Final project coll498 webb

1. Marissa N. Webb
American Military University
COLL 498 I001 Fall
Professor Shannon Voyles
Interdisciplinary Project
24 December 2017
Domestic Abuse Awareness:
Types, Warning Signs, and the Road to Recovery

2. Domestic Abuse:
Table of Contents
• Domestic Abuse Defined
• Who is Susceptible
• Types of Domestic Abuse
• Emotional Domestic
Abuse
• Physical Domestic Abuse
• Psychological Domestic
Abuse
• Financial Domestic Abuse
• Sexual Domestic Abuse
• Child Abuse
• Domestic Abuse in the Military
• Getting Help
• Rehabilitation
• Prevention
• Resources for Victims
• References

3. Domestic Abuse:
Defined
• Domestic abuse is defined as “behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners may
be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated, or dating (Thawley, 2015).”I
Sources:
I Thawley, J. (2015). Definition - Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://domesticviolence.org/definition/

4. Domestic Abuse:
Who is susceptible?
• Everyone-regardless of gender, ethnicity, sexuality, age, religion, or social status (Domestic Violence-Who Is at Risk, 2015). II
- Men
- Women
- Children
Sources:
II Domestic Violence-Who Is at Risk. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/tc/domestic-violence-what-increases-your-risk

5. Domestic Abuse:
Types
• There are various different types of domestic abuse- the following are the most common (Thawley, 2015).III
- Emotional
- Physical
- Psychological
- Financial
- Sexual
Sources:
III Thawley, J. (2015). Definition - Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://domesticviolence.org/definition/

6. Domestic Abuse:
Emotional
• Emotional domestic abuse is often described as “any act including
confinement, isolation, verbal assault, humiliation, intimidation,
infantilization, or any other treatment which may diminish the
sense of identity, dignity, and self-worth (Tracy, 2017).” IV
Sources:
IV Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from
https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref

7. Domestic Abuse:
Types of Emotional
• There are various types of emotional domestic violence to include, but not limited to, the following (Tracy, 2017):V
- Yelling
- Swearing
- Name calling
- Insults
- Threats
- Intimidation
- Ignoring
- Exclusion
- Isolation
- Gaslighting
- Humiliation
Sources:
V Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from
https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref

8. Domestic Abuse:
Warning Signs of Emotional Abuse
• According to the Health on the Net Foundation, the following are often signs of emotional abuse (Tracy, 2017):VI
- Surprise and confusion
- Questioning of one's own memory, "did that really happen?"
- Anxiety or fear
- Hypervigilance
- Shame or guilt
- Aggression (as a defense to the abuse)
- Becoming overly passive or compliant
- Frequent crying
- Avoidance of eye contact
- Feeling powerless and defeated
- Feeling like you're "walking on eggshells"
- Feeling manipulated, used, and controlled
- Feeling undesirable
Sources:
VI Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from
https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref

9. Domestic Abuse:
Physical
• Physical domestic abuse is often described as “behavior that physically harms the victim (Abuse Defined - The
National Domestic Violence Hotline, n.d.).”VII
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), approximately 20 people per minute
in the United States are physically abused by an intimate partner; this equates to ~10 million victims per year
(NCADV, n.d.).VIII
• According to a study conducted by the Center for Disease and Control in 2010, approximately 1 in 3 women
and 1 in 4 men have been victims of some type of physical violence by an intimate partner within their lifetime
(National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report, 2010). IX
Sources:
VII Abuse Defined - The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/
VIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
IX National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf

10. Domestic Abuse:
Types of Physical Violence
• There are various types of physical domestic violence to include,
but not limited to, the following (Types of Abuse, n.d.): X
- Hitting
- Kicking
- Biting
- Slapping
- Shoving
- Strangulation
- Hair Pulling
- Burning
Sources:
X Types of Abuse | Women Against Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.womenagainstabuse.org/education-resources/learn-about-abuse/types-of-domestic-violence

11. Domestic Abuse:
Warning Signs of Physical Violence
• According to a study conducted by Stanford University, the following are often signs of physical violence
(Signs and Symptoms, 2017): XI
- Physical injuries
- Lack of medical care
- Abnormal weight gain/loss
- Unexplained symptoms
- Burns
- Lacerations
- Bite marks
- Broken bones/fractures
Sources:
XI Signs and Symptoms - Screening - Child Abuse - Stanford University School of Medicine. (2017). Retrieved from http://childabuse.stanford.edu/screening/signs.html

12. Domestic Abuse:
Psychological
• Psychological domestic abuse is typically defined as “trauma to the victim caused by verbal abuse, acts,
threats of acts, or coercive tactics (NCADV, n.d.).XII
• Perpetrators often use psychological abuse to control, terrorize, and belittle their victims (NCADV, n.d.).XIII
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the following statistics regard victims
subject to domestic violence (NCADV, n.d.):XIIII
- Approximately 48.4% of women and 48.8% of men have experienced at least one psychologically aggressive
behavior by an intimate partner.
- Approximately 4 in 10 women and 4 in 10 men have experienced at least one form of coercive control by an
intimate partner in their lifetime.
- Approximately 17.9% of women have experienced a situation where an intimate partner tried to keep them from
seeing family and friends.
- Women who earn 65% or more of their households’ income are more likely to be psychologically abused than
women who learn less than 65% of their households’ income.
Sources:
XII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XIIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics

13. Domestic Abuse:
Types of Psychological Violence
• There are various types of psychological domestic violence to include, but not limited to, the following
(NCADC, n.d.):XV
- Humiliation
- Controlling what the victim can or cannot do
- Withholding information from the victim
- Deliberately doing something to make the victim feel diminished or embarrassed
- Isolating the victim from friends and/or family
- Stalking
- Demeaning the victim
- Undermining the victim’s confidence and/or sense of self-worth
- Convincing the victim they are crazy
- Gaslighting
Sources:
XV NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics

14. Domestic Abuse:
Warning Signs of Psychological Violence
• The warning signs of psychological violence are very similar to those of emotional violence.
• According to the Health on the Net Foundation, the following are often signs of psychological abuse (Tracy, 2017):XVI
- Surprise and confusion
- Questioning of one's own memory, "did that really happen?"
- Anxiety or fear
- Hypervigilance
- Shame or guilt
- Aggression (as a defense to the abuse)
- Becoming overly passive or compliant
- Frequent crying
- Avoidance of eye contact
- Feeling powerless and defeated
- Feeling like you're "walking on eggshells"
- Feeling manipulated, used, and controlled
- Feeling undesirable
Sources:
XVI Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from
https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref

15. Domestic Abuse:
Financial
• Financial domestic abuse is typically defined as “making or attempting to make the victim financially dependent
(Financial Abuse, 2017).” XVII
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, victims of domestic violence may be unable to
leave an abusive partner or may be forced to return to an abusive partner for economic reasons (NCADV, n.d.).XVIII
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the following statistics regard victims subject to
domestic violence (NCADV, n.d.): XIX
- Between 94-99% of domestic violence survivors have also experienced economic abuse.
- Between 21-60% of victims of domestic violence lose their jobs due to reasons stemming from the abuse.
- Victims of domestic violence lose a total of 8 million days of paid work each year.
- Between 2005 and 2006, 130,000 stalking victims were asked to leave their jobs as a result of their victimization.
Sources:
XVII Financial Abuse | WomensLaw.org. (2017, June 19). Retrieved from https://www.womenslaw.org/about-abuse/forms-abuse/financial-abuse
XVIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XIX NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics

16. Domestic Abuse:
Types of Financial Violence
• There are various different types of financial abuse- the following are the most common (Financial Abuse, 2017): XX
- Maintaining total control over financial resources
- Withholding access to money
- Refusing the victim the ability to work
Sources:
XX Financial Abuse | WomensLaw.org. (2017, June 19). Retrieved from https://www.womenslaw.org/about-abuse/forms-abuse/financial-abuse

17. Domestic Abuse:
Warning Signs of Financial Violence
• The following are the most common warning signs of financial violence (Financial Abuse, 2017): XXI
- Lack of money/funds
- Saying they don’t have “permission” to go to work
- Saying they don’t have “permission” to get a job
- Not having access to bank accounts
- Being given an “allowance”
Sources:
XXI Financial Abuse | WomensLaw.org. (2017, June 19). Retrieved from https://www.womenslaw.org/about-abuse/forms-abuse/financial-abuse

18. Domestic Abuse:
Sexual
• Sexual domestic abuse is typically defined as “any type of sexual action and/or behavior performed without the
partner’s consent (Types of Abuse, n.d.).”XXII
Sources:
XXII Types of Abuse | Women Against Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.womenagainstabuse.org/education-resources/learn-about-abuse/types-of-domestic-violence

19. Domestic Abuse:
Types of Sexual Violence
• There are various different types of sexual domestic abuse- the following are the most common (Abuse Defined, n.d.):
XXIII
- Forcing unwanted sexual activity on the victim (intercourse, oral, etc.)
- Forcing the victim to dress in a sexual way
- Insulting the victim in sexual ways
- Calling the victim sexual names
- Forcing or manipulating the victim into to having sex or performing sexual acts
- Holding the victim down during sex
- Hurting the victim with weapons or objects during sex
- Involving other people in sexual activities with the victim against their will
- Ignoring the victims feelings regarding sex
- Forcing the victim to watch pornography
- Purposefully trying to pass on a sexually transmitted disease to the victim
Sources:
XXIII Abuse Defined - The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/

20. Domestic Abuse:
Warning Signs of Sexual Violence
• According to the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), the following are common warning signs of domestic
sexual violence (Warning Signs for College-Age Adults, 2015): XXIIII
- Signs of depression
- Persistent sadness
- Lack of energy
- Changes in sleep or appetite
- Withdrawing from normal activities
- Self-harming behaviors
- Thoughts of suicide
- Suicidal behaviors
- Low self-esteem
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Anxiety or worry about situations that did not seem to cause anxiety in the past
- Avoiding specific situations or places
- Falling grades or withdrawing from classes
- Increase in drug or alcohol use
Sources:
XXIIII Warning Signs for College-Age Adults | RAINN. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.rainn.org/articles/warning-signs-college-age-adults

21. Domestic Abuse:
Child Abuse
• Child abuse can often fall into any and/or all of the categories of domestic abuse previously mentioned.
• By definition, child abuse is described as “when a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes injury, death, emotional
harm or risk of serious harm to a child (What is Child Abuse, n.d.).” XXV
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), approximately 1 in 15 children in the United States are exposed to
intimate partner violence each year; this equates to ~1.5 million children (NCADV, n.d). XXVI
• According to the Childhood Domestic Violence Association, the following statistics regard children subject to domestic violence (10 Startling
Statistics about Children of Domestic Violence, 2014): XXVII
- Children from homes with violence are much more likely to experience significant psychological problems short- and long-term.
- Children who have experienced domestic violence often meet the diagnostic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) and the effects on their brain are
similarly to those experienced by combat veterans.
- Domestic violence in childhood is directly correlated with difficulties learning, lower IQ scores, deficiencies in visual-motor skills and problems with attention and
memory.
- Living with domestic violence significantly alters a child’s DNA, aging them prematurely 7-10 years.
- Children in homes with violence are physically abused or seriously neglected at a rate 1500% higher than the national average.
- Those who grow up with domestic violence are 6 times more likely to commit suicide and 50% more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol.
- If you grow up with domestic violence, you’re 74% more likely to commit a violent crime against someone else.
- Children of domestic violence are 3 times more likely to repeat the cycle in adulthood, as growing up with domestic violence is the most significant predictor of
whether or not someone will be engaged in domestic violence later in life.
• According to a study conducted on physical violence in American families, children who experienced domestic violence at home were more
likely to have problems at school and conduct delinquent behavior (such as vandalism, drug abuse, stealing, etc.) (Strauss, 2017). XXVIII
Sources:
XXV What is Child Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse/
XXVI NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XXVII10 Startling Statistics about Children of Domestic Violence - CDV. (2014, February 21). Retrieved from https://cdv.org/2014/02/10-startling-domestic-violence-
statistics-for-children/
XXVIII Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & In Smith, C. (2017). Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families.

22. Domestic Abuse:
Child Abuse Warning Signs
- Infants excessive crying or developmental delay
- Fear, anxiety, clinging
- Phobias
- Nightmares
- Sleeping problems
- Bed wetting
- Social withdrawal
- Hyperactivity
- Poor concentration/distractibility
- Decreased school performance
- Chronic school absenteeism
- Speech disorders
- Regressive behavior for age
Sources:
XXIX Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence, . (1983). A Handbook for domestic violence victims. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence.
XXX Signs and Symptoms - Screening - Child Abuse - Stanford University School of Medicine. (2017). Retrieved from http://childabuse.stanford.edu/screening/signs.html
-Seems afraid of parent
-Eating issues
-Depression
-Passivity
-Increased verbal abuse
-Physically aggressive behavior with others
-Destroys objects
-Injures pets
-Substance abuse
-Self-harm
-Sexualized behavior
-Symptoms of PTSD
-Avoidance of undressing
-Withdrawal to touch
-Physical injuries
-Poor hygiene
-Diagnosed STD/pregnancy
-Lack of medical care
-Abnormal weight gain/loss
-Genital discomfort
-Unexplained symptoms
-Burns
-Lacerations
-Bite marks
-Broken bones/fractures
• According to a study conducted by Stanford University, and the domestic violence handbook (Illinois Coalition Against
Domestic Violence, 1983)XXIX, the following are often signs of child abuse (Signs and Symptoms, 2017): XXX

23. Domestic Abuse:
Within the Military Community
- The victim of domestic violence in the military is predominantly the female, civilian spouse of active duty
personnel.
- Victims normally have children and more than half have been married two years or less.
- Substantiated spousal abuse involving members of the military is predominantly perpetrated by male,
active duty personnel
- Among the Services, the Army consistently has shown the highest rates of domestic violence, followed by
the Marines, Navy, and Air Force.
Sources:
XXXI Futures Without Violence. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/userfiles/Military%20Factsheet%20update%2003%2003%2013
• According to a study conducted by the Department of Defense, the following is true regarding domestic abuse in the
military community (Futures Without Violence, 2013): XXXI

24. Domestic Abuse:
Getting Help- Safety Planning
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), victims can take the following actions to help stay safe while
continuing to live with an abuser (NCADV, n.d.):XXXII
- Identify your partner’s use and level of force so that you can assess the risk of physical danger to you and your children before it occurs.
- Don’t run to where the children are, as your partner may hurt them as well.
- If violence is unavoidable, make yourself a small target. Dive into a corner and curl up into a ball with your face protected and arms around each side of your
head, fingers entwined.
- If possible, have a phone accessible at all times and know what numbers to call for help.
- Know where the nearest public phone is located. Know the phone number to your local shelter.
- If your life (or children's life) is in danger, call the police.
- Let trusted friends and neighbors know of your situation and develop a plan and visual signal for when you need help.
- Teach your children how to get help. Instruct them not to get involved in the violence between you and your partner. Plan a code word to signal to them that
they should get help or leave the house.
- Practice how to get out safely. Practice with your children.
- Plan for what you will do if your children tells your partner of your plan or if your partner otherwise finds out about your plan.
- Keep weapons like guns and knives locked away and as inaccessible as possible.
- Make a habit of backing the car into the driveway and keeping it fueled. Keep the driver’s door unlocked and others locked — for a quick escape.
- Try not to wear scarves or long jewelry that could be used to strangle you.
Sources:
XXXII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/help/path-to-safety/

25. Domestic Abuse:
Getting Help- Safety Planning/Staying with the Abuser
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), victims can take the following actions to help stay safe while
continuing to live with an abuser (NCADV, n.d.):XXXIII
- Identify your partner’s use and level of force so that you can assess the risk of physical danger to you and your children before it occurs.
- Don’t run to where the children are, as your partner may hurt them as well.
- If violence is unavoidable, make yourself a small target. Dive into a corner and curl up into a ball with your face protected and arms around each side of your
head, fingers entwined.
- If possible, have a phone accessible at all times and know what numbers to call for help.
- Know where the nearest public phone is located. Know the phone number to your local shelter.
- If your life (or children's life) is in danger, call the police.
- Let trusted friends and neighbors know of your situation and develop a plan and visual signal for when you need help.
- Teach your children how to get help. Instruct them not to get involved in the violence between you and your partner. Plan a code word to signal to them that
they should get help or leave the house.
- Practice how to get out safely. Practice with your children.
- Plan for what you will do if your children tells your partner of your plan or if your partner otherwise finds out about your plan.
- Keep weapons like guns and knives locked away and as inaccessible as possible.
- Make a habit of backing the car into the driveway and keeping it fueled. Keep the driver’s door unlocked and others locked — for a quick escape.
- Try not to wear scarves or long jewelry that could be used to strangle you.
Sources:
XXXIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/help/path-to-safety/

26. Domestic Abuse:
Getting Help- Safety Planning/ Leaving a Relationship
• According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), victims can take the following actions to help stay
when leaving an abusive relationship (NCADV, n.d.): XXXIV
- Keep any evidence of physical abuse, such as pictures of injuries.
- Keep a journal of all violent incidences, noting dates, events and threats made, if possible.
- Know where you can go to get help. Tell someone what is happening to you.
- If you are injured, go to a doctor or an emergency room and report what happened to you. Ask that they document your visit.
- Plan with your children and identify a safe place for them, like a room with a lock or a friend’s house where they can go for help.
Reassure them that their job is to stay safe, not to protect you.
- Contact your local shelter and find out about laws and other resources available to you before you have to use them during a crisis.
- Try to set money aside or ask friends or family members to hold money for you.
Sources:
XXXIV NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/help/path-to-safety/

27. Domestic Abuse:
Getting Help- Safety Planning
• According to the U.S. Department of Justice, victims can take the following steps in safety planning (United States Department of
Justice, 1996): XXXV
- Take children and pets with you when getting help.
- Develop an individualized safety plan.
- File for a restraining order with your local police department.
- Contact local domestic violence shelters for immediate assistance.
- Inform family and friends of the situation.
- Change your phone number.
- Have emergency numbers on speed dial.
- Avoid using debit/credit cards (location can be tracked).
- Utilize both national and local domestic violence resources.
- Utilize legal options to file charges against abusive partner.
- Open your own bank account.
- Pack a survival kit.
Sources:
XXXV United States. Department of Justice., . (1996). Domestic violence awareness: stop the cycle of violence : what you can do.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice.

28. Domestic Abuse:
Rehabilitation
• Everyone heals in their own way; time varies for each victim. Many victims find the items
listed below helpful in their rehabilitation:
- Support System
- Family
- Friends
- Support Groups
- Psychological Counseling
- Time (change doesn’t happen over night)
- Safety Plan
- List of resources
- Reassurance of safety

29. Domestic Abuse:
Prevention
• Watch for the warning signs of abuse
• Report suspected abuse
• Known the resources available for victims
• Take a stand against domestic violence
• Spread knowledge about domestic abuse

30. Domestic Abuse:
Resources
• The National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-SAFE (7233)
- http://www.thehotline.org/help/
• National Dating Abuse Helpline: 1-866-331-9474
- www.loveisrespect.org
• Americans Overseas Domestic Violence Crisis Center: 1-866-USWOMEN (879-6636)
- www.866uswomen.org
• National Child Abuse Hotline/Childhelp : 1-800-4-A-CHILD (1-800-422-4453)
- www.childhelp.org
• National Sexual Assault Hotline: 1-800-656-4673 (HOPE)
- www.rainn.org
• Military Personnel- The Family Advocacy Program: 1-800-342-9647
- http://www.militaryonesource.mil/-/the-family-advocacy-program
• National Resource Center on Domestic Violence: 1-800-537-2238
- www.nrcdv.org
• Futures Without Violence: The National Health Resource Center on Domestic Violence:
1-888-792-2873
- www.futureswithoutviolence.org
• National Center on Domestic Violence, Trauma & Mental Health: 1-312-726-7020 ext.
2011
- www.nationalcenterdvtraumamh.org
• Domestic Violence Initiative: (303) 839-5510/ (877) 839-5510
- www.dviforwomen.org
• Animal Welfare Institute (help for domestic violence victims with pets): See website for
state specific phone numbers
- https://awionline.org/safe-havens

31. Domestic Abuse:
References
Sources:
I Thawley, J. (2015). Definition - Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://domesticviolence.org/definition/
II Domestic Violence-Who Is at Risk. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/tc/domestic-violence-what-increases-your-risk
III Thawley, J. (2015). Definition - Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://domesticviolence.org/definition/
IV Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref
V Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref
VI Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref
VI Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref
VII Abuse Defined - The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/
VIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
IX National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf
VII Abuse Defined - The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/
VIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
IX National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf
VII Abuse Defined - The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/
VIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
IX National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf
X Types of Abuse | Women Against Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.womenagainstabuse.org/education-resources/learn-about-abuse/types-of-domestic-violence
XI Signs and Symptoms - Screening - Child Abuse - Stanford University School of Medicine. (2017). Retrieved from http://childabuse.stanford.edu/screening/signs.html
XII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XIIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XV NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XVI Tracy, N. (2017). Emotional Abuse: Definitions, Signs, Symptoms, Examples - Emotional-Psychological Abuse - Abuse | HealthyPlace. Retrieved from https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/#ref
XVII Financial Abuse | WomensLaw.org. (2017, June 19). Retrieved from https://www.womenslaw.org/about-abuse/forms-abuse/financial-abuse
XVIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XIX NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XX Financial Abuse | WomensLaw.org. (2017, June 19). Retrieved from https://www.womenslaw.org/about-abuse/forms-abuse/financial-abuse
XXI Financial Abuse | WomensLaw.org. (2017, June 19). Retrieved from https://www.womenslaw.org/about-abuse/forms-abuse/financial-abuse
XXII Types of Abuse | Women Against Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.womenagainstabuse.org/education-resources/learn-about-abuse/types-of-domestic-violence
XXIII Abuse Defined - The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/
XXIIII Warning Signs for College-Age Adults | RAINN. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.rainn.org/articles/warning-signs-college-age-adults
XXV What is Child Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse/
XXVI NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncadv.org/statistics
XXVII10 Startling Statistics about Children of Domestic Violence - CDV. (2014, February 21). Retrieved from https://cdv.org/2014/02/10-startling-domestic-violence-statistics-for-children/
XXVIII Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & In Smith, C. (2017). Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families.
XXIX Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence, . (1983). A Handbook for domestic violence victims. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence.
XXX Signs and Symptoms - Screening - Child Abuse - Stanford University School of Medicine. (2017). Retrieved from http://childabuse.stanford.edu/screening/signs.html
XXXI Futures Without Violence. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/userfiles/Military%20Factsheet%20update%2003%2003%2013
XXXII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/help/path-to-safety/
XXXIII NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/help/path-to-safety/
XXXIV NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thehotline.org/help/path-to-safety/
XXXV United States. Department of Justice., . (1996). Domestic violence awareness: stop the cycle of violence : what you can do.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice.