The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Metal Patio Furniture...

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Metal Patio Furniture...
Metal Garden Furniture Benefits
There are many advantages of Metal garden furniture. Some of them incorporate – attractive design, which will be as per your requirement whether you
demand it to look classic or trendy, contemporary or functional. Every type of design is available in this category.
Metal patio furniture should necessarily be cost–effective, and durability must be its salient feature. It should give you a sense of comfort and
satisfaction while using or sitting on it. And it must feel pleasurable to look at it.
In the span of 10 or so years at the Outside Edge we all have witnessed a remarkable change in the Metal Patio Furniture sector. In the last decade, some
correspondents were unaware of the benefits of Aluminium Metal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.There are few questions that you must look into like, what is the size of the chair? How much big it is? Does it weigh too much? Is the chair
knocking down? Can the chair stack? Is it all made up of aluminium?
2.While looking at an aluminium table there are many ways in which a manufacturer can skimp on material content, in other words, the less aluminium
used less expensive will the product be. Some more questions that you can look into, what are the dimensions of the tabletop? How much think is the
tabletop? Is it thinly made to save money? Are the legs of the table spindly? Do the legs made with the help of tubing? Are they made up of solid cast
aluminium?
3.How are the cushions made? Are they just pinched cushions i.e. one line of stitching all around? This proves to be the cheapest way to make a
cushion; we supply cushions that are piped as well as boxed, which are then filled with high–density foam to keep the cushion in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Literature Review On Coagulation
Literature Review
Introduction
Coagulation and flocculation processes are essential in a number of diverse disciplines including biochemistry, rubber manufacturing and in water and
wastewater treatment (Bratby, 2006). These processes are typically used in destabilizing, agglomerating and subsequent removal of particles.
Coagulation is a physico–chemical process which neutralizes the colloidal particles in water by a chemical called coagulant. The neutralization forces
the colloidal particles to join together to form small aggregates called flocs which are easily filtered from the water.
The widely used coagulants in water treatment are metal salts including aluminium sulphate , aluminium chloride , polyaluminium chloride , ferric
sulphate and ferric chloride (Saunders and Saunders, 1991). The primary mechanisms by which coagulant can remove both organic and inorganic
contaminants from water include colloid destabilization, precipitation and co–precipitation (Langelier and Ludwig, 1949; Randtke, 1988; Saunders and
Saunders, 1991). Mer and Healy(1963) deplored the indiscriminate use of the terms coagulation and flocculation which is found to represent
synonymous concepts. It was proposed that the term coagulation be based on colloidal destabilization where colloidal particles ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The recycle sludge process has advantages over the conventional process because it produces a much denser sludge due to the "seeding" effect of
the precipitates in the recycled sludge (Streeter et al., 1971). Seeding is commonly used in the metallurgical fields to allow precipitation products to
grow and become larger in size. The nature of the precipitate formed in the presence of the seed crystals is known to be influenced to a large extent by
the seed crystal size, seed crystal amounts and agitation rate (Streeter et al.,

Essay On Interdigitated Electrode
field between individual digits of electrodes. Using these simulations, it was observed that gold nanoparticles bound closely to IDEs can lower the
electric field magnitude between the digits of the electrode. The simulations are also shown to be a useful design tool in optimizing sensor function.
Various different conditions, such as electrode dimensions and background ion concentrations, are shown to have a significant impact on the
simulations.]. From being a simple interface, the properties of the electrodes used in electrical and electrochemical biosensors can have a remarkable
impact on the function and effectiveness of the resulting biosensor system. The use of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) in biosensor systems is one
prominent... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They involve interdigitated fingers (IDT) to increase the edge coupling length. Also called as comb–drive device. This study involve fabrication of
aluminium IDE because of it cost low and common electrode in biosensor technology. The design of IDEs consist of twin electrode which are
arranged in a comb like finger structure between twin electrodes to form gap distance between electrodes as shown in figure 2. Technically, the IDEs
structure is easy to fabricate, simple operation, ultra–sensitive and low cost is main point to develop of sensor for clinical application. In other word,
IDEs sensor is expected to provide are better performance and ultrahigh sensitive and selective of biosensor detection in smaller gap sizes3.Literature
review In multiple applications the interdigitated electrodes thin film are a useful tool for enhancing the analytical parameters and taking advantages of
their inherent properties such as low cost & disposables, reusable, high fabrication resolution, high sensitivity, low reagent consumption as well as
non–tedious pre–cleaning procedures Figure 3 shows the design structure of an IDE. There are two sets of electrodes are placed in the same plane to
the substrate. Generally, it is referred to comb–drive device because it is shaped like tooth of combs. Figure 3: Geometric parameters of IDE
structureIn this work, a sensor to evaluate sterilization processes with hydrogen peroxide vapor has been characterized. Experimental, analytical and

Crown, Cork and Seal Case 1989
Crown, Cork and Seal Case 1989
Five Forces Analysis
Using Porter's 5 Forces Analysis argue that given likely evolution and status of the metal industry in 1989, it is profitable to acquire all or part of
Continental Can:
Internal Rivalry
Strong force
5 major competitors holding 61% (American National Can, Continental can, Reynolds Metal, Crown Cork and Seal, Ball Corporation)
Heavily compete on basis of price
Companies offering volume discounts
Industry operating margins falling – fell by 7% in 3 years to 4% in 1989. Industry profitability is therefore decreasing which increases competitor rivalry
Over capacity and shrinking customer base (i.e. customers choosing glass or plastic)
Price wars – "can manufacturers aggressively ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1989, due to production of cans by "captive" plants, 25% of all can output was produced by captive plants. By 1980 brewers had capability to
supply 55% of their can needs. It is easier for brewers to do this because they make high–volume single–label products. While at the same time soft
drink industry could not easily do this because they focused on low–volume multiple–label products.
Supplier Power
Strong force
3 largest aluminium producers supplied metal can industry (Alcoa, Alcan, Reynolds Metal)Since aluminum was invented in 58, steel has continuously
declined due to economical reasons and consumer preference. Due to the threat of steel, firms like Alcoa limited aluminum prices which kept suppliers
from holding much bargaining power.
So few big suppliers
Threat to forward integrate– Reynolds Metal – supplier of aluminium entering the mkt to can makers and is also a threat.
These aluminum producers control huge aluminum resource so that the can manufacturer cannot put threat of backward integration. In contract, the
aluminum producers are able to put threats of forward integration, just as Reynolds Metal integrated into aluminum cans.

"Moves by both suppliers and customers of can makes to integrate into can manufacturing themselves"
While it is inexpensive for companies to switch from aluminum to steel (because steel is actually cheaper option by $500 mil per year

Molecular And Cellular Mechanisms Of Toxicity And Cancer
University of Birmingham Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Toxicity and Cancer
Ana Luisa Perini Leme Giordano
Mechanisms of neurotoxicity of Aluminum
Birmingham
6 November 2014.
The chemical compounds of Aluminum usually appear in the trivalent state of the molecule (Al3+) (House et al. 2010). The human exposition to
Aluminum occurs mainly through alimentation, inhalation; it can also occur through drinking water, cosmetics and medicaments. (Greger et al.,1992).
The occupational exposures to this metal occurs in mining and processing, also in the fabrication of Al products. (JL, Lin et al., 1997). A big number of
epidemiologic studies relates the content of Aluminum in the drinking water with the increasing of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason for the high concentration of Aluminum in the patient's body can be the ingestion of aluminum hydroxide that is found in the medicine of
the dialysis treatment. (Alfrey, 1796). Also, Aluminum is difficult to be dialyzable in the blood, because it is strongly bounded with proteins, and this
makes it difficult to the membrane of the dialysis machine to remove the Aluminum of the patient's body (Drueke T. 1980).
The Aluminum also interferes in the Na+/K+ATPase, a protein that appears in high quantity in the neurons and in the glial cells. The main function of
this protein in the brain is related with the fluidity of the membranes and the regulation of the excitability of the neurons and the maintainence of
eletrochemicals gradient. (Roesky et al., 2002). The Aluminum inhibits the activity of the Na+K+ATPase, which is a target of the oxidative stress of the
neuron, and this oxidative stress is a consequence of Alzheimer's. (Roesky, 2002).
The Aluminum is related to Alzheimer. Elevated levels of Aluminum in the brain can be a consequence of the Alzheimer disease. When you have the
Alzheimer disease, the hematoencephalic barrier's efficacy is reduced, and Aluminum gets in the brain easily (McLachlan).
High level of Aluminum in the brain causes the formation of neurofibrilar tangles (the main characteristics of the

The Two Methods Of Surface Mining And Underground Mining
Introduction
Mining is what people use to extract minerals and ores, there are two methods that you can use that is surface mining and underground mining.
What is underground mining/surface mining?
Underground mining is what people use to extract hard minerals from underground some of those are Gold, Copper, Iron, Metal and Zinc, and many
more minerals found underground. The two methods used for underground mining is cut and fill and room and pillar. Cut and fill is when the material
extracted from underground is then used to fill another space. Room and pillar is when the ore is extracted in a horizontal line. There are two phases
to extracting a mineral using the room and pillar method. Surface mining is when you find minerals either above the surface or on the surface in soil
etc. The two most popular ways to do surface mining is open–pit mining and strip–mining. Open–pit mining is when you extract rocks from the earth's
surface in open pits, the minerals found using open–pit mining are Ores, copper and aluminium. Strip mining is when you get rid of soil and rocks
above a layer of coal normally and you then extract the mineral, coal is the only mineral normally extracted using the strip mining method. Mining can
be very dangerous and have been many accidents in the past, if you are mining you are told to wear a helmet, gloves, protective shoes, padding and
eye protection.
http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/cut–and–fill.html

Aluminum Contamination Due to Firework Industry
Soil sample analysis
The amount of aluminium present in the explosive (firework industry) contaminated soil sample was estimated as 3.649 mg/L using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer.
Aluminium resistance and species identification
The strain isolated from the firework industry was able to survive metal concentration as high as 100 mg/L aluminium in LB agar. Based on the 16S
rRNA gene sequencing, it was identified as Bacillus safensis and submitted in Genbank database with accession number KC569464 (Fig. 1). Batch
biosorption studies
Effect of pH
The pH of the media is considered to be one of the most important environmental factors affecting the biosorption process. Moreover, it affects the
solubility of metals and ionization state of functional groups which includes carboxyl, phosphate and amino groups of cell wall (Wang and Sun 2013).
The effect of pH on the biosorption of aluminium is presented in Fig. 2a. Results show that the amount of aluminium ion uptake increased (10 – 92 mg
/L) by rise in pH values (2.0 – 6.0) and the maximum removal efficiency was observed at pH 6. At low pH (less than 4.0) heavy metal removal was
inhibited, as a result of positive charge density on metal binding due to a high concentration of protons in solution. With an increase in pH, the
negative charge density on the cell surface increases due to deprotonation of the metal binding sites and thus increases biosorption (Say et al. 2001). At
alkaline pH, more Al appears in a

Material Use Of The Automotive Business
Literature review Materials use in automotive
The automotive business uses an incredible range of materials to make cars, together with iron, aluminium, plastic steel, glass, rubber, rock oil product,
copper, steel et al. These components square measure wont to produce everything from those little things we do not rely on, like dashboard needles and
wiring, to the large stuff, like the cylinder block or the transmission gears. But besides this most common metals uses in automobile are steel and
aluminium. These materials have evolved greatly over the decades, changing into a lot of refined, higher engineered, and safer. They 've modified as
new automotive producing technologies have emerged over the years, and they are employed in more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Steel 's strength compared to pure iron is barely doable at the expense of plasticity; of that iron has associate degree excess.
Basic oxygen steel making system
Accounting for the world 's total output of crude steel, the essential chemical element Steelmaking (BOS) method is that the dominant steelmaking
technology. In the U.S., that figure is fifty four and slowly declining due primarily to the appearance of the "Greenfield" spark chamber (EAF)
flat–rolled mills. However, elsewhere its use is growing. The Basic chemical element Steelmaking method differs from the EAF therein it 's
self–generated, or self–sufficing in energy. the first raw materials for the BOP square measure 70–80% liquid hot metal from the furnace and also the
balance is steel scrap. These square measure charged into the essential chemical element chamber (BOF) vessel. chemical element is "blown" into the
BOF at supersonic velocities. It oxidizes the carbon and Si contained within the hot metal liberating nice quantities of warmth that melts the scrap.
There square measure lesser energy contributions from the oxidization of iron, manganese, and phosphorus. The post combustion of CO because it
exits the vessel conjointly transmits heat back to the bathtub. The product of the Bos is liquid steel with a nominative chemical analysis at
2900В°F–3000В°F. From here it 's going to bear any refinement in an exceedingly secondary refinement method or be sent on to

Copper Preparation Lab Report
4. Describe the procedure for extracting copper from one of its ores. Include relevant chemical reactions, equations and energy considerations involved.
Extraction of copper from chalcopyrite (CuFe2) occurs using processes such as: mining & crushing, froth flotation, roasting & smelting and electrolytic
refining.
Mining the ore
Copper ore contains approximately 0.5% copper and 99.5% unwanted rock. To help separate the mineral copper from the gangue (sand, rock and other
impurities), the ore is crushed and ground to a fine powder form ball mills (0.3mm particle size). Concentrating the ore (froth floatation)
This is the step in which there is the separation of the mineral is and the gangue. Milled ore is then mixed with collectors i.e. water, detergent, and
oils. This is then fed into banks of floatation cells or tanks. Here air is blown into the mixture forming bubbles. Copper particles will adhere to the
bubbles which rise to the surface. This froth is then removed and put through another series of test where the water and other unwanted chemicals are
removed. This then leaves the concentrated metal which is now referred to as the metal concentrate. The ore contains approximately 30% copper after
this process. Gangue is removed from the bottom of the tank ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is then placed in a furnace that is heated to temperatures up to 1000В°C. Combustion of the coal releases heat, the sand and lime act as a fluxing
agent, which removes the impurities of the iron, for example Iron (II) silicate. These impurities then float to the top where they are removed and
discarded. Copper matte is then formed, a mixture of Copper (I) oxide and copper (I) sulphide which contains about 50–70% copper. The copper matte
is then mixed with additional sand and smelted again to produce molten copper metal, about 98% pure. Air is blown through molten copper at
1400В°C, converting sulphides to sulphur

The Sustainability Of Magnesium Alloys On Automotive
Consulting Report
The Sustainability of Magnesium Alloys On Automotive
Name
Table of content
Introduction
Aluminum
Introduction
The objective of this report is to investigate the sustainability and challenges of magnesium production and offer suitable suggestions for its further
development.
In order to draw a clear conclusion, advantages and problems of applying Magnesium will be analyzed thoroughly and supported by specific examples.
In the meanwhile, discussion of metal Aluminium will be included as the properties of Aluminium and Magnesium are similar. By comparison,
information can be understood more easily.
Therefore, the report will be divided into two parts, first of which will display the information of Aluminium, including its application, advantages and
disadvantages. The second parts will focus on Magnesium production, looking into its application, challenges and possible solution.
Aluminum
Application
Recently, Aluminum becomes trendy in automotive field due to its superior properties (i.e. lightweight and recyclable). [1]One of supporting examples

is the large amount use of Aluminum alloys in the manufacturing of the Ford F–150 pickup trucks. As the latest version of the most profitable series
(F–series) of Ford, it undergoes a new revolution, which is replacing steel with Aluminum for body panel and the

Copper : The Most Valuable Metal Valued More Than Gold
Aluminium is one of the newest metals to be found only discovered in the 19th century with developments in chemistry and electricity. The late
discovery compared to other commonly used metals is due to the fact aluminium does not occur naturally in its purest form. Because of this aluminium
was very rare making it a precious metal valued more than gold. Nowadays aluminium is the most abundant metal elements on earth consisting of 8%
of the earth's crust. About 41 million tons is smelted each year and therefore is used in a wide range of applications. From auto bodies to food and
beverage storage eg: soda cans as well as electrical cables to aircraft skins, aluminium is a very big part of our everyday lives.
The Extraction of Aluminum
Because aluminium doesn't occur in its purest form the production of it relies on the aluminium oxide (referred to as alumina) from the raw material
bauxite. Bauxite is a clay like soil which is regularly found near the earth 's surface, normally bauxite contains about 30–60% aluminium oxide (see
picture to left). Producing aluminium consists of two parts, the extraction of alumina from the bauxite and the smelting of alumina to form aluminium.
Once the bauxite is extracted from the earth's crust it is transported to plants where it goes through a separation process, usually a process called the
Bayer Process (Hall–"Heroult method). This involves crushing the bauxite using grinders to form a powder before mixing it with water to form a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Semisolid Processing
2.1THE BEGINNING OF SEMISOLID PROCESSING
Semisolid processing originates with the research at MIT on the viscosity behavior of tin/lead alloys during solidification, published by
Spencer,Mehrabian, and Flemings in 1972.The original purpose was to examine the shear stress of semisolid structures with a view to shedding light
on hot tearing mechanisms in solidifying alloys, but it was discovered that the process of shearing clearly altered the microstructure, changing the
dendritic morphology of the solid into more spherical form that brought about a dramatic fall in shear stress and viscosity. This is of course the
phenomenon of "Thixotropy," well known to ceramicists and polymer scientists, but until then not observed in metallic systems. This discovery at MIT
initiated an in–depth study of thixotropy in alloys, and the awareness that stirred semisolid alloys could be injected as in die casting into molds with
certain advantages: The controlled higher viscosity flow meant that less air ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Semi–solid metal processing enables us to manufacture complicated shape components with near–net wall, good mechanical properties and high
dimension tolerance accuracy [34]. SSP has some advantages in comparison with conventional casting, such as decreasing the macrosegregation and
solidification shrinkage and reducing forming temperature [35]. Because of the absence of the dendritic solid phase in the semi–solid state, the alloy is
easily shaped. The nondendritic microstructure contains solid phase globules suspended in the liquid phase [33, 36].
The main advantages and disadvantages of SSM, relative to die casting, have been summarized by Atkinson [37] to be as follows:
Advantages of SSM:
пѓ Energy efficiency: metal is not being held in the liquid state over long periods of

Assay Of Nano Aluminium Oxide Essay
Entomotoxic assay of nano–aluminum oxide and nano–zinc oxide against Sitophilus oryzae as a promising insecticide
By
El–Bendary,* H. M.; Abdel–Wahab, A. S.; El–Helaly, A. A.
* Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ABSTRACT
Rice is one of the most important food crops for more than half of the world 's population, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) is a major pest of stored rice in Egypt. The use of nanoparticles as pesticide could be promising alternative strategy to affect pests which
have become resistant to pesticides. Two nano materials nano aluminum oxide and nanozinc oxide were tested against rice weevil under laboratory and
store conditions. Nano aluminum oxide was found to be highly effective against S. oryzae, while nano zinc oxide has lowered effectiveness against the
weevil.
Results showed that mortality percentage of S. oryzae were 65.34 В± 8.9 and
58.58 В± 8.3 after treatment with 0.5 gm / kg, 100.00В± 9.6 and 81.81 В± 4.2 with
1 gm / kg. The mortality scored with 2 gm / kg 100.0 В± 0.0 and 80.80 В± 2.3 after 14 days of treatment with nano aluminum oxide and nano zinc
oxide, respectively as compared to 0.0 В± 0.0 in the control and 59.4 В± 3.2 with
Malathion at LC50 value. Newly emerged adults were checked 20,

Thermal Barrier Coatings For Gas Turbine Engines
2.1 Thermal Barrier Coatings
Thermal–barrier coatings (TBCs) are protective coatings applied to the surfaces of metallic parts in the hottest part of gas–turbine engines (Fig. 1.1).
They enable the engines to operate at higher temperatures without raising the base metal temperature using cooling systems inside the hot sections
components and thus, enhance the operating efficiency of the engines (2). Some ceramic materials, such as alumina, zirconia, etc., are usually chosen as
coating materials because they are thermally refractory and chemically inactive and especially well–suited for being used as high temperature
protection barriers (3). Hence, TBCs with low thermal conductivity, phase stability, and high resistance to sintering have ever increasing demands (4).
Generally, TBCs consists of three major layers): (i) a ceramic top coat deposited on the bond coat, (ii) a metallic bond coat deposited on the super
alloy, and (iii) a thermally grown oxide (TGO) that forms between the bond coat and top coat as the coating is exposed to elevated temperatures. (Fig.
1.2) illustrates this multilayer structure in a typical TBC system.
Fig. 1.1. Structure scheme of a turbine engine F100–232 [1]
Fig. 1.2. Schematics of TBC four–layer structure [5]
2.1.1 The ceramic top coat
The majority of TBCs in use today are ZrO2–based having a composition containing в€
ј8 wt% Y2O3 (8YSZ). Originally, this ceramic was selected
empirically based on its low thermal conductivity (~1 W/mK), high

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Metal Matrix Composites
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) has better properties than unreinforced alloys. Among many inexpensive MMCs, Al–B4C can be obtained as a
byproduct from solid wastes(Coal Combustion in Thermal Power Plants. When the MMCs are heated to 1500 to 3000c, it shows better strength than
composites. In general B4C has high melting point, which in turn reduces the heating time. It also has very good chemical and thermal stability. As Al
& B4C gets mixed up to form into MMCs, their properties seem to have been increased and found improvised. Keywords–AL–B4C, AL 6063, B4C,
MMC, Improved Properties INTRODUCTION Today's demand for new and properties improved materials are in high. In order to fulfill all those
needs people has to go for the Composites. Metal Matrix Composites is the latest trending technology when it comes to the composite materials that
posses various improvised properties that suits many property needs. It is also... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
COMPOSITE AND CONCEPT If a material is formed by the combination of more than two elements or constitutes then it is known as composites. The
combination takes place at the macroscopic level.The element which is used as a main constituent is called Reinforcing Phase and the other element
which is embedded onto the constitute is called the matrix. The characteristics of composites is the Specific strength (the strength to weight ratio)
Specific stiffness or specific modulus (the stiffness–to–weight ratio) Tailored material (since composites are composed of 2 or more phases. They can
be formulated to meet the needs of a specific application with considerable required case. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES In general
composites are classified into two. They are based on, Matrix material Reinforcing Material Structure Based on Matrix material Metal Matrix
Composites (MMC) Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) Polymer Matrix Composites

4.3 Current Performance. 4.3.1 External And Internal...
4.3 Current Performance
4.3.1 External and internal environment
According to Santos (1990), times are uncertain for business around the world. If strategic thinking has been important, several factors are those that
make it imperative for any business. The increase in customer demand and its lack of loyalty as well as the economic slowdown is just a few
examples. Therefore, it is essential to play close attention to the analysis of the company in its surroundings.
Mozal performance through external, internal environment criteria evaluate the company strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat criteria and
competitive environment through competitive forces.
Figure: SWOT Figure: SWOT
Pressure internal issues when Mozal start its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Opportunity)
Nevertheless, Mozal since 2014, have been contributed to the local downstream industry by supplying aluminium ingots that manufactures a variety of
value added aluminium – based products and material for local consumption and export. (Opportunity) (Mozal Aluminum: An economic beacon)
The main concern with the shortage of employees due to the region's economic and social characteristics in the area of production line, since its level
of education is very low. The risk of exploitation and the high cost of inputs greatly increase the liability of the partners. (Threats)
"In line with the principles of sustainability, the trust focuses on assisting the community to generate income on a continuous basis and improve living
conditions. Therefore, it's to provide access to health care, water, sanitation and education in an effort to alleviate poverty levels" states the South32
website.
4.3.2. Competition
Evaluating the attractiveness of Mozambique Market by assessing the nature of Mozal company competition environment is the framework governing
the competitiveness of an industry proposed by Michael porter.
Firms' performance depends on the degree of competitiveness of the five forces within industry.
Nevertheless, the five forces are the framework which forms the back –bone of the industry – based.

Thereby, as stronger and competitive are the five forces, less likely the focal firms will be able to earn above

Selecting a Microorganism Able to Bioabsorb Aluminum from...
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust which occupies 8.8% of its weight and it is most commonly used in water supplies,
medicines (Yavuz et al. 2004), explosives, construction of siding, aircrafts and motor vehicles and in food industry as cans, packaging materials,
kitchen utensils and vessels (Tuzen and Soylak 2008). Consequently, the environmental exposure of aluminum to human and other animals is obviously
possible. This metal ion causes Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease (Sun and Wu 2010), encephalopathy/dialysis dementia, osteomalacia (Jalbani
et al. 2007; Shokrollahi et al. 2008) and also several clinical diseases particularly in patients with chronic renal failure (Sombra et al. 2003). The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the secondary permissible standard foraluminium in drinking water as 0.05 – 0.2 mg/L (Wilkes
University 2007). Therefore it is necessary to remove aluminium from its source, before it enters into the environment. Physico–chemical methods such
as chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation or reduction, filtration, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis, membrane technology
and evaporation recovery have been widely used to remove heavy metal ions. These technologies usually produce wastes with high concentrations of
metals which are a significant source of environmental pollution. Furthermore, the above methods may be ineffective or expensive, especially when the
heavy metal concentrations

Alzheimer 's Disease : A Normal Part Of Aging And That It...
Outline
Introduction
a.
i.There are people around the world that still believe that Alzheimer's is a normal part of aging and that it isn't fatal. ii.Research shows that
Alzheimer's disease causes changes in the brain for decades prior to the first symptoms become visible, so even people who seem free of the disease
today might be at risk. iii. Alzheimer 's disease has no survivors. It 's a disease that destroys your brain cells and causes it to malfunction, change
memory, which results in unpredictable behaviors and loss of body functions. It gradually and agonizingly takes away a person 's characteristics,
ability to bond with others, reflect, eat, speak, walk or even know which roads to take to return to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We need to as a society to have the desire to learn more about the process of aging and the effects that different factors can have on it. One such factor
is perhaps aluminum. ii.I choose this topic because Alzheimer is a disease, which affects the brain. It mainly occurs in seniors. There is no existing
cure for Alzheimer 's, but treatments for symptoms are presented and research continues. However, recent Alzheimer 's treatments cannot discontinue
Alzheimer's from succeeding, but they can for the time being slow the deterioration of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life for those with
Alzheimer 's.
c. i.Most individuals with the disease are age 65 or older. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer's doubles about every five years after age 65. After
age 85, the risk reaches nearly 50 percent. One of the greatest mysteries of Alzheimer 's disease is why risk rises as dramatically as we grow older. ii.
Alzheimer is a disease, which affects the brain. It primarily occurs in old age, and since Aluminum concentrations are higher in the gray matter of brain
regions that become damaged in humans of those infected therefore the question is whether or not Aluminum is the plausible effect of the disease? iii.
Aluminum is one of the most abundant elements found in the environment. [4] Therefore, human exposure to this metal is

Aluminium Introduction:
Aluminium
Introduction:
The element Aluminium has a symbol of Al and has an atomic number of 13. It is a very light, soft and useful metal used for many things such as
cans, foil and kitchen utensils. It is a ductile metal, a good conductor of heat and electricity, does not corrode and is a solid at room temperature. It
was discovered in 1825 by Hans Christian Oersted in Denmark. Aluminium is one of the most used metals in the world as well as one of the most
commonly found metals in the Earth's crust. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aluminium's chemical properties include a thin coating of oxide that helps prevent the air attacking the aluminium. If this oxide layer was to be
damaged, the oxygen in the air would burn the aluminium causing a white flame to appear. If aluminium was to be mixed with the elements:
magnesium (Mg), Silicon (Si) or Copper (Cu) it would form a very strong alloy. These alloys can be used for automobiles and aircraft such as
helicopters and aeroplanes due to their high strength. This is a picture of aluminium at its melting point. http://bit.ly/1fv8kMH Why is Aluminium
important to us and what are the uses?
Aluminium is important to us for many reasons; it plays a part of our everyday lives. It helps us get to places every day. It is used for automobiles
such as cars, aero planes, helicopters, trains, buses, boats, etc. They use aluminium as it is a light but strong metal. The lighter the metal, the more
energy you will save and the faster you will

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Aluminium
Aluminium, 13th element in periodic table is a silvery–white metal. Aluminium is one of the most widespread metal in the earth's crust, constituting
more than 8% of earth's core mass. Aluminum is one of the world's most abundant metals and after oxygen and silicon, aluminium is the third most
common element present on earth.
Aluminium alloys which are widely used across the globe can be produced in two different ways: –
1.Primary alloys are produced from pure molten aluminium which are melted along with addition elements to achieve desired properties.
2.Secondary alloys are produced from aluminium material scraps. These scraps are low cost in nature. These scraps are re–melted and are
re–classifying after adjustment for main elements to achieve desired properties. These type of alloys generally have high level of impurities.
Figure–1 schematically shows how primary aluminium from bauxite gets converted into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various related outreach activities & research programs have several times communicated benefits of using aluminum in transportation industry
–Electrical: Due to its significant weight and cost advantages over copper, aluminum is now considered as the preferred material for electricity
distribution and transmission.
–Electronics & Appliances: Due to versatile nature of aluminium, usage of aluminium has been increased multi–folds. From Presto Cooker (West
Bend's 1970) to latest electronic gadget (i–phone 6s), all share a single, common characteristic, i.e. usage of aluminium in it.
–Other Markets: With the advancement of technology, presently aluminium usage is also getting extended to solar panel nanotechnology,
aluminum–air batteries and transparent aluminum

The Search for an Alternative to Aluminium Based Vaccines
Reported incidences of toxicity due to aluminium based vaccines have always been a concern (Clements, 1996; Clements and Griffiths, 2002;
Edleman, 1997). Therefore, there has always been a constant effort to search for alternative adjuvants. Polymeric micro and nanoparticles can act as a
delivery vehicle and along with their adjuvanting capabilities may enhance the efficacy of the vaccine (Gregory et al., 2013; Koping–Hoggard et al.,
2005; Panyam and Labhasetwar, 2003). Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have been studied as potential adjuvants by many researchers but no
considerable success has been achieved in this direction. Moreover, in none of these studies, immunised test animals were exposed to the actual disease
causing agent and efficacy of the formulations was demonstrated only by the presence of anti–tetanus antibodies by ELISA (Johansen et al., 2000;
Katare and Panda, 2006; Raghuvanshi et al., 2001). Absolute estimation of vaccine efficacy should also be made by exposing the vaccinated individual
to the actual disease causing agent. Furthremore, for a vaccine to be used in pre–clinical or clinical studies, potency testing of vaccine should be
undertaken as per WHO and/or pharmocopoeial guidelines for ensuring its efficacy and acceptability (European Pharmacopoeia, 2008; Indian
Pharmacopoeia, 2010; World Health Organisation, 1990). In our study, the efficacy of the test formulations was evaluated by ELISA as well as
challenge method and synergistic effect of

1.An alloy is a homogenous mixture of a metal with one or...
1.An alloy is a homogenous mixture of a metal with one or more other elements which are usually other metals.
The purpose of making alloys is to alter or enhance a metal's chemical and physical properties in order to use the alloy for a specific function. For
example, alloys can be made to enhance the hardness, magnetism, tensile strength and corrosion resistance of a metal. The harder alloy can replace the
use of another metal that does not have the required and ideal characteristics for a particular function.
2.
Alloy of Iron: Mild SteelAlloy of Copper: Cupro–nickel
CompositionMainly of iron with < 0.2% carbon.70% copper and 30% nickel
UseTo make car bodiesSeawater Pipe work
Why alloying the metal makes it more suitable for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As they are unreactive and do not readily combine with other elements, they are the easiest to extract and the earliest to be discovered and therefore
were used long before any other metals.
5.In order to extract most metals from its mineral, a chemical reaction is required. Every chemical reaction involves either the release or absorption of
heat, and thus it can be concluded that heat or other forms of energy are needed to break the chemical bonds in the compound (mineral) to extract a
metal.
Energy input is essential to extract a metal from the mineral as many minerals contain metal oxides, which are more stable than metals. Thus, a
considerable amount of energy is required to break the metal–oxygen ionic bond in the metal oxide in order to get the metal in its elemental form.
In addition, energy is not only used in the extraction reaction – it is only a part of the total energy input. Energy is also used to mine the mineral, purify
or concentrate the mineral and maintain the high temperatures that are necessary for the extraction process. Therefore, a significant amount of heat or
other forms of energy are required to extract a metal from the mineral in which it occurs.
6.Two areas of discovery that have increased the range of metallic materials are:
–The advancement and rapid improvement of technology
Today's enhanced technology has enabled us to extract more metals from ores in an economically

Copper Vs Aluminum
Copper vs. Aluminum for household wiring
1 physical properties that make each substance well suited for household wiring:
Copper
Aluminum ductility: Copper is very ductile. The electrical industries benefit from the ductility of copper. malleability: fairly malleable and easy to
work with. high thermal conductivity(high melting point): The thermal conductivity is very important because it allows copper wires, nickel coated or
otherwise, to disperse heat. It also helps copper undergo extreme stress resulting in minimal or no tear and wear
Density: aluminum is lighter than copper and it is easier to shape it unlike copper. high electrical conductivity: Electrical conductivity is the primary
characteristic that distinguishes copper from other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4 chemical properties that introduce danger or risk:
Copper
Aluminum
combustibility: if not installed properly raises risk of fire
5 which costs more?
–copper wire costs a lot more than aluminum.
– copper price = $3.07 per pound.
( http://www.vincentmetals.com/Daily_Copper_Prices.html )
–aluminum price = $0.87 per pound
( http://www.vincentmetals.com/Daily_Aluminum_Prices.html )
6 where are they found on the periodic table?
Name: Copper
Symbol: Cu
Atomic number: 29

Atomic mass: 63.546
Group in periodic table: 11
Group name: Coinage metal
Period in periodic table: 4
Block in periodic table: d–block
Colour: copper, metallic
Classification: Metallic
Name: Aluminium
Symbol: Al
Atomic number: 13
Atomic mass: 26.9815386
Group in periodic table: 13
Group name: (none)
Period in periodic table: 3
Block in periodic table: p–block
Colour: silvery
Classification: Metallic
7 –Copper has an atomic number of 29, so it contains 29 protons and 29 electrons. Copper has an atomic mass of 63.5 so it has 35

Literature Review : History Of The Swamp Boat
Literature Review:
History of the swamp boat:
The first swamp boat, also known as an airboat or fanboat was built in 1905 in Canada by a team led by Alexander Graham Bell. The classic design
of a swamp boat consists of a flat bottomed hull powered by an aircraft or car engine driving an aircraft propeller. They are a popular means for fishing,
hunting and touring the environment in the southern states of America.
Hull Design:
The classic swamp boat design utilizes a flat bottom hull with an inclined front section which will allow the boat to move in shallow waters such as
the swamps in Florida however the boat may also traverse rivers, ice and even land.
The thickness of the hull will be determined by factors such as the terrain the boat is expected to cover, the total weight of passengers, cargo and
game, and the total size of the boat.
For the construction of the hull 2 materials were identified as possible choices namely FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic) and Alumunium Alloy. The
advantages and disadvantages of each material will be investigated from the perspective of strength, durability, weight, maintenance and repair and cost.
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic:
FRP is a composite material offering high strength properties, a high strength to weight ratio and a resistance to corrosion which make it an appealing
choice when constructing a boat hull. FRP can also be molded into any shape desired. A hull constructed from FRP could be strong and light in weight
which

Life Cycle And Its Energy Demand
In this section I will be discussing the product's life cycle and its energy demand, the electrical parts and other parts included in our disassembled
product, how they were manufactured, what their uses are, the products energy efficiency along with its measurements and calculations, obsolescence
technology and what happens after it, how can renewable energy be implemented into our product and its positive impact on it, the advantages and
disadvantages of our product and finally recycling of motor and/or heating elements and how they affect the product. Life Cycle Energy Demand:
According to the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) , it defines LCA as : "an objective process used to evaluate the
environmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1)The sole plate of the steam iron:
This is usually the metal thick, triangular–shaped slab of iron that forms the base over which the electric iron is built up. The sole plate is cast of molten
aluminium. Some part of the mould has the holes shaped in it which creates the holes that are essential in a steam iron. Heated metal is inserted into a
mould under pressure then cooled and then released. This cooled sole–plate is later on treated in several ways where it's firstly polished then either it's:
coated with a non–stick material, or covered with another metal (usually stainless steel). To complete these processes, the sole plates are put on a large
automated carousel, which rotates through each step whereas to polish the plate, an automated belt sander uses bands of abrasive to polish and buff the
plate. An automated spray–painting machine is used to apply the non–stick coating. After application, the sole plate is baked in an automated industrial
process.
On the other hand, to coat with another metal (stainless steel), the external metal cover is created by an

Water Pollution In Water
The topic that was chosen was turbidity. Turbidity is the pollution in water. Turbidity is commonly associated with cloudiness or haziness in water.
The pollution that studied was dirt and how it affected fish. It is important because it is killing our wildlife. There needs to get teams of people each
month going out and cleaning up the water. If the dirt in the water affected the fish then the experimental group would die. During the time of
researching this topic, it was discovered how different this world has changed, the types of creatures have been affected by pollution.
Too much caffeine can affect sleep. Too much algae or sediment in lakes/ streams can make them unlivable for aquatic life.Turbidity is caused by
particles suspended or dissolved in water that scatter light making the water appear cloudy or murky.Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid
caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air.
In this project, dirt had been used to change the conditions of the environment and see how these fish would react. During which there was an opposite
tank with normal water, a filter and 5 fish. The other tank had been used with a container, dirt, and five fish as well.
During this projects it was tested to see how each fish would react to the water. Most of the fish in the dirty water have died, all but 2. More of the fish
died in this tank then the normal water tank.

Analysis Of The Interactive Model Of Product Development
Introduction:
In design and fabrication of metallic equipment and structures, often weight saving is often used to improve efficiency in in–service performance of the
item. This paper will explore the interactive model of product development, which includes the important of: the uses of alternative materials on the
design, fabrication and in– service behaviour of the item in order to provide awareness of how issue of the underlying principles of each of these
weight saving alternatives and the advantages to be gained, using the benchmark grade 350 steel.
Grade 350 steel
In general, the strength of a steel is controlled by its microstructure which changes according to its chemical composition, its thermal background and
the deformation processes it undergoes during its production schedule. Hence, different steels will have different strengths and most nations measure
its strengths by a national standard. According to engineers Australia, Australia grades their steel according to their yield strength, thus the value of
applied stress at which permanent deformation occurs, in smooth lab specimen. (Engineering austraila,2008 ).So, a grade 350 means yield strength of
350 Mpa. We typically uses a 350 grade which is classified as a medium steel to design bridges, high rise building, storage tanks, structural members and
general fabrication. This medium strength structural steel is excellent of weldability, good formability and guaranteed minimum strength levels.

Composite Essay
1.1 Definition
The terminology "composites" extensively advert to a material system composed of the following:
A discrete constituent ( reinforcement)
A continuous phase(Matrix).
Thus, generally a composite can be termed as a material composed of a discrete constituent distributed in a continuous phase and derives its
distinguishing characteristics form the properties of the constituents , from the spatial shape and the design of the constituents, and from the properties
of the interfaces between different constituents.
1.2 Classification Composites on the basis of the physical or chemical nature of the matrix phase are usually classified as:
Metal– Matrix Composites (MMC's)
Polymer– Matrix Composites (PMC's)
Ceramic – Matrix Composites (CMC's)
1.2.1Metal– Matrix Composites (MMC's): Metal– matrix composite structure is specifically the term for metal alloy and the material in the form of
strengthening. The matrix is percolating soft part commonly having exquisitely the following :
2.Tensile strength
3.Hardness
4.Ductility
5.Thermal conductivity
6.Toughness For metal– matrix light metal composite materials are stirred with light metal alloys. For the purpose of solidification powder alloys
conferred mainly for the production of metal – matrix.
1.2.2Polymer– Matrix Composited (PMC's) : These are particulate composites fibered by dispersing the particles of varied geometry, layered
composites build –up with parallel layers of two

Rio Tinto Executive Summary
Executive summary
Rio Tinto is the largest extractor of natural resources and minerals in Australia and Canada. The Rio Tinto Group founded in 1873 by a global group of
investors when they purchased a mine multiplex from the Spanish government. They focus on discovering and developing the earth's natural mineral
resources in a socially responsible manner through the method of transferring them into valuable and essential products grouped under products of:
aluminium, iron ore, copper, energy products, diamonds, gold, salt and other minerals. Rio Tinto is a world leader in the mining sector where 90% of
their assets originate from significant operations in Australia, North America and Europe but are also found to have significant operations... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the unstable financial market, businesses all over the world have been hit with an increase in debt and mortgage prices, making the
accessibility to financing a very expensive and a difficult activity for Rio Tinto with increased costs of borrowings added to the Group's already
substantial net debt of $38.7 billion (2008), which could restrict the company from gathering funds for new projects in the future.
As a response to the global financial crisis, many governments aim to lessen the impact in hopes to restore confidence in the financial market by
improving liquidity through loan guarantees and passing direct cash bonuses. However, these measures have proved ineffective in most countries as
the world is still experiencing recessionary

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mining
According to the Merriam–Webster dictionary, the term of mining is the "process or business of digging in mines to obtain minerals, metals, jewels,
etc." Of course, that's not just it, mining is a really complex business, it consists in a lot of things, for example; the application of metallurgical
techniques. First off, What is metallurgy and what are some metallurgical techniques? Accoring to kids.britannica.com "Metallurgy is separating metals
from their ores, purifying and working the metals into usable forms, and understanding the physical nature of metals and their alloys." The techniques
used in metallurgy are extremely diverse, but some of the most famous and recognized ones are by reducing the ore physically, chemically, or even
electrolytically.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the mine extracts copper only, the "Copper ions leave the anode and are attracted to the cathode, where they are deposited as copper atoms. The
pure copper cathode increases greatly in size, while the anode dwindles away. The impurities left behind at the anode form a sludge beneath it."
according to the BBC. With the negative electrode, the formula of how the copper would be purified would look like this Cu2+ + 2e– в†’ Cu and with
the positive electrode the formula of the purification would look like this Cu в†’ Cu2++

The Effect Of Metal Chelation On Latin
Introduction
Chelate means claw in Latin. Metal Chelation is a process when a polyvalent metal ion form covalent bonds with a drug and binds tightly to form a 5
or 6 membered ring. 5 and 6 membered ring structure are very stable because their bond angle has no ring strain. Thus, when a compound is chelated,
it will not be able to pass through the biological membrane, in another words, it will not be metabolise by the body but to be pass through the renal
without being absorbed and being excreted though urine. Essential metal such as magnesium, iron, calcium and zinc are easily found in many food
source and is vital to be included as part of our diet as these trace elements are helping our body enzymes, hormones and cells to work. Insufficient
intake of trace minerals can cause symptoms of nutritional deficiency. (Glusker,1999) At certain times, these metal are also use as an active ingredient
or excipients in pharmaceutical industry.
Chelation of Alendroic Acid with Calcium
Alendronic acid is a bisphosphonate drug that is used to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption .it works by attaching to hydroxyapatite binding sites to
impair the ability of the osteoclasts to produce the protons necessary for continued bone resorption. It also inhibit osteoclast activity by promoting
osteoclast apoptosis. (pubmed ) Patient group who are mostly taking this medication are postmenopausal women. As women reaches their menopausal
age, oestrogen starts to deplete which causes their bones to

Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites For Optimum Mechanical...
vdsaritabhutada@gmail.comComparative Study of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites for Optimum Mechanical Properties
1P.Kanagaraj , 2T. Ravi
1,2 Assistant Professor Mechanical Department
1,2 SVS College of Engineering , Coimbatore
Email Id : kanaguhari@gmail.com, travisvsec@gmail.com
ABSTRACT The recent study of metal matrix composite mainly deals with the aluminum based composites with the reinforcement of particulates of
silicon carbide and aluminum based composites with the reinforcement of particulates of graphite which will be function as solid lubricant. In this
paper, two sets of composites has been prepared. One composite consists of Aluminium with graphite and silicon carbide particles and the other
composite consists of Aluminium with alumina and Graphite. The composited has been prepared by stir casting method and both the samples tested
for the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties were compared for both the composites and validated. The microstructure of the both
composites were examined using Scanning Electron microscope (SEM).
INTRODUCTION
The latest development of advanced materials focuses on the light weight with less cost products to meet the required function with the required
increase in demand. To achieve this, Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) are mostly preferable since having excellent mechanical and wear resistance
properties. In this project, Particulate–reinforced hybrid composites are used because of lesser cost than the

Bicycle Frame Materials Essay
Frame materials
Some of the materials that are used to make bicycle frames include Steel, Aluminium alloys, Titanium and Carbon fibre. Below is a brief description
of Steel, Aluminium and Titanium in relation to bicycle frames. Thereafter is a more detailed study and comparison of each of the different properties
of a bicycle frame under the candidate materials. This will provide the basis for choosing the best material for the job.
Steel – Steel is the most ordinarily utilized material as a part of bicycle frame. They are solid, simple to work and generally low in cost, and heavier
than numerous other structural materials. Steel frames are regularly assembled utilizing different sorts of steel alloys like chromoly. Chromoly is low
in density, solid steel. The can be lasted through years of utilization when it resisted and shaped to remove the overabundance weight. Chromoly has a
good flex.
Aluminium– Aluminium has a lower density and lower strength compared with steel alloys. They, however, possess a better strength–to–weight ratio,
giving them notable weight advantages over steel.
Titanium – Titanium consolidates numerous characteristics. It has a high strength and it will not corrode that easily . The titanium frames can be
developed with standard tube sizes if compared to the steel frame of last time because of the sensible stiffness of the Titanium.
Carbon Fibre – Carbon fiber composite is an increasingly popular non–metallic material commonly used for bicycle

Metalloids: Exploring The Chronology Of The Iron Age
Metalloids
Gather, process, analyse and present information from secondary sources on the range of alloys produced and the reasons for the production and use of
these alloys
Steel, Brass Solder
Alloys are made up of two different chemical elements, most of which are metal. There are some non metal alloys components such as the various
forms Hydroxides and Carbonates. The most important metallic component of an alloy is called a main metal, parent metal and the base metal. The
other component of an alloy can be either metal or nonmetal. Although alloys can be a compound, they are usually a solid solution.
Both, the first uncombined and metal, Gold was is used for fashion. Copper being the next uncombined element was used for tools and weapons. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was first smelted with copper and produced bronze. Smelting was discovered at 1500 BC. The idea of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of
the Iron age. The Iron Age was the stage in the development in which tools and weapons were a main ingredient for Iron.
During the Iron Age, Steel, an alloy that includes Iron & Carbon, were the best tools and weapons. Steel weapon and tools were similar weights to
bronze, however, steel was stronger. Steel was very difficult to produce. Many Iron Age tools were fashioned with Wrought iron. Wrought Iron was
weaker than bronze, however, due to it being a lot less expensive and easily sharpened, People used it anyway.
Mercury, discovered at 700 BC. This was known to the Ancient chinese and Ancient indians before 2000 BC and found in egyptian tombs from
1500BC. Nickel was discovered at 1751BC. After Iron, Nickel was believed to be the most element in the earth. It is used for the production of
corrosion resistant alloys. Uranium was discovered at 1789, It has been used to color glass and ceramics. Today it is used for the production of
nuclear fuel and weapons. 1791 was when titanium was discovered. Although it was discovered at this time, there wasn't a use for it until 1940. It was
used for

Thickness In Millimeters Lab Report
9.) Calculations h = height or thickness
D = M/V
V = M/D
L*W*H = M/D
Trial 1:
This calculation solves for the height (h), or thickness, of the aluminum foil.
(29.97 cm * 30.50 cm * h cm) = (3.82 g/2.70 cm2)
(914.085 cm2 * h cm) = (3.82 g/2.70 cm2) h cm = 0.00155 cm
The following calculations express the height (h)/thickness in millimeters and micrometers.
(0.00155 cm * (10 mm/1 cm)) = 0.0155 mm
(0.00155 cm * (10,000 Ојm/1 cm)) = 15.5 Ојm
Trial 2:
This calculation solves for the height (h), or thickness, of the aluminum foil.
(9.60 cm * 6.10 cm * h cm) = (0.23 g/2.70 cm2)
(58.56 cm2 * h cm) = (0.23 g/2.70 cm2) h cm = 0.0015 cm
The following calculations express the height (h)/thickness in millimeters and micrometers.
(0.0015 cm * (10 mm/1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three different pieces of aluminum foil were used for three different trials in order to determine the thickness. Data was then collected by using an
electric balance for mass and a standard ruler for length and width. The formulas used were area = length * width, volume = length * width * height,
and density = mass / volume. Thickness (height) was found simply by dividing mass by density, width, and length. The average of our three trials
was not only calculated, but also found via the graph and slope.. A graph of area vs. mass was made with data points from our three trials. Using linear
fit, the graph showed that the slope, which was then divided by the density. This calculation isolated the height in centimeters. The slope of the graph
was 0.004181 g/cm2. This value shows the relationship between the area of the aluminum foil and its mass. The values plotted in this graph were used
to calculate the thickness of the aluminum foil via an alternative method. Additionally, the graph had a correlation value of 1.00. This means that area
and mass have a strong, direct relationship. According to pure calculations based upon the data alone, the thickness of the aluminum foil was 0.0016

cm. This is identical to the value of thickness provided by the aluminum foil company, Reynold's. According to calculations using the slope,

A Study On The And Properties Of Aluminium Alloys
CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Introduction
The Al–Zn–Mg series aluminium alloys (7xxx) are the heat treatable alloys and widely applied as large structural components in navigation and
transportation facilities, due to good combination of hardness, high strength and fracture toughness [1–6]. The use of Sc (scandium) to achieve grain
refinement has recently received great attention. The microstructures and properties of aluminium alloys are strongly affected by adding small
quantities of scandium. Scandium additions in excess of 0.55wt.% (i.e., hypereutectic) are very effective in grain refinement, suggesting that the
primary ScAl3 phase serves as an effective grain nucleant [7–9].
The effect of a Sc addition will of course depend on the composition of the alloy. The additions of Sc in aluminium alloy appear to reduce hot tearing
and shrinkage porosity. Hot shortness increase with increase in Zn but decrease with increase in Mg content [10, 11]. The process of precipitation in
the Al–Zn–Mg alloy system is quite complex. The aged structure and the kinetics of ageing depend on both the Zn and Mg concentration and the
temperatures of solution and ageing treatments. As the Sc contents increases within the specified solubility in the solid solution, the grains virtually do
not disintegrate. The maximum solubility of scandium increases from 0.35 to 0.6 wt.% [12, 13]. When the amount of scandium exceeds the eutectic
content and, consequently, there appear primary particles of

Case Study On Caparo
ABOUT CAPARO
Caparo is more than a successful business enterprise – "it is a story of people, of values and of human effort. Above all it is a story of faith and family"
– Lord Paul, Chairman and Founder.
Caparo was founded in UK in 1968 by Indian born British Industrialist, Lord Paul of Marylebone. Caparo Engineering Limited, which is the umbrella
for the Caparo's different engineering subsidiaries based in the West Midlands region of England, has also its operations in India.
CAPARO INDIA– Caparo Engineering India Limited (CEIL)
CEIL is a wholly–owned subsidiary of Caparo UK. It was formed as a JV with Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. And commenced its operations in 1994. The
group offers end–to–end solutions in the Design, Development and Manufacture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Has the lowest rejection rates in the country.
Diversified products and customers
Unique distinction of being the only Indian automotive vendors with product capabilities ranging from metal pressing to forging, aluminium castings,
tubing and fasteners.
Has extensive relationships across all OEMs
Access to technology
Tool room facilities
There is a greater tendency for OEMs to develop strategic relationships with vendors who are interested in technology and who can partner them in
meeting stringent quality norms.
Major Technologies, Equipment, Facilities
Caparo Engineering Ltd has two plants at Pithampur – Plant 1 and Plant 2. The project work has been conducted at Plant 1. Plant 1 has been
operational since November 2002 and is spread over an area of 28,300 sq. meters. About 408 employees work at Plant 1, out of which 35 per cent are
permanent and 65 percent are temporary contract workers. The plant operates 24 hours a day in three shifts of eight hours

Aluminium Commodities
World production: 44.6 million tonnes (2011)
Despite being the most abundant metal on earth (in its raw state of bauxite), aluminium used to be considered a precious metal. Only once the
processes of extraction and smelting were made more efficient and electricity became cheaper and more readily available did aluminium become what
it is today – the most extensively used non–ferrous metal in the world and the most liquid contract traded on the LME.
Aluminium is extremely light, pliable, has good electrical conductivity and is resistant to corrosion. It is used in a wide variety of products: cans, foils,
window frames, car body panels,wiring and kitchen utensils.
World aluminium production 2011 Region| %| Asia| 55%| Europe| 20%... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exercise will result in two futures contracts, one at the strike price and the other at the Monthly Average Settlement Price (MASP). The effect is to
generate a cash settlement which is settled on the second business day after the declaration day for the TAPO month| Settlement type| Financial|
Trading venues| Ring, inter–office telephone and LMEselect (as a hedged option only)|
* LMEswaps
LMEswaps are financially settled LME futures contracts based on the Monthly Average Settlement Price (MASP) of the relevant metal. Contract code|
OAD| Contract months| Monthly out to 63 months| Price quotation| US dollars per tonne| Clearable currencies| US dollars| Averaging period| The
number of business days in a calendar month| Final settlement day| Two business days after the averaging month| Settlement price

Aluminum Foil Lab Report
Feasibility Study of Producing Potassium Alum via Aluminum Foil Lujia Cheng and Shalin Presgraves CHEM 1065, Experiment No.5, October 11,
2016 Abstract. Alum is one of the oldest and the most explored substance in human history. Dozens of ways were discovered to produce it. One way of
synthesizing potassium alum was covered in this report. In this synthesis, aluminum foil, an everyday material, was the reactant. This synthesis
includes two main steps. First, dissolves aluminum in potassium hydroxide. Second, treat it with sulfuric acid and filter out the product. This synthesis
was found out to be an efficient way to produce small amount of potassium alum under a laboratorial environment. Introduction. Alum can be specific
to one compound,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aluminum foils (0.48 g in total) was weighted and dissolved into boiled KOH (20 В± 0.02 mL) solution. As soon as the foil touched the hot KOH,
bubbles appeared on the surface of the foil and the solution turned into a black suspension. After fully reacted, vacuum filtrate, the suspension
separated to black residue and transparent filtrate. Residue was discarded and the acidity (pH = 9) of solution was measured at this time. Slowly
adding sulfuric acid (about 5 mL of 9M) into the solution, white precipitate appeared. When most precipitate appeared, acid (1.4 В± 0.06 mL) was
added. Acidity (pH = 8) was measured again and the reaction liberated a lot of heat. After all the acid was added, the precipitate mostly dissolved. All
precipitate dissolved after heating. Acidity was measured again (pH = 3.5). Ice bath (10 minutes) and evoked crystallization. After crystallized fully,
vacuum filtrate (5 minutes) the crystal–liquid mixture. Residue, white powder, was rinse by cold ethanol and collected. A few milligrams of crystals
were transferred to a tube for a spot test. The crystal dissolved into water with ease. However, it turned milky white when sodium bicarbonate was

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