrase and the main sentence;
however, commas are rarely used to separate a concluding
phrase.

·
Complete Sentences: Write in complete sentences and
avoid slang. Complete sentences contain both subjects and
verbs. Avoid run on sentences.
·
etc.: Avoid using etc. at the end of a list unless it is part
of a quotation.
·
Extra Time: Quality writing takes time – lots of time.
Build in a cushion of extra time.
·
Help from Others: Being mindful of plagiarism and
academic honesty, request proofreading help.
·
Homonyms: Homonyms are words sounding similar but
are spelled differently and have different definitions.
(Example, new and knew; your and you’re; know and no).
·
Multiple Drafts: Professional writers create multiple
drafts of their writing. You should too.
·
Non-words: Ensure all words are Standard English
words. (Example, “alot” is not a word).

·
Organizing: Plan paper or assignment. This may be as
simple as a chronological list of points or as elaborate as a
formal outline.
·
Question Marks and Quotation Marks: Place question
marks outside the quotation mark unless the question mark is
part of the quotation.
·
Titles of Books and Magazines: I
talicize the title of books and magazines.
·
Titles of Articles and Chapters: Place the title of
articles and chapters of books in quotation marks to set off
when mentioned in text.
·
Use Formal Voice: Academic writing is more formal
than casual conversations, emails, and instant messages.
·
Flow of Paper: Use transitional words helping maintain
the flow of thought. Use a pronoun referring to a noun in a
preceding sentence allows a smooth transition and elevates
repetition. Other words assisting in transition are time links (
after, next, since, then, while), cause-effect links (
as a result, consequently, as a result), addition links (

furthermore, in addition, moreover, similarly), and
contrast links (
although, but, conversely, however, nevertheless).
(4.1 - 4.3)
·
Anthropomorphism: avoid attributing human
characteristics to animals or inanimate sources.
(4.11)
·
Verb Tense and Active Voice: Limit shifts in verb
tense, and use active voice rather than passive voice.
(4.12)
·
Subject-Verb Agreement: Be sure your subject and verb
agree. For example, “we are” rather than “we is,” “they did”
rather than “they done.”
(4.15)
·
Perspective: Use third person point of view when
writing research papers (avoiding pronouns such
as I, we, my, our (first person) and
you, yours, your, us, we (second person). You should
deal with facts and not opinions, thus providing citations within
paper and on reference page. Focus on the subject itself and not
on your feelings about the subject. The use of third person
retains a formal tone in your writing.
(4.16)
·
Wordiness and Redundancy: Eliminate wordy sentences;
get your point across with as few words as possible eliminating
empty words such as “that”.

(4.5)
·
Sentence and Paragraph Length: Be sure ideas are fully
developed in each paragraph. This usually results in paragraphs
of three to five.
(4.6)
·
Tone: An effective way to achieve the correct tone is
write in a way to educate and persuade the reader.
(4.7)
·
Full Wording Rather Than Contractions: Convert
contractions to
their
complete word-partner. (Examples: it’s = it is; won’t =
will not; haven’t = have not).
(4.8)
·
Bias-Free Language: Writing should maintain a stance
of inclusivity and respect for all people, regardless of age,
disability, gender, participation in research, racial and ethnic
identify, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or
intersectionality. Writers should strive to use language free of
bias. Writing should never promote prejudice or demeaning
attitudes.
(5.1 – 5.10)
·
Numbers: 0-9 are written out while 10 and above are
written as numbers
(Exceptions: numbers expressing approximate lengths of time

be written as words (Example: 1 hr 30 min; 12:30 a.m.; about 3
months ago).
(6.32-6.34) Use words for numbers at the beginning of
any sentence.
(6.33)
·
Semicolon: Semicolons are used to either connect two
complete sentences, or to connect a list with commas.
(6.4)
·
Colon: Colons should only be used when the
introductory phrase is a complete sentence.
(6.5)
·
No Slash: Use dashes rather than slashes.
(6.6)
·
Parenthesis: Parentheses are most often used in
citations. Before using in other applications, consult the APA
handbook for guidance.
(6.8)
·
Punctuation when ending a Quote: If quotation is at the
end of a sentence, close quote with quotation marks,
cite the source in parentheses, and end with a period or other
punctuation outside the final parenthesis.
(8.26)
Levels of Headings: (Table 2.3 Format for the Five Levels of
APA Style)

Level
Format
1
Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
2
Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading
3
Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading
4
Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading With a Period. Text begins
on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
5
Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading With a Period.Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph
.
PARAPHRASING VERSUS DIRECT QUOTES
Paraphrasing is your own rendition of someone else’s
information or idea.
(8.23)
Parenthetical Citation Example: Many people possess
knowledge on a multitude of topics, but infrequently have the
chance to take advantage of such knowledge (Conner, 2004).
Narrative Citation Example: Conner suggested many people
possess knowledge on a multitude of topics, but infrequently

have the chance to take advantage of such knowledge (2004).
Direct quote: reproduces words verbatim from an author or
source.
(8.25)
Parenthetical Citation Example: “Many of us understand all
sorts of things but never have the opportunity to take the time to
try them out” (Conner, 2004, p. 161).
Narrative Citation Example: According to Conner (2004) “Many
of us understand all sorts of things but never have the
opportunity or take the time to try them out" (p. 161).
Block quotations of 40 words or more. Start a block quotation
on a new line and indent the
whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin. Double space entire
quote.
(8.27) Do
NOT use quotation marks unless there are quotations
within the quotation then use normal quotation marks not
additional ones. You must still give credit for source.
Example (see page 272):
Note periods or commas are within quotation marks when they
are part of the quoted material. At end of quote, place period
then page number.
Page number must be given for direct quotes. If no page number
is available, cite the paragraph number using the abbreviation
para. (instead of the symbol ¶). If no page or paragraph

numbers are available, cite the heading and paragraph number in
which the information is found.
(8.28)
WHAT IS A CITATION?
A "citation" is the way you tell readers certain material came
from another source. It also gives readers the information
necessary to find the source again, including
(8.1 – 8.9):
· information about the author
· the title of the work
· the name and location of the company publishing the source
· the date copy was published
· the page numbers of the material
Why should I site sources?
Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only
way to use other people's work without plagiarizing. But there
are a number of other reasons to cite sources:
· Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find
out more about your ideas and where they came from.
· Not all sources are good or right - your own ideas may often
be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources.
Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone
else's bad ideas.
· Citing sources shows the amount of research you have done.
· Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside
support to your ideas.

Doesn't citing sources make my work seem less original?
Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps the
reader distinguish your ideas from those of your sources. This
will actually emphasize the originality of your own work.
When do I need to site?
Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge
their source. The following situations almost always require
citation:
· Whenever you use quotes
· Whenever you paraphrase
· Whenever you use an idea someone else has already expressed
· Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
· Whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing
your own ideas.
Do I have to cite sources for every fact I use?
No. You do not have to cite sources for facts that are not the
result of unique individual research. Facts readily available
from numerous sources and generally known to the public are
considered "common knowledge," and are not protected by
copyright laws. You can use these facts liberally in your paper
without citing authors. If you are unsure whether or not a fact is
common knowledge, cite your source just to be safe.
GUIDELINES FOR CITING REFERENCES
In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative.
In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date

appear in parenthesis. In narrative citations, this information is
incorporated into the text as part of the sentence.
(8.11)
Do not include the publisher location in the reference.
(9.29)
References are in alphabetical order by author name.
(9.44)
If no author, the title takes the place of the author and the
reference is alphabetized by the first letter of the first word of
the title i.e., Study finds. (2005). In-text citation, use quotation
marks (“Study Finds,” 2005). If work is designated as
“Anonymous”, in-text cite and reference list as so. Do not list
the author as anonymous or unknown unless the work is signed
“Anonymous”
(9.49)
When citing two to 20 provide surnames and initials. For 21 or
more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an
ellipsis (but no ampersand) and then add the final author’s
name.
(9.8)
In-text citation, for work with one or two authors, include the
author name(s) in every citation. For work with three or more
authors, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in
every citation.
(8.17)
(Table 8.1 Basic In-Text Citation Styles)
Author type
Parenthetical citation
Narrative citation
One author

(Luna, 2020)
Luna (2020)
Two Authors
(Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)
Salas and D’Agostino (2020)
Three or more authors
(Martin et al., 2020)
Martin et al. (2020)
Group author with abbreviation
First citation
Subsequent citations
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020)
(NIMH, 2020)
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020)
NIMH (2020)
Group author without abbreviation
(Stanford University, 2020)
Stanford University (2020
When citing periodicals, if the volume number is 22, the issue is
3, and the page range is 23 through 25. Write the information as
follows:
22(3), 23-25. Do not use the words Volume or Vol.,
Issue or Iss.,or Pages, p. or pp.
(9.25)
Following the author’s name is the publication date. The date
(in parentheses) is always the second part of a reference.
(9.4) List the date as follows:
· (year only). For example: (2009).

· (year, month). For example: (2007, January). Note: Do not
use month abbreviations.
· (year, month, day). For example: (1998, June 16).
· (range of dates (e.g., range of years, range of exact dates)
(9.13)
· (n.d.). Use n.d. for works without a publication date
(9.17)
Capitalize only the first word of titles, proper nouns (such as
names of people, places, studies, etc.), and subtitles following a
colon (:).
(6.29)
Italicize the
name of books, reports, webpages, and
other stand-alone works(6.22)journals, magazines, or
newspapers(10.1 ex.3), but do not italicize the name of
an article.
(10.1 ex.5)
Book:
Learn more now: 10 simple ways to learning better,
smarter & faster. (10.2)
Journal:Journal of Social Psychology(10.1 ex.1)
Magazine:
Newsweek (10.1 ex.15)
Newspapers:
The New York Times (10.1 ex.16)
New Guidelines for Citing References: Keep the format as
simple as possible.
· No retrieval dates needed unless the source material may
change over time.
(9.16)
· For electronic references, give the DOI, if no DOI is assigned
provide the URL.
(9.34)

· For works associated with specific location, include the
location such as conference presentations, include the location,
(Example: New York, NY)
(9.31)
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
The digital object identifier (DOI) is an alphanumeric string
identifying content providing a link to location on the Internet.
Give DOI for journal articles, books, or book chapters accessed
online. No period at the end of the string. Do not use the phrase
retrieved from. Do not give a retrieval date. The DOI is
typically located on the first page of the electronic journal
article, near the copyright notice.
(9.34)
For electronic references, give the DOI, if assigned. DOI’s
always begin with the number 10. Database names are no longer
needed. If no DOI assigned, provide the URL of the journal or
book publisher.
For electronic references, give the DOI, if assigned. DOI’s
always begin with the number 10. Database names are no longer
needed. If no DOI assigned, provide the URL of the journal or
book publisher.
Search for a DOI: Go to a free DOI lookup:
·
http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/
or
· http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/

TEXTUAL WORKS
Table 10.1 Periodicals Template
Source
Author
Date
Title
Periodical information
DOI or URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
Name of Group.
Author, C. C.
[username].
Username.
(2020).
(2020, January).
(2020, February 16).
Title of article
Title of Periodical, 34(2)
, 5-14
Title of Periodical, 2(1-2), Article 12.
Title of Periodical
https://doi.org/xxxx
https://xxxxx

(10.1 ex.1)Journal Article Reference with DOI Example
Last name, Initials. (yyyy of journal volume). Article title.
Journal,volume number, (issue
number), pages. doi: xx.xxxxx
Roy, A.J. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia
.British Journal of Psychiatry,
96(1), 171-
177. doi: xx.xxxx
It should be noted using the words Volume or Vol., Issue or
Iss., or Pages, p. or pp. are not acceptable in the reference
citation. Also, the journal title and volume number are
italicized.
***Note: For electronic references, give the DOI, if assigned, if
not include the URL.
(10.1 ex.2)JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCE
WITHOUT DOI EXAMPLE
Journal, volume number, (issue
number), pages.
Roy, A.J. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia
.British Journal of Psychiatry,
96(1), 171-177.
italicized.
Note: Provide URL if DOI is not available.

(9.35)
(10.1 ex. 3) Journal Article Example
Last name, Initials. (Date). Title of article.
Title of Periodical vol(#), p#. Source location if avail.
Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences.
Educational Leadership. 76(1), 26-33
(10.1 ex.17) Blog Post Example
Last name, Initials. (Date). Title of article.
Title of Blog. Source location
Klymkowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk
scientifically about free will?
Sci-Ed. https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-we-
talk-scientifically-about-free-will/
Table 10.2 Books and Reference Works Template
Source
Author
Date
Title
Publisher Information
DOI or URL
Name of Group.
Editor, E. E. (Ed.).
Editor, E. E., &

Editor, F. F. (Eds.).
(2020).
Title of book.
Title of book (2nd ed., Vol, 4).
Title of book [Audiobook].
Title of book (E. E. Editor, Editor, Ed.).
Title of book (T. Translator, Trans,; N. Narrator, Narr.).
Publisher Name.
First Publisher
Name; Second
Publisher Name
https://xxxxx
(10.2 ex.20)Book Reference Example
Last name, Initials. (yyyy).
Title of book. Publisher Name. DOI (or URL)
Brown, L. S. (2018).
Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000
(10.2 ex.22)Authored ebook (e.g., Kindle book) or audiobook

without a DOI, with a nondatabase URL
Last name, Initials (yyyy)
Title of ebook (Last name narrator.) [Media]. Publisher
name. DOI (or URL)
Cain, S. (2012).
Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can’t stop
talking (K. Mazur, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Random House Audio.
http://bit.ly/2G0Bpbl
Table 10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference
Works Template
Source
Author
Date
Chapter title
Edited book Information
DOI or URL
Name of Group.
(2020).
Title of chapter
In E. E. Editor (Ed.),
Title of book (pp.3-13). Publisher Name.
In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.),
Title of book (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 212-255).
Publisher Name

https://xxxxx
(10.3 ex.39)Chapter in an edited book without a DOI Example
Last name, Initials. (yyyy). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor
(Ed.),
Title of book (if 2nd+ ed., pp. #). Publisher Name.
Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B., & Silva, J. A., (2003). Defining
forensic psychiatry: Roles and responsibilities. In R. Rosner
(Ed.),
Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry (2nd ed.,
pp. 7-13). CRC Press.
(10.3 ex.40)Chapter in an edited ebook (e.g., Kindle book) or
audiobook without a DOI, with nondatabase URL Example
(Ed.),
Title of book (if 2nd+ ed., pp. #). Publisher Name. URL
Tafoya, N., & Del Vecchio, A. (2005). Back to the future: An
examination of the Native American Holocaust experience. In
M. McGoldrick, J. Giordano, & N. Garcia-Preto (Eds.),
Ethnicity and family therapy (3rd ed., pp. 55-63).
Guilford Press. http://a.co/36xRhBT
(10.4 ex.50-59)Reports and Gray Literature; i.e., government
agency or other organization reports; grants; briefs; press
releases.

(10.5 ex.60-63)Conference Sessions and Presentations
(10.6 ex.64-66)Dissertations and Theses
(10.7 ex.67-69)Reviews; i.e., film, book, TV series episode
(10.8 ex.70-74)Unpublished Works and Informally Published
Works
(10.9 ex.75-76)Data Sets
(10.10 ex.77-80) Computer Software, Mobile Apps,
Apparatuses, and Equipment
(10.11 ex.80-83) Tests, Scales, and Inventories
(10.12 ex.84-90) Audiovisual Works
(10.13 ex.91-96) Audio Works
(10.14 ex.97-102) Visuals Works
(10.15 ex.103-109) Social Media

Table 10.15 Online Media Template
Source
Author
Date
Title
Social media site name
URL
Twitter and Instagram:
Author, A. A. [@username].
Name of Group [@username].
Facebook and others:
Author, A. A.
Name of Group.
Name of Group [Username].
Username
(n.d.).
(2019, August, 8).
Content of the post up to the first 20 words.
Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Description of
audiovisuals].
[Description of audiovisuals].
Site Name.
https://xxxxxxx

Retrieved August 27, 2020, from
https://xxxxx
(10.16 ex.110-114) Webpages and Websites
Table 10.16 Webpages or Websites Template
Source
Author
Date
Title
Social media site name
URL
Author, A. A. &
Author, B. B.
Name of Group.
(2020).
(2019, August).
(2020, September 28).
(n.d.).
Title of work.
Site Name.
https://xxxxxxx
Retrieved December 22, 2020, from
https://xxxxx

PLAGIARISM
Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or
borrowing someone else's original ideas. But terms like
copying and
borrowing can disguise the seriousness of the offense:
According to the
Merriam-Webster OnLine Dictionary, to "plagiarize"
means
· to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's
own
· to use (another's production) without crediting the source
· to commit literary theft
· to present as new and original an idea or product derived from
an existing source
.
In other words, plagiarism is an act of
fraud. It involves both
stealing someone else's work and
lying about it afterward.
Can
words and
ideas really be stolen?
According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. In the United States
and many other countries, the expression of original ideas is

considered
intellectual property, and is protected by
copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all
forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as
they are recorded in some media (such as a book or a computer
file).
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
· turning in someone else's work as your own
· copying words or ideas from someone else without giving
credit
· failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
· giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
· changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source
without giving credit
· copying so many words or ideas from a source making up the
majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our
section on "fair use" rules)
Attention!
Changing the words of an original source is
not sufficient to prevent plagiarism.
If you have retained the essential idea of an original
source, and have not cited it, then no matter how drastically you
may have altered its context or presentation,
you have still plagiarized
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided by
citing sources. Simply acknowledging certain material
has been borrowed, and providing the audience with the
information necessary to find the source, is usually enough to
prevent plagiarism.

APA Checklist
· Sections of an APA paper: title page, text of paper, and
reference page.
· Title Page:
Title Format: Center the title on title page in title case,
bold, centered, and positioned in the upper half of the title page.
Author, Affiliation, Course, Instructor, Due Date, Page
Number: one blank double-spaced line between the paper title
and the author. Center - First name, middle initial(s), and last
name; Center – Affiliation; Center – Course; Center –
Instructor; Center – Due Date; Flush right header – Page-
numbering for all pages.
· Begin paper by centering title at the top of page two. The title
is uppercase and lowercase letters and located directly under the
1” margin.
· Double space entire paper/Use 1-inch margin/Text is to be left
aligned.
·
One space after punctuation at the end of a sentence,
comma, colons, and semicolons.
· Use the same font throughout the text of the paper. Options
include
· 11-point Calibri
· 11-point Arial
· 10-point Lucinda
· 12-point Times New Roman
· 11-point Georgia

· Same font throughout with the exception of italicizing: (1) key
terms or phrases (2) titles of books, reports, webpages, and
other stand-alone work.
· Numbers: zero through nine are expressed in words while
numbers 10 and above are written as numbers (Exceptions:
numbers expressing approximate lengths of time written as
words ex: 1 hr 30 min; 12:30 a.m.; about 3 months ago; at the
beginning of sentences).
· Punctuation when ending a Quote
: If quotation is at the
end of a sentence, close quote with quotation marks,
cite the source in parentheses, and end with a period or other
punctuation outside the final parenthesis.
· Avoid using “etc.” at the end of a list or exclamation point
unless it is part of the quotation.
· Ampersand: If the citation is in parentheses, use the
ampersand ('&') instead of the word “and” in text of paper.
Always use ampersand (&) in tables, captions and on reference
page.
· Capitalize first letter following a colon if clause is a complete
sentence.
· Use complete sentences and avoid slang. Use Spell Checker
and proofread paper.
· First sentence of every new paragraph must be indented.
· Do not use contractions (it’s = it is; won’t = will not).
· Always spell out acronym on first use. Example: APU =

American Public University.
· Direct Quotes: must give page number. If no page numbers
available, cite paragraph number using abbreviation para. (para.
4). If no page or paragraph numbers, cite heading and
paragraph number where information found: (Discussion
section, para. 2).
· For a work with one or two authors, include the author
name(s) in every citation. For three or more authors, include the
name of only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.
· Quotations of 40 words or more treat as block quotation. No
quotation marks – indent the whole block .5 in from left margin.
Double-space entire block quotation; (a) cite the source in
parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation or (b) cite
the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and
place only the page number in parentheses. Do not add a period
after the closing parenthesis in either case.
· The reference page is the last page (unless appendix). Insert a
page break at end of the final paragraph to prevent distortion
when edits are made.
· Double-Space the entire paper.
·
Insert one space after periods or other punctuation
marks at the end of a sentence, commas, colons, semicolons,
periods that separate parts of a reference list entry, periods
following initials in names. Do not insert a space after internal
periods in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e., U.S.), after periods in
identity concealing labels for study participants (F.I.M.),
around colons in ratios (1:4).

· Title of Reference page: Centered – Reference(s) on page
directly under the 1” margin. Do not underling, italicize or
make bold.
· Cite references in text of paper and include sources on
reference page. PLEASE NOTE: Wikis (like Wikipedia) cannot
guarantee the verifiability or expertise of entries, and therefore
are not considered scholarly sources. DO NOT USE WIKIS AS
PRIMARY SOURCES. Always have additional sources if using
Wiki’s to reaffirm Wiki’s accuracy.
· References are in alphabetical order by author(s) last name on
the reference page; list last name, then first and middle initials
(if applicable) only. Author. Date. Title. Source. When author is
unknown or cannot reasonably be Determined, move the title of
the work to the author position followed by a period before the
date of the publication, i.e., Anderson, M. (2018). Getting
consistent with consequences.
Educational Leadership, 76(1), 26-33. or Anonymous.
(2017). or Generalized anxiety disorder. (2019). respectively.
· When citing a book on the reference page, capitalize the first
word of the title only (with the exception of proper names).
Also, italicize the name of the book. i.e., Meadows, D. H.
(2008).
Thinking in systems: A primer (D. Wright, Ed.).
Chelsea Green Publishing.
· Capitalize the FIRST word of all proper names in the title of
books and articles and after a colon.
· Italicize the name of books, journals, and magazines, but do
NOT italicize the name of the article.

· Do not use the words Volume or Vol., Issue or Iss,. or Pages,
p. or pp. on reference page.
· The name of the journal and volume number are italicized. Pay
attention to punctuation.
· Citing a source within a source (secondary sources) example:
In-text—Bennett (as cited in Rudman, 1999) defined.
· Reference list: Rudman, R. (1999). Human resources
management in New Zealand. (3rd ed.). Auckland, N.Z.:
Addison Wesley Longman
· Citing references on reference page: use the hanging indent.
Highlight the citations and press Ctrl T automatically formats.
· For electronic references, give the DOI or
digital object identifier, if assigned. DOI’s always
begin with the number 10. Database names are no longer
needed. If no DOI assigned, provide the URL or
uniform resource locator of the journal, book, source
referenced.
· Use 3rd person point of view (unless opinion paper) avoiding
pronouns such as
I, we, my, our (1st person) and
you, yours, your, us, we (2ndperson). Deal with facts,
thus, providing citations within paper and reference page. Focus
on subject; not feelings about the subject. The use of 3rd person
retains a formal tone: Academic writing is more formal than
casual conversation. Please be familiar with the exceptions to
this rule in Chapter 4.
(4.16)
· Cite all references in paper AND on reference page. If listed

on reference page MUST have cited within paper.
· No retrieval dates, retrieved from, or database name needed on
reference page.
· Examples: (Not to format scale)
References
Assembly of the minds. (2008, April 28).
Mind and Body, 77(2), 526-528. doi:
10.1057/1024- 1027.29.4.123
Fenchel, J. (2009, October). Diving into the 21st century
technology.
School Talk, 15(1), 3-5.
Gelb, M. (2003).
Discover your genius:
How to think like history’s ten most revolutionary
minds. doi: 10.1045/2457-8953-85.2.452.
McKee, A., & Krueger, B. (2004). Learning multimedia
principles.
Journal of Multimedia
Technology, 21(4), 223-333. doi: 10.1234/5432-8989-34.8.456.
Rasmusen, A. J. (2008). Technology today .
British Journal of Multimedia,
96(1), 171-177.
Stielow, F. J. (2003).
Building digital archives. New York, NY: Neal-
Shuman.
What’s your learning style. (2009). Retrieved from
http://people.usd.edu/~bwjames/tut/learning-

style/
SEVENTH EDITION
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
Scholarly Writing and Publishing Principles
1.1 – 1.10 Types of Articles and Papers
1.11-1.17 Ensuring the Accuracy of Scientific Findings
1.18-1.20 Protecting the Rights and Welfare of Research
Participants & Subjects
1.21-1.25 Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
Required Elements
2.1 Student Paper Required Elements
Paper Elements
2.3 Title Page
2.4 Title
2.5 Author
2.6 Author Affiliation
2.11 Text (Body)
2.12 Reference List
Format
2.16 Importance of Format
2.17 Order of Pages
2.18 Page Header
2.19 Font
2.20 Special Characters
2.21 Line Spacing
2.22 Margins
2.23 Paragraph Alignment
2.24 Paragraph Indentation
Organization
2.26 Principles of Organization
2.27 Heading Levels
Journal Article Reporting Standards
3.1 – 3.18 Reporting Standards (JARS)

EFFECTIVE SCHOLARLY WRITING
Continuity and Flow
4.1 Importance of Continuity and Flow
4.2 Transitions
4.3 Noun Strings
Conciseness and Clarity
4.4 Importance of Conciseness and Clarity
4.5 Wordiness and Redundancy
4.6 Sentence and Paragraph Length
4.7 Tone
4.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms
4.9 Jargon
4.10 Logical Comparisons
4.11 Anthropomorphism
GRAMMAR AND USAGE
Verbs
4.12 Verb Tense
4.13 Active and Passive Voice
4.14 Mood
4.15 Subject and Verb Agreement
Pronouns
4.16 First-Versus Third-Person Pronouns
4.17 Editorial “We”
4.18 Singular “They”
4.19 Pronouns for People and Animals (“Who” vs. “That”)
4.20 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects (“Who” vs.
“Whom”)
4.21 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses
(“That” vs. “Which”)
Sentence Construction
4.22 Subordinate Conjunctions
4.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
4.24 Parallel Construction
Strategies to Improve Your Writing
4.25 Reading to Learn Through Example

4.26 Writing From an Outline
4.27 Rereading the Draft
4.28 Seeking Help From Colleagues
4.29 Working with Copyeditors and Writing Centers
4.30 Revising a Paper
Bias-Free Language
5.1 – 5.10 Bias-Free Language Guidelines for Reducing Bias
Punctuation
6.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks
6.2 Period
6.3 Comma
6.4 Semicolon
6.5 Colon
6.6 Dash
6.7 Quotation Marks
6.8 Parentheses
6.9 Square Brackets
6.10 Slash
Spelling
6.11 Preferred Spelling
6.12 Hyphenation
Capitalization
6.13 Words Beginning a Sentence
6.14 Proper Nouns and Trade Names
6.15 Job Titles and Positions
6.17 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works
6.19 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters
Italics
6.22 Use of Italics
6.23 Reverse Italics
Abbreviations
6.24 Use of Abbreviations
6.25 Definition of Abbreviations

6.26 Format of Abbreviations
6.27 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations
6.28 Time Abbreviations
Tables and Figures
7.1 – 7.36 Guidelines for Tables and Figures
When to Cite
8.1 Appropriate Level of Citation
8.2 Plagiarism
8.3 Self-Plagiarism
8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text
8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version
Works Requiring Special Approaches to Citation
8.7 Interviews
8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources
8.9 Personal Communications
In-Text Citations
8.10 Author-Date Citation System
8.11 Parenthetical and Narrative Citations
8.12 Citing Multiple Works
8.13 Citing Specific Parts of a Source
8.14 Unknown or Anonymous Author
8.15 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued
Dates
8.16 Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations
8.17 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations
8.18 Avoid Ambiguity in In-Text Citations
8.19 Works with the Same Author and Same Date
8.20 Authors With the Same Surname
8.21 Abbreviating Group Authors
8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and
Common Software and Apps
Paraphrases and Quotations
8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing
8.24 Long Paraphrases

8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation
8.26 Short Quotations (Few Than 40 Words)
8.27 Block Quotations (40 Words or More)
8.28 Direct Quotations of Material Without Page Numbers
8.29 Accuracy of Quotations
8.30 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation
8.31 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation
8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works
8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in
Quotation Marks
8.34 Permission to Reprint or Adapt Lengthy Quotations
Reference Categories
9.1 Determining the Reference Category
9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference
Category
9.3 Online and Print References
Principles of Reference List Entries
9.4 Four Elements of a Reference
9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries
9.6 Accuracy and Consistency in References
REFERENCE ELEMENTS
Author
9.7 Definition of Author
9.8 Format of the Author Element
9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names
9.10 Identification of Specialized Roles
9.11 Group Authors
9.12 No Author
Date
9.13 Definition of Date
9.14 Format of the Date Element
9.15 Updated or Reviewed Online Works
9.16 Retrieval Dates
9.17 No Date
Title

9.18 Definition of Title
9.19 Format of the Title Element
9.20 Series and Multivolume Works
9.21 Bracketed Descriptions
9.22 No Title
Source
9.23 Definition of Source
9.24 Format of the Source Element
9.25 Periodical Sources
9.26 Online Periodicals With Missing Information
9.27 Article Numbers
9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry
Sources
9.29 Publisher Sources
9.30 Database and Archive Sources
9.31 Works With Specific Locations
9.32 Social Media Sources
9.33 Website Sources
9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs
9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs
9.36 DOI and URL Shorteners
9.37 No Source
Reference Variations
9.38 Works in Another Language
9.39 Translated Works
9.40 Reprinted Works
9.41 Republished or Reissued Works
9.42 Religious and Classical Works
Reference List Format and Order
9.43 Format of the Reference List
9.44 Order of Works in the Reference List
9.45 Order of Surname and Given Name
9.46 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author
9.47 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date
9.48 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same
Surname

9.49 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous
Author
9.50 Abbreviations in References
9.51 Annotated Bibliographies
9.52 References Included in a Meta-Analysis
REFERENCE EXAMPLES
Textual Works
10.1 Periodicals
10.2 Books and Reference Works
10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works
10.4 Reports and Gray Literature
10.5 Conference Sessions and Presentations
10.6 Dissertations and Theses
10.7 Reviews
10.8 Unpublished Works and Informally Published Works
Data Sets, Software, and Tests
10.9 Data Sets
10.10 Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses,
and Equipment
10.11 Tests, Scales, and Inventories
Audio Visual Media
10.12 Audiovisual Works
10.13 Audio Works
10.14 Visual Works
Online Media
10.15 Social Media
10.16 Webpages and Websites
Legal References
11.1-11.10 Guidelines for Legal References
Publication Process
12.1-12.24 Publication Process

Provided by Dr. Jill Fuson & Dr. Doris Blanton, American
Public University System (
April, 2020). Information
Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association. 7th ed., S.L., American Psychological Assoc., 2019
***In-text citation: (Publication Manual Of The American
Psychological Association.)
3/19/2020
Page 2
Page 20
image2.png
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APA STYLE SEVENTH EDITION - 2019
This module is designed to show the basic elements of
APA style writing and provide examples of appropriate APA
guidelines; however, it is not intended as an exhaustive
reference guide.

*
WHY USE APA?
APA writing style provides a foundation for effective
communication aiding writers to present ideas in a clearer,
concise, and organized manner.
APA rules create uniformity and consistency.
APA (Seventh Edition) has broadened its audience
consulting not only by psychologists but also students &
researchers in many fields such as business, education, social
work, nursing and many other behavioral and social sciences.
BASIC APA PAPER CONSIST OF:
The title page
Text of the paper
Reference page
Notice No Running Head – YAY!

THE TITLE PAGE
APA requires seven basic elements to your title page:
1. Title
2. Author name
3. Institution affiliation
4. Course number/name
5. Instructor name
6. Due date
7. Page number (top header right)
SEVEN COMPONENTS OF THE TITLE PAGE
Title
Author name; first name, last name, no titles or degrees used.
Institution affiliation – American Public University
Course number/Course name
Instructor name
Assignment due date (Month, ##, YYYY)
Page number, page number in header flush right
The title is typed bold, centered, and positioned in the upper
half of the title page, 3-4 lines from top margin.
Capitalize the significant words of the title. Do not capitalize
words such as: the, in, of, or, and, unless the word is the first

word in the title.
There is no prescribed limit for title length in APA Style,
authors are encouraged to keep titles focused and succinct.
*
TEXT OF THE PAPER
The body must conform to but a few guidelines:
1” margins all the way aroundAll text double-spacedEvery new
paragraph 1 tab indent (0.5 inches)
GENERAL FORMATTING INFORMATION
Begin writing your paper on page two (the cover page is page
one). The page numbering top right hand side must reflect page
2 in the Header.
Same typeface throughout – various typeface font choices
acceptable (2.19).
Double space the entire paper (2.21).
Margins are set at one inch (top, bottom, left, and right) (2.22).
First sentence of every paragraph must e indented (2.24).

Center the title at the top of page two. The title is written in the
title case (6.17).
Quotes 40+ words blocked no quotation marks (8.27)
.
*
WRITING THE PAPER
APA writing should be straightforward with an active voice –
i.e., “Jones developed the project..” as opposed to the passive
voice – i.e. “The project was developed by Jones…”
Use past tense when describing earlier research
Spell out the first use of an acronym (example: American Public
University (APU) – first use. Next time referenced in paper use
(APU).
QUOTES OF 40 WORDS OR MORE
If a quotation contains 40 words or more,
treat it as a block quotation
Start a block quotation on a new line
Indent the whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin.
Double-space the entire block quotation. (8.27)
Do NOT use quotation marks for the entire quotation.

You must give credit for the source.
Place periods or commas within quotation marks when they are
part of the quoted material.
At end of quote, place period then page number. Example: ……
placebo effect. (p. 276)
CITATIONS–GIVING CREDIT WHERE CREDIT IS DUE
It is very important to give proper credit when words or
thoughts are not ours originally.
Citing the source means mentioning the author/s within the text
so the reader can look up the source at the back of the paper.
APA has very specific ways this must be done. The model must
be followed exactly. With a little practice, citing sources gets
easier!
*
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing is your own rendition of someone else’s
information or idea. (8.23)
Parenthetical Citation Example: Many people possess
knowledge on a multitude of topics, but infrequently have the
chance to take advantage of such knowledge (Conner, 2004).
Narrative Citation Example: Conner suggested many people
possess knowledge on a multitude of topics, but infrequently

have the chance to take advantage of such knowledge (2004).
Direct quote: reproduces words verbatim from an author or
source. (8.25)
Parenthetical Citation Example: “Many of us understand all
sorts of things but never have the opportunity to take the time to
try them out” (Conner, 2004, p. 161).
Narrative Citation Example: According to Conner (2004) “Many
of us understand all sorts of things but never have the
opportunity or take the time to try them out" (p. 161).
BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION STYLES
Table 8.1 p. 266Author typeParenthetical citationNarrative
citationOne author(Luna, 2020)Luna (2020)Two Authors(Salas
& D’Agostino, 2020)Salas and D’Agostino (2020)Three or more
authors(Martin et al., 2020)Martin et al. (2020)
Group author with abbreviation
First citation
Subsequent citations
(National Institute of Mental Health
[NIMH], 2020)
(NIMH, 2020)
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH,
2020)
NIMH (2020)Group author without abbreviation(Stanford

University, 2020)Stanford University (2020
NEW GUIDELINES FOR CITING REFERENCESKeep the
format as simple as possible. No retrieval dates needed unless
the source material may change over time. (9.16)For electronic
references, give the DOI, if no DOI is assigned provide the
URL. (9.34)For works associated with specific location, include
the location such as conference presentations, include the
location, (Example: New York, NY) (9.31)
THE DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)
The digital object identifier (DOI)
is an alphanumeric string identifying content
Give DOI for
journal articles,
books,
book chapters accessed online.
Do not use the phrase retrieved from
Do not give a retrieval date. (9.34)

For electronic references,
give the DOI
If no DOI assigned, provide the URL. (9.35)
TO SEARCH FOR A DOI
Search for a DOI: Go to a free DOI lookup:
http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/
or
http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/
REFERENCE PAGE
The Reference page is the last page (unless an appendix).
Insert a page break at the end of the final paragraph to prevent
distortion
The word References should appear at the top center of the
page.
Entries are double spaced, left and additional lines of each
reference are indented (hanging indent).
Example
References
Stielow, F. J. (2003). Building digital archives.
New York: Neal- Schuman.

*
REFERENCES ARE ALPHABETIZED
References
Alphabetical order by author(s) last name
List last name, then first and middle initials (if applicable) only.
Author. Date. Title. Source.
When author is unknown or cannot reasonably be determined,
move the title of the work to the author position followed by a
period before the date of the publication, i.e., Anderson, M.
(2018). Getting consistent with consequences. Educational
Leadership, 76(1), 26-33. or Anonymous. (2017). or
Generalized anxiety disorder. (2019). respectively.
Only list the last name of an author or authors followed by
initials for the first and middle names. For example: Marcia L.
Conner would be listed as Conner, M. L.
Do not list the author as anonymous or unknown unless the
work is signed ‘Anonymous’. (9.29)
INSERT THE PUBLICATION DATE IN PARENTHESES
FOLLOWING THE AUTHOR.

Following the author’s name is the publication date. The date
(in parentheses) is always the second part of a reference. (9.4)
List the date as follows:
(year only). For example: (2009).
(year, month). For example: (2007, January). Note: Do not use
month abbreviations.
(year, month, day). For example: (1998, June 16).
(range of dates (e.g., range of years, range of exact dates) (9.13)
(n.d.). Use n.d. for works without a publication date (9.17)
Capitalize only the first word of titles, proper nouns (names of
people, places, studies, etc.), & subtitles following a colon (:).
(6.29)
WHAT TO ITALICIZE Italicize the name of books, reports,
webpages, and other stand-alone works (6.22) journals,
magazines, or newspapers (10.1 ex.3), but do not italicize the
name of an article. (10.1 ex.5)Journal: Journal of Social
Psychology (10.1 ex.1)Magazine: Newsweek (10.1
ex.15)Newspapers: The New York Times (10.1 ex.16)Book:
Learn more now: 10 simple ways to learning better, smarter &
faster. (10.2)
JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCE WITH DOI EXAMPLE
(10.1 EX. 1)

Journal, volume number, (issue number), pages. doi: xx.xxxxx
Roy, A.J. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 96(1), 171-177. doi: xx.xxxx
italicized.
***Note: For electronic references, give the DOI, if assigned, if
not include the URL.
EXAMPLE JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCE WITHOUT DOI
EXAMPLE (10.1 EX. 2)
Journal, volume number, (issue number), pages.
Roy, A.J. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 96(1), 171-177.
italicized.
Note: Provide URL if DOI is not available. (9.35)

EXAMPLE BLOG POST EXAMPLE
(10.1 EX. 17)
Last name, Initials. (Date). Title of article. Title of Blog.
Source location
Klymkowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk
scientifically about
free will? Sci-Ed.
https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-
we-talk-scientifically-about-free-will/
EXAMPLE CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK WITHOUT DOI
EXAMPLE (10.3. EX. 39)
(Ed.), Title of book (if 2nd+ ed., pp. #). Publisher Name.
Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B., & Silva, J. A., (2003). Defining
forensic psychiatry: Roles and responsibilities. In R. Rosner
(Ed.), Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry (2nd ed.,
pp. 7-13). CRC Press.

ONLINE MEDIA TEMPLATE
Table 10.15 p. 348SourceAuthorDateTitleSocial media site
nameURLTwitter and Instagram:
Author, A. A. [@username].
Name of Group [@username].
Facebook and others:
Author, A. A.
Name of Group.
Name of Group [Username].
Username
(n.d.).
(2019, August, 8).
Content of the post up to the first 20 words.
Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Description of
audiovisuals].
[Description of audiovisuals].Site Name.
https://xxxxxxx
Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://xxxxx

*
WEBPAGES OR WEBSITES TEMPLATE
Table 10.16 p. 351SourceAuthorDateTitleSocial media site
nameURLAuthor, A. A. &
Author, B. B.
Name of Group.
(2020).
(2019, August).
(2020, September 28).
(n.d.).
Title of work.
Site Name.
https://xxxxxxx
Retrieved December 22, 2020, from https://xxxxx

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
The new Seventh Edition of the APA Manual has various
templates along with various examples of different types of
references including, but not limited to,
periodicals
books
technical
research reports
meetings & symposia
doctoral dissertations & master’s theses
reviews & peer commentary
audiovisual media
data sets, software, internet message boards, electronic mailing
lists & other sources
WRITING & GRAMMAR
BASIC WRITING COMPONENTS
Title: Name your paper. The title can “hook” your readers.
Introduction Paragraph: Tell the readers what you are about to
tell them. The thesis statement is often the last sentence of the
first paragraph.
Thesis Statement: Essentially, a thesis statement answers the
question, "What do I want my readers to know after they have
read my essay?"
Body: Discuss topic. The number of paragraphs will depend on
the length and complexity of your paper.

Concluding Paragraph: A short summary. Do not introduce
any new information.
WRITING TIPS
Use Formal Voice: Academic writing is more formal than casual
conversations, emails, and instant messages.
Complete Sentences: Write in complete sentences. Complete
sentences contain both subjects and verbs.
Subject-Verb Agreement: Be sure your subject and verb agree.
For example, “we are” rather than “we is,” or “they did” rather
than “they done.”
Verb Tense and Active Voice: Limit shifts in verb tense, and
use active voice rather than passive voice.
Awkward Phrasing: Use standard English phrasing. For
example, “try to do” rather than “try and do,” or “we went”
rather than “us went.”
Long Paragraphs Preferred: Be sure your ideas are fully
developed in each of your paragraphs. This usually results in
paragraphs of three to five sentences.
WRITING TIPS CONT…
Brainstorming: Before beginning to write, take the time to put
your ideas on paper. Mind-mapping and list-making are two
useful brainstorming techniques.
Organizing: Plan your paper or assignment. This may be as

simple as a chronological list of your points or as elaborate as a
formal outline.
Multiple Drafts: Professional writers create multiple drafts of
their writing. You should too.
Extra Time: Quality writing takes time – lots of time. Build in a
cushion of extra time.
Allow Time Between Drafts: While a break of 24- hours or more
is ideal, a 30-minute break will yield positive results.
Help From Others: Being mindful of plagiarism and academic
honesty, request proofreading help.
Full Wording Rather Than Contractions: Convert contractions to
their complete word-partner. For example:
it’s = it is
won’t = will not
haven’t = have not
Homonyms: Homonyms are words that sound alike but are
spelled differently and have different definitions. For
example,
new and knew, your and you’re, and know and no or piece
and peace, or versus and verses.
Non-words: Ensure that all your words are standard English
words. For example, “alot” is not a word.
Frequently Misspelled Words: Be alert for commonly confused
words. For example, possess and posses, a lot and allot,
definitely and defiantly, and their and there.

etc.: Avoid using etc. at the end of a list unless it is part of a
quotation.
Use 3rd person point of view (unless opinion paper): Avoid
pronouns such as I, we, my, our (1st person) and you, yours,
your, us, we (2ndperson). Deal with facts, thus, providing
citations within paper and reference page. Focus on subject; not
feelings about the subject. The use of 3rd person retains a
formal tone: Academic writing is more formal than casual
conversation.
Parenthesis: Parentheses are most often used in citations.
Before using them in other applications, consult the APA
handbook for guidance.
Commas and Introductory Phrases: Usually commas are placed
between an introductory phrase and the main sentence; however,
commas are rarely used to separate a concluding phrase.
Colon: Colons should only be used when the introductory
phrase is a complete sentence.
Semicolon: Semicolons are used to either connect two complete
sentences, or to connect a list that contains commas.
Slashes: Use dashes rather than slashes.

Punctuation when ending a Quote: If quotation is at the end of a
sentence, close quote with quotation marks, cite the source in
parentheses, and end with a period or other punctuation outside
the final parenthesis. (6.7)
Mid-sentence quote: If quote is in mid-sentence, close quote
with quotation marks, cite the source immediately after the
quotation marks, and continue the sentence. (6.7)
Question Marks and Quotation Marks: Place question marks
outside the quotation mark unless the question mark is part of
the quotation.
Single Quotation Marks: The only time you use single quotation
marks is inside of double quotation marks.
Exclamation Points: Exclamation points should not be used
unless the exclamation point is part of a quotation.
Titles of Books and Magazines: Italicize the title of books and
magazines.
SPELL-CHECKER,
GRAMMAR-CHECKER,
AND YOU!
Use your word processor’s spell-checker and grammar-checker
to catch common mistakes. Remember, these are tools and no
software program is perfect.

Spell-checkers identify the words in its dictionary but can not
identify correct contextual spelling.
Grammar-checkers may fail to identify incorrect punctuation or
usage. It may also highlight correct usage and punctuation.
You must follow along behind them to ensure that the spelling
and grammar
are correct.
[removed]

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