Examples Of Critical Discourse Analysis

Examples Of Critical Discourse Analysis
CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION
2.1Critical Discourse Analysis
To understand the concept of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it is necessary to see how CDA defines discourse. Discourse is not simply an
isolated textual or dialogical structure (van Dijk, 1988). It is seen as socially constructed ways that do not only shape but also enable (social) reality
(Foucault, 1977; Paltridge, 2006). It involves "a dialectical relationship between a particular discursive event and the situation(s), institution(s), and
social structure(s) which frame it" (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p. 258). It also helps to establish power relations between social classes, gender, or
majorities and minorities groups (Wodak & Meyer, 2009). Therefore, CDA acts as an approach that critically investigates the relationship between
discourse and the reproduction of power in social practices and interactions (Fairclough, 1995 as cited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, one of the distinguishing features of DHA is its interdisciplinary method that considers a variety of different empirical data and background
information (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001).
The historical dimension is realized by collecting all information regarding the historical background and the original sources of the object under
investigation and exploring diachronic change (Matouschek et al. 1995; Wodak et al., 1990, 1994 as cited in van Leeuwen & Wodak, 1999).
Specifically, the process of analysis in DHA starts by describing the phenomena occurred in texts. Then, describing the apparent changes. Finally,
discussing the result to find how and why change occurs since the purpose of DHA is to uncover the ideology in diachronic texts (SlavГckovГЎ,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Critical Discourse Analysis
Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists' discussions from different disciplines, as well as ordinary language users. In
contemporary social sciences, especially in linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse. Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language, as well
as the language as a socio–cultural activity. In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore
participate in the creation and pass on different values, ideologies and symbolic power. This essay aims to show the definition of CriticalDiscourse
Analysis and also show how useful it is for exploring issues of power and inequality in relation to gender. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As pointed out by van Dijk (1993) one of the key objectives of the Critical Discourse Analysis is also the understanding of the nature of power and
domination. In his view, power is based on privileged access to social resources, is widely considered as securities, such as wealth, income, position,
status, group membership, education and knowledge. However, dominance is defined as the use of social power by elites, institutions or groups,
contributing to the emergence of social inequality (including – in political, cultural, class, ethnic, racial, and gender). The task of CDA is then
highlighting the role of discourse in the producing domination.
According to 'Studying the Media' dictionary, the complete and very well summing everything up definition of Critical Discourse Analysis is:
'...a means of analysing texts based on linguistics and in recent times the theories of Foucault. Discourse analysis identifies the culturally and socially
produced sets of ideas and values that structure texts and representations. It helps to identify abstract and ideological assumptions about the world that
may be implicitly contained in particular texts.'
Fairclough developed a three–dimensional framework for studying discourse, where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one
another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and

Discourse Analysis In Carl Sanburg's Grass
When analyzing a poem, it is important to understand the language that is being used. When applying discourse theory to a poem, it is important to
analyze the language beyond the sentence itself. Discourse analysis studies the natural use of language, rather than the invented examples. The main
objective of discourse analysis is to create a better understanding of how language is used through textual features and what effects it has on that
investment. Texts often require these features that enables the reader to understand the motivation of that author. In his poem, Grass, Carl Sanburg
utilizes verbs, proper nouns, and nouns to efficiently erase the signs of the past. In the poem, Grass, the author uses many linguistic features throughout
the poem, verbs being one of them. Verbs are defined as words that are used to describe an action or a state, forming the main objective of the sentence.
Sanburg uses verbs consistently throughout his poem to describe the actions in the poem. The first sentence of the poem states, "Pile the bodies high at
Austerlitz and Waterloo" (Sanburg). He uses theword pile, which can be inferred as a noun or a verb, which in this sentence is used as a verb. The
verb pile can infer two different meanings, one defined as placing things one on top of another whereas the second meaning defines the entry of a large
group in a disorganized manner. The application of this word symbolizes the insignificant importance of these bodies that now lay atop one

Examples Of Discourse Analysis Essay
2.0 Critical Discourse Analysis
There has been much written in recent years about CDA in its broadest sense. It appears to be quite difficult to define in simple terms and this is
probably due to the nature of CDA. It encompasses a number of general tenets and uses a large range of techniques. It aims primarily to identify
socio–political inequalities that exist in society. Fairclough (1995b) provides us with a useful definition that encapsulates most other definitions of CDA:
[CDA is the study of] often opaque relationships of causality and determination between (a) discursive practices, events and texts, and (b) wider social
and cultural structures, relations and processes; to investigate how such practices, events and texts arise out of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
1995. 'Grammar in discourse: attitude and deniability', in G. Cook, and
B. Seidlhofer, (eds.) Principle & Practice in Applied Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.197–213.
Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and Power, London: Longman
Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change, London: Polity Press
Fairclough, Norman (1995a). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of
Language. London: Longman
Fairclough, Norman (1995b). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold
Langer, R. 1998. 'The concept of discourse in the analysis of complex communication events' [Online], http://www.diskurs.dk/litteratur/pdf/artikler
/Langer,%20Roy_The%20concept%20of %20discourse%20in%20the%20analysis_IKL–paper%201998.pdf (accessed 26th January 2015).
Caldas–Coulthard, C.R. and M. Coulthard, (eds.) 1996 Texts and Practices: Readings inCritical Discourse Analysis, London: Routledge.
Krishnamurthy, R. 1996. 'Ethnic, racial and tribal: the language of racism?' in C.R.
Pennycook, A. 1994. 'Incommensurable Discourses?' in Applied Linguistics, Vol.15,
No.2, pp.115–138. Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H.G. 1995. 'Discourse analysis: a critical view.' in Language and

Literature 4,

Importance Of Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis is the variety of theoretical approaches and analytic emphases concerning the studying and understanding of people's use of
language mediums in social action and interaction. This also applies to the development of capitalism and technology. Studies have opened doors to
these topics. Despite variation in theoretical approaches, all strands of discourse analysis share a strong social constructionist epistemology. With its
roots "largely embedded in linguistic philosophy, ethnomethodology and speech act theory" (Potter, 1987; Potter & Wetherell, 1995).
Discourse analysis might be applied to qualitative data if a person were interested in understanding how people's ideas and emotions are pieced
together to form versions of reality of the world around them, and how these accounts are played out in social action and interaction. This is the model
that the heads of this capitalistic state manipulate the common public. Further, it would be useful if interests lay in exploring and understanding why
people use different versions of discourse in differing contexts, and under what conditions do variations arise. Specifically discourse analysis might be
utilized by those interested in "exploring how powerful discourses, such as racism, are constructed, practiced and normalized" (Edley, 2001).
Discourse analysis's focus "is rooted in three basic tenets: construction, function and variation" (Potter, 1987). The assumption is that discourses are
constructed through

Sample Discourse Community Analysis
A discourse community a circle of people who share similar goals , interest, and ways of intercommunication among one another.According to John
Swales there are six factors that make up up a discourse community. Common goals, methods of intercommunication, feedback and correction, roles ,
jargon,novice,and expertise are required to have a successful discourse community.I choose to discuss a discourse community I was apart of two years
ago at Applebees .Being apart of a community that prides themselves on customer satisfaction and great fresh affordable food."See you tomorrow" is
how we thanked each guested for dining in with us.The Bee's was short for Applebee's , within our apple family and community..Both day and night
treating our guest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sayings like "Hot plate" and "Hands" are indicates for anyone entering the kitchen . If someone is yelling hot plate ! you move out the way
because he/she has a hot item directly behind you . Hands comes from lending a helping hand . If a server is calling for hands he/she needs help in
kitchen to help bring out food to a party or table . At applebee's we wanted everyone who came into our doors as family ,so we customize our
greeting . For short we called our store the Bee's ,this gave our store a unique name and stood us apart from other competing stores.We also called
frequent guest "Regs" , we used this term because it made it easier for us to communicate and made order taking easy. For example " We have our
burger night reg at table 43 , let's get his drinks working". Our customers loved that we knew what they wanted and recognized them as our loyal

Thesis On Courtroom Argumentation
This dissertation takes courtroom argumentation as a form of practical argumentation whose purpose is "to gain the assent or adherence of the
audience to a claim." (Sanders 2006). Drawing on Martin's (2008) notion of affiliation from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics
(hereafter SFL), the dissertation investigates the similar ways through which public prosecutors and defense lawyers seek for bonding in the legal
field as well as how they use different experience–infused values in achieving affiliation in the discourse of courtroom argumentation.
е¦‚жћњз ”з©¶зљ„ж ЇжЋ§иѕ©еЏЊж–№зљ„жі•еѕ‹иє«д»ЅеЏЉе…¶дёЋжі•е® зљ„з»“з›џпјЊж ЇдёЌж ЇдёЋи®єж–‡йў з›®жњ‰дє›и„±иЉ‚пјЊж€
This introductory chapter will briefly present the orientation, assumptions and methodologies of the dissertation to foreground the subsequent chapters.
We start this chapter by introducing rationale and background of the research in Section 1.1 and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To date, courtroom argumentation studies have become a meeting point for scholars from forensics,linguistics, psychology and many other disciplines.
Generally speaking, in line with Aristotle's argumentation theory (2007), which emphasises on the trichotomy of logic, dialectic and rhetoric, there are
three distinguished approaches to courtroom argumentation studies: the logical, the dialogical and the rhetorical. The logical approach sees arguments
as the product of the activity of arguing; the dialectical approach takes argumentation as a procedure consisting of strategic movements by a proponent
and an opponent; the rhetorical approach considers argumentation as a communicative

Racism And Ethnic Discrimination : A Public Health...
Introduction
Health inequities are defined as "differences which are unnecessary and avoidable, but in addition are considered unfair and unjust" (Whitehead 1992,
p.431). Numerous studies provide evidence of deep seated and continued health inequities between Maori and non–Maori in Aoteroa/ New Zealand
(McCreanor 2008). The role of social, political, environmental and economic factors have in determining health outcomes for individuals and social
groups is increasingly being recognised globally. These factors include determinants such as housing, education, employment status, income,
deprivation and racism (Robson & Harris 2007). There is increasing body of evidence that show that racism and ethnic discrimination negatively impact
the health and well–being of individuals and ethnic groups (Gee 2002). Based on these findings, many researchers have proposed that programmes
targeted at reducing racism are a public health measures that could mitigate health inequities (McKenzie 2003).
Mass media is extremely powerful institution that massively influences all areas of social interactions (Rosenberg 2002, cited in McCreanor 2008). It
shapes the ideological patterns and what is regarded as norm, 'commonsense' by its audience (McCreanor 1993). In Aoteroa New Zealand, racism in the
media and the negative representations of Maori raises great concern, as it affects Maori/Pakeha relations, Maori self perception, and ultimately
undermines Maori health and wellbeing (Barnes et al 2012).

Disadvantages Of Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics
Corpus Linguistics (CL) is a method of operating linguistic analysis (McEnery & Wilson, 2001, p1) that "facilitates empirical descriptions of
language use" (Biber, 2011, p15). This method is based on analysis of 'Corpus' ,which is a sample of different kinds of texts, such as newspaper texts,
or specifically editorials, video scripts, everyday conversation and many other types of written language (Baker, 2012, p248). Corpus Linguistics tries to
establish a balanced corpus _Latin form of body_ of language in order to represent variety of language, so that no single type of writing
over–represented. Corpus Linguistics has become popular since 1990. Hence, "it is often describe as being a relatively new approach that
investigates language in use with the aim of computers. Compared with the eras of the 60s and 70s, researchers nowadays have access to large and
different types of corpora, along with the presence of a set of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They continued by stating that "Newspapers have lots of ways of writing about a given topic, and they continuously make decisions, choosing one
particular way out of a potentially large, perhaps infinite, set of choices. "A corpus analysis will allow us to see which choices are privileged, giving
evidence for mainstream, popular or entrenched ways of thinking through 'repetition'" (ibid(. In point of fact, repeated patterns expose that evaluative
meanings are not simply personal, but extensively shared in a discourse community. A word, expression or construction possibly will show a cultural
stereotype. A corpus analysis of thousands of newspaper articles is to detect such media repetitions, occurring many times over, gradually influencing
their

Swales: Discourse Community Analysis
According to Swales a discourse community is created with six defining characteristics that are "made up of individuals who share a broadly agreed
upon set of common public goals; further, it has mechanisms of intercommunication among its members, uses it participatory mechanisms primarily
to provide information and feedback, [that] has or uses one or more genres that help group achieve its shared goal, has acquired some specific lexis
and has a reasonable ratio of novices and experts" (Swales, 795). To explain Swales' concept, I have chosen to apply his six characteristics, necessary
and sufficient for identifying groups as a discourse community, to analyze my united states history one class, taught by Mrs. Medley, along with some
feedback I retrieved from both a fellow student and my professor. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first being the common set of goals which we gather from the syllabus we acquired on the first day of class. Some key points in the syllabus
include her expectations for student achievement that include the "improvement of writing skills" and the development and refining of "critical
thinking and analytical skills", she also places her classroom policy, some personal history, and due dates for each assignment. Swales also mentions
mechanisms that vary according to the community, but when we're talking about this specific class we don't use a lot of communication with each other
besides the casual answers to question however communication with the teacher happens very often and in a variety of ways: email, office, Skype, and
after

Critical Discourse Analysis Of President Bush Speech
Critical discourse analysis of president Bush speech at Tsinghua University, China
Safia Mujtaba Alsied
Sebha University
Abstract:
This paper is a critical discourse analysis of the speech of the former American president George Bush at the University Tsinghua in Beijing in China
which is one of the most famous universities in China. This visit is considered as a third time visit by a US president to give a speech at a campus
university in China since the beginning of establishing a diplomatic relationship between China and America in 1972. The subject of this study was in
(22–2 2002) by the former U.S.A. president George Bush ,and this speech was addressed to Chinese students .The central aim of Bush's speech was to
confirm the following issues: American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(ed.), London, 258–284
Benke, G. (2000): "Diskursanalyse als sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungsmethode".
SWS Rundschau(2), 140–162
Wodak, R. (2000): "Recontextualisation and the transformation of meaning: a critical dis– course analysis of decision making in EU–meetings about
employment policies". In:
Sarangi, S./ Coulthard, M. (eds.): Discourse and Social Life. Harlow: Pearson Educa– tion, 185–206
Van Dijk , T.A. (1985): Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins
Van Dijk, T.A. (1993): "Principles of criticaldiscourse analysis". In: Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283.
James Paul Gee, 2005 An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Routledge (Taylor and Francis)
Janks, H. (1997). 'Critical Discourse Analysis as a research tool', Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 18(3), 329–342.
Fairclough, Norman: Language and Power. Ch. three. London 1989.
Janks, Hillary: Critical Discourse Analysis as a research tool. In: Discourse: Studies in the Cultural
Politics of Educatuion, 18(3), 329–342. (1997). fairclough, Norman: The Discourse Analysis of New Labour: Critical Discourse Analysis, 229–266.
In: Wetherell, M. (et al.): Discourse as Data. London

Discourse Analysis Of Van Debama
This paper is an attempt to do a critical discourse analysis of Obama`s speech On Countering Violent Religious Extremism delivered on 18 February
2015 at the White House. The analysis draws on critical discourse theories of Van Dijk and Fairclough to analyze the speech. Obama`s choice of
lexico– grammatical items was critically analyzed based on van Dijk macro–level analysis to find out how power, ideology , context and mind control
manifest in the speech. The analysis shows how the social and political construction of US counterterrorism policy is made tactfully throughout the
speech and it explores the ways in which the war on terror has been institutionalized in language. The notion of power and mind control are used
skillfully to manipulate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to van Dijk (1998: 352), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) studies the way social power abuse, dominance and inequality are enacted,
reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. He identifies some of the dominant notions in CDA as power, dominance,
inequality, hegemony, ideology ,class, gender, race, discrimination', among others which he labels as macro level of analysis'. However, he posits that
micro–level of social order involves language use, discourse, verbal interaction and communication. CDA, thus, tries to bridge the 'gap' between the
two micro and macro

A Critical Discourse Analysis Framework Essay
Methodology A critical discourse analysis framework News is manufactured industrially and deeply influenced by the bureaucratic and economic
structure of the media industry, by relations between the media and other industries, and by relations with authoritative apparatuses and institutions
such as government. It reflects the prevailing values of a society in a particular historical context and simultaneously shapes the society in return
(Fowler, 1991/2013). Although we cannot simply suggest an explicit causal relation between structurally determined material and symbolic resources
and the actual cultural practices, a pure linguistic analysis may still overlook the external constraints and the effects of the cultural practices. The
embryo of cultural studies finds its roots in the historical context of a social structure shaped by industrial capitalism and the increasingly
commercialized system of cultural production, distribution, and consumption. To some extent, the reference to power and struggle, domination and
subordinations is the mantra to sustain and legitimatize the existing cultural studies literature (N. Graham, 1999). While avoiding the notion that
Marxism and cultural studies form immediate affinity, cultural studies still has to establish itself as a 'worldly' vocation by coping with the tension
between the study of the text and its affiliations with institutions, classes, nations, races, and genders, and etc. (Hall, 1999a). The representation of the
Hong

Asylum Seekers Discourse Analysis
One of the most contentious discourses to ever exist in the Australian news media is that which concerns asylum seekers. Discourse is defined as an
organisation of socially constructed knowledge about an aspect of reality (Foucault 1977; Hall 1997; van Leeuwen 2005), and racism is a system of
oppression targeting members of ethnic groups who share bodily phenotypes such as skin pigmentation (Erikson 2010, Luke and Carrington 2000,
Scholte 2000). This essay will firstly argue that Australia's dominant discourse portrays asylum seekers in a racist manner. Then, it will determine this
discourse to be largely constructed by the news media: the mass communication channels (such as newspapers, television, and the Internet) that report
recent events... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2011, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship enacted regulations to prevent journalists from showing the faces of asylum seekers (Bleiker,
Campbell, Hutchison and Nicholson 2013). These restrictions reflect the findings of the Senate inquiry of 2002 that uncovered "explicit governmental
directives not to 'personalise' or 'humanise' the issue of asylum seekers" (Bleiker, Campbell, Hutchison and Nicholson 2013, pp. 412). For these
reasons, it can be concluded that in the case of visual representations, the news media reflects, rather than constructs racist

Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since
1970s. The insights have been expanded into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the textual study
aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political,
cultural, etc.) contexts in which those texts circulate (Wodak: 2001, 1–2; Fairclough: 1995; Huckin, Andrus, and Clary–Lemon: 2012, 107; Rashidi
and Souzandehfar: 2010, 56; Economou: 2009, 42). As many linguists and scholars' engagement with the study of CDA, there already has been several
schools or genres with their representative figures. Although the history and development of CDA study is still a bit premature and there is no distinct
framework of wide–recogonition, according to van Dijk (2007), there are mainly four approaches to it: 1) the Critical Linguistics (CL) developed by
Fowler et al. (1979; 1991; 1996), Kress (1985); sociocultural/socio–semiotic approach proposed by Fairclough (1985; 1988; 1989; 1992; 1995; 2003;
2006); discourse–historical created by Wodak (1996, 2001) and Wodak et al. (1999); and sociocognitive approach introduced by van Dijk (1998, 2001,
2002) (Rashidi, Souzandehfar: 2010, 56–57; Economou: 42).
CL is considered originally being introduced by Fowler et al. in their book of Language and

Examples Of Discourse Analysis As Ideology
The Review of Discourse Analysis as Ideology Analysis (Teun A.Van Dijk)
By
Siti Fitriah (120110101077)
A. Introduction Generally, discourse is the study of language which is expressed through text and talk. it covers a lot of thing which is used as a
media to express human mind. It can be in the form of film, movie, cartoon, newspaper, magazine etc, as long as people can express what they
propose to. Some people like to produce sentences which have an implicit meaning or hidden meaning rather than use explicit meaning or clear
meaning according to their porpose. Furthermore, some of them may like to reveal their ideology to show their identity and proud, but some of them
may not because of some reasons, such as politics or status, so they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, it expresses the structure of words and its meaning in order to get the intended meaning. Surface structure of discourse should be `marked`,
for example, when people have speech and they don`t use normal intonation, it should mean something, why they do that. Also when the headline of
news in the news paper use big size rather than a normal size, it should also have a meaning. In a sum up, surface structure is kind of signal that
everything means something and it can be realized through the analysing of discourse structure. Syntax is the study of structure. It is used as approach
to analyse the intended meaning of the text through the structure, such as the structure of sentences in news paper, speech, film, cartoon, magazine etc.
It is used as a tool to analyse the ideology of people. It also belongs to negative and positive act which can be expressed through the syntactic

Mental Representation Of Critical Discourse Analysis
Mental representation in Critical Discourse Analysis
Levels of analysis
This phrase is applied to social sciences to point to the location, size or scale of a research target. It is unique from the term 'unit of observation" as
the former relates to an integrated set of relationships while the latter is about the distinct unit from which data will be gathered. The levels of analysis
are not mutually exclusive but an in critical discuss analysis research generally falls under micro level and the macro level of analysis.
Macro versus micro level of analysis
The usage of language, discourse communication, and verbal interaction belong to the micro level of the social order. On the other hand, powered,
dominance and inequality between social groups are concepts that relate to the macro level of analysis. Critical discourse analysis bridges the gap
between the micro and macro level of analysis that get to be a sociological construct in its own right. The macro and micro levels of interactions
integrate into being one whole that is unified. For example, a racist remark in parliament is a discourse at the micro level of the social interaction but at
the same time, it may also constitute a part of legislation or reproduction at racism at the macro level. The language of thought hypothesis(LOTH)
states that the nature of thought and thinking is undertaken in a mental language i.e. it is done in a symbolic system that is physically realized in the
brain of Humans. Critical

Discourse Analysis: Analysis Of Language
Discourse analysis is the analysis of language in use. This goes beyond the use of words or clauses, or even sentences. It has to do with the study of
speeches and the analysis of what we see, hear, or even face in everyday life. Discourse analysis has many approaches: for example, we have speech
acts, pragmatics, critical discourse analysis, conversational analysis and the ethnography of speaking. I will start by giving brief definitions of each of
the approaches. Austin (1962) defined speech acts as the actions performed when saying something, and they are categorized as declarations,
representations, commissives, directives, and expressives. Pragmatics consists of four maxims which are essential for a cooperative conversation. Grice
(1975) talked about these maxims which are the maxim of quality, quantity, relation, and manner. The maxim of quality is to answer aquestion by a
response you are sure about. This maxim can be flouted to avoid answering a question by using a hyperbole or so. The maxim of quantity is by giving
the right amount of information while answering a question or talking. It can be flouted by giving too little or too much information to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many strategies to improve students' learning and the way they comprehend things, or what we call the discourse processing mechanisms
(Graesser& Person, n.d, p. 8). Construct explanations by asking the "WH" questions to analyze the whole atmosphere of what you are reading, and to
comprehend the material. Asking questions is a must to understand what is being given and explained. Not to forget that tutoring and teaching others
what you know helps in implementing the material inside the brain and gives self–confidence to the student. Finally, raising debatable topics helps
students interact and talk to defend their point of view regarding a specific

The Pros And Cons Of Gusdur Government
Society examines the social, political, cultural and historical aspects of ideologies, the nature, and especially the role in the reproduction of, or
resistance against, dominance. In Gusdur government, he formed a cabinet which was called the National Unity Cabinet. He gave freedom to the
people to step up and provided the opportunity for minorities in Indonesia. However, because of this, people began to experience confusion and
indecision. Yet the government never gave a clear statement on the issue. Orde Baru (The New Order) had not been completely overcome the
problems, Wahid goverment faced many issues which was assessed by many people were highly controversial. The policies were involving: 1) The
dismissal of General Roesmanhadi who... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Musthofa, 2008; Ernawati, 2009; Azis, 2013; Mubarok, 2011;). Amin (2008) analyzed gender stereotyping in the movie "It's a Boy Girl Things" using
Teun van Dijk's theory. He analyzed from aspects of microstructure, superstructure, and macrostructure from the process of its formation. Those
discourses of gender stereotyping found are classified into ninth kinds of discourse formation. Nine of them present an unequal stereotyping on women.
While, after generating the discourse formations, the research analyses its strategies to normalize and eliminate the common discourses of gender role.
There processes are verified to analyze critically its negative effects to the women in social

Pragmatics And Discourse Analysis
Analyzing There is No Problem at All
Introduction Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis are the two approaches that describe and study a language. Each of these two approaches has its own
studies, features and examples in a language. Pragmatics studies the meanings in different uses with different situations. And Discourse Analysis
analyzes the language used and how the language reflects, creates and shapes the identity of a person. This term paper is analyzes a conversation
/interview between two characters in an Egyptian play called "There is no problem at all" which airs in cbc channel. This show always invites famous
starts to interview other famous starts without them knowing. As for this conversation/interview, the presenter... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To illustrate more, Hebba Al–Sharbaji says, "You are on air" In minute 03:30. The uncle plays on words by saying, "Get me down from the air".
Moreover, The interviewer declares that even though the uncle sounds stupid he has another hidden meaning in everything he says. The uncle
mispronounce the word deep with stupid in Arabic since they almost have the same letters, "I'm stupid, indeed I'm the most stupid person in the world"
In minute 09:10; just as in the case of mispronouncing the word choose with cucumber. Finally, since it is political play, the script relies on puns
because it let the hearer to hear the hidden

An Investigation Of Verbal Communication
1.Introduction There are numerous routes in which a specific methodology in the sociologies can be presented and clarified. One of these is through
explicative contrast from fairly comparable methodologies. The expression 'Conversation Analysis' is at this point solidly settled as the name for a
specific worldview in the investigation of verbal communication that was started in the 1960s by Harvey Sacks, as a team with Emanuel Schegloff and
Gail Jefferson. In Conversation Analysis the attention is on the procedural examination of talk–in–cooperation, how members deliberately sort out their
connections to take care of a scope of authoritative issues, for example, the dispersion of turns at talking, the community oriented creation of specific
activities, or issues of comprehension. The investigation is constantly in view of sound or visual recordings of collaboration, which are precisely
interpreted in subtle elements. The exploration ought to be data driven, as in ideas and speculations ought to be founded on watchful thoughts of the
information, recordings and transcripts, as opposed to drawn from hypothetical assumptions or ideological inclinations. While initially imagined from a
sociological point of view, Conversation Analysis picked up a far reaching gathering in numerous parts of the world by scientists from a scope of
disciplinary foundations, including: brain science, human sciences, correspondence ponders and an assortment of phonetic sub–disciplines. As a

High School Discourse Analysis
The Discourse community that I selected to present is my high school AP English three course. Although a substantial amount of knowledge was
obtained in this class, the growing problem of a lack of dedication was harming it.
According to the author, James Paul Gee, in "Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics: Introduction", my AP English three class is a secondary dominant
Discourse as it possessess "the (potential) acquisition of social 'goods' (money, prestige, status, etc.)" This course is designed to help students earn
college credits through preparation for a challenging exam. In order to fulfill this purpose, assignments are vigorously administered to enhance the
three genres writing, reading, and speech. Students begin to retain what they have learned and apply this in the classroom, developing an English
dialect within the division of labor between the student and teacher that contains intense words and ceases to have slang. ... Show more content on
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Ranging from writing sixteen page essays to interpreting twelve pages of texts constantly, students expend their energy without any real break to
recover. This results in the degradation of grades and learning capabilities as individuals become increasingly stressed to continue on. Teachers acquire
a difficulty to perform their jobs because students stop desiring to understand. This can be extremely harmful when AP exams take place towards the
end of the year since students are often too exhausted by this point to perform well on the test. If students are tremendously tired, the "shared objective"
of a Discourse community as expressed by John Swales in "Characteristics of a Discourse Community", will inevitably fail. Many people engage in
the class for college credit and because of their fatigue, all the progress that they have made is

Intonation During Casual Speech Productions
Intonation during casual speech productions can be observed at the discourse level using auditory analysis (Chun, 2002). In practice, speakers can
utilise falling or rising intonations to represent various speech realisations such as statements, commands and/or explanations (Cruttendon, 1981).
Speakers' intonation choice may be situation–specific and used as an entity of expression to generate meaning within particular groups of words (Chun,
2002). Interpretations of speakers' speech style using statistical analyses have been the main focus in previous literatures, providing fruitful evidence on
both pitch and linguistic variation and the relations to a more positive or negative connotation within languages. Henton (1989) demonstrated that the
pitch level in linguistic variation could carry underlying connotations (positive or negative) such that in male speech, if expressed with low pitch,
rumbling, under–expressive and monotonous, can be expressive of a more negative connotation within the speech context. Subsequent studies
addressed speakers' abilities to accommodate sociophonetic speech to produce variants that are more similarly associated with the social
characteristics of the audience (Bell, 1984), or a referee (Hay, Jannedy & Mendoza–Denton, 1999). Hay et al., (1999) attempted to demonstrate the
prevalence of an interplay between speech style and the ethnic background of a referee by examining Oprah Winfrey's speech tendencies to
monophthongise the diphthong /Г¦/.

Discourse Analysis : A Discourse Analyst
Discourse analysis is another method that can be used to analyze topics regarding international relations. This theory uses multiple approaches to
analyze any written or oral piece of communication to look for semiotics within. Usually the particularly communication being analyzed is of
speeches, communiquГ©s, and press releases which are produced by world leaders and politicians. This analysis looks to find the meaning and
significance behind the words being used. What is being said directly? What is actually meant? What tone is being used? Which words are being
stressed? These are all important questions for a discourse analyst in undertaking a particular piece of communication. A discourse analyst will search
for comparisons, themes,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Food security effects all nations where anyone has the risk of going hungry, not just because there isfood. In May, 2017, Barack Obama gave an
impactful speech on the subject of food security and climate change at the Seed and Chips Global Food Innovation Summit (see Appendix 1). He
discussed in great length the reality of how no country or group of people will be salvaged from the effects of climate change, and how the global
food source is diminishing a great speed. The objective of his speech was to capitalize on the notion that food is an unavoidable link in the chain of
development. It is necessary for social equality, education, health, growing economies and for the globe. There are many linguistic tools worth
discussing that played a part in the effectiveness of this speech in mobilizing efforts for food security. In part of discursive theories, analysts want to
understand how a certain actor is defining what the threat to security is, and what security really means. In this speech, Obama explains that the
principle threat is climate change and implies that without climate change, we would not have the same amount of food insecurity that we do today.
The reduction of clean water and the unpredictable changes in temperature has created stress on individual countries, and by domino effect, the world.
Climate change is accelerated by the poor conditions we have chosen to meet our food production needs. He uses the example of meat production

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) refers to the use of an ensemble of techniques for the study of textual practice and language use as social and
cultural practices (Fair clough, 1992). In brief, CDA engages in normative critique and judgement on both discourse and the society. The following
essay will discuss the aims and potential social contributions of CDA. To begin with, the principal unit of analysis for critical discourse analysis is the
language. With various uses and functions, such as academic discourse, media discourse, political discourse, and marketing discourse, it creates diverse
power and influences people and the society. From a discourse analytical and sociopolitical point of view, it is tempting to study the relations between
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, CDA works as an effective method to educate people to achieve life equality.
As the aforementioned aims, CDA is a kind of academic activism which determines to tackle the real problems which threaten the lives of many. With
CDA, values are drawn and constructing the society at the same time. It reproduces social dominations which is the power abuse of one group over
others. The structural understanding presupposes more general insights, and sometimes indirect and long–term analyses of fundamental causes and
consequences of such issues.
According to a CDA of Obama's Political Discourse done by Juraj HorvГЎth, the key ideological components of Obama's speech can be summarized
into the concepts of pragmatism, liberalism, inclusiveness, acceptance of religious and ethnic diversity and unity. Besides, the results of the keyword
analysis show the most prominent words employed by Obama are nation, new and America, and an overall dominance of the personal pronoun "we".
The analysis helps us better understand the underlying theme of the speech, which is the need of inclusive perception, and the notion of unity and
brotherly love among the various members of the American diverse society. These ideologies are transmitted to our brains and somehow changing our

Critical Discourse Analysis Of CDA
Methodology
In writing this paper, the writer derives the theory from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which is an approach to the analysis of discourse which
maintains that, language is a social practice and analyses how ideologies and power relations are approached in language (Fairclough & Wodak,
1997, p 258; Lin & Guo, 2016). Fowler and Kress, 1979; Van Dijk, 1993, 1983; Fairclough & Wodak, 1997; Wodak & Meyer, 2009, and Foucault,
1972, are among theorists who have made great contribution to the development and implementation of CDA. It is worth taking into account that CDA
has its roots in Critical Linguistics and can be taken as a development of Critical Linguistics (Hailong, 2006). Language and Control (Fowler & ... Show
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These express mental patterns of such events and the belief that the storytellers have regarding them' (Van Dijk, 1997a: p42). (5) Quoting credible,
sources or experts, witnesses, e.g. in news reports.
(6) Semantic moves such as disclaimers: These play a significant role in persuasion while displaying the original structures of ethnic approaches' (Van
Dijk, 1997, p42).
According to Van Dijk (2006) extended endeavor on racism anddiscourse, concludes that common racism and negative attitudes are derivative of
elite racist discourse. In other words, the role of elites in the 'discursive reproduction processes of the system of racism' is prominent (Van Dijk, 1997,
p32). Numbers of the prejudicial beliefs and attitudes of the public are originated from their understanding of elite discourse in the form of textbooks,
massages, media, political discourse, and corporative discourse (Van Dijk, 1983: p23).
The main tenets of Critical Discourse Analysis have been put forth by Wodak and Fairclough (1997):
1 CDA addresses social problems.
2 Power relations are

Examples Of Discourse Analysis
A.Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (1989, 1995)
1.This theory is used to critically analyze relationship between language, ideologies, and society to reveal the portrayal of women in the film.
2.Fairclough (1995) clarifies that discourse is not only written and spoken language, but it also visual part that has meaning (p.54).
3.According to Fairclough (2010), in Critical Discourse Analysis, language is viewed as a social practice because it shapes and is shaped by society.
4.According to Fairclough (1989, 1995), Critical Discourse Analysis is used to analyze communicative events by analyzing the relationship between
three dimensions, including the micro dimension, the meso dimension, and the macro dimension.
a.The micro dimension ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Related previous studies
A.The first research entitled "The representation of gender roles in the media – An analysis of gender discourse in Sex and the City movies " was
constructed by Therese Ottosson and Xin Cheng in 2012.
1.The aim was to study to see how gender is portrayed in the movies, Sex and The City season 1 and 2.
2.The theories that used in the study were theories of representation and Critical Discourse Analysis.
3.The results showed that, gender roles are unequally represented in SATC1 and SATC2.
a.Men are always portrayed in a typical manner and have a superiority.
b.Women are presented as subordinate role. They must be beautiful and look young as much as possible and work for men.
B.The second research entitled "Women's representation and gender identity in "Desperate Housewives" was conducted by Eveliina Salomaa in 2010.
1.The aim was to study how women are portrayed in "Desperate Housewives" and how the modern women have similar identities as traditional
housewives.
2.The theories used for research were Critical Discourse Analysis and Gender Identity.
3.The result showed that, at the surface level, women are portrayed in "Desperate Housewives" is much different from other TV–series, however, in
deep level, women still similar to the norms and traditional

Marketing Discourse Community Analysis
As a Marketing major at Roger Williams University, I am involved with a lot of activities on campus. More importantly, I am a part of a marketing
discourse community. A discourse community is a group of people who share a common interest in a subject. This subject uses language, terms and
problems foreign to other people not in the community. Marketing at RWU is used for everything that we use today, and there is a lot of psychology
work behind it. Together I believe that all students in a class create a discourse community with their professors. Every class is specific to a course that
is being taught and uses language that is specific to the class. I believe the most important one is the marketing discourse community. For a marketing
major, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Courses emphasize the dynamic nature of marketing in a global economy and the need for organizations to be consumer orientated." Even though it
seems obvious, but one uses marketing and determining who the market should include and who to target in marketing. It is important to understand
why they need to be targeting and how they need to be targeted to get the most success out of a

Data Analysis : Information Analysis
Data Analysis:
As I spent the first week in collecting data, it is time to analyse the collected data in the second week of my professional work placement. Data
analysis method is a way to organize and map my collected data in a pattern that could be interpreted (Bell, 2010). It should be able to assist me
finding answers for my research question by asking myself, "Did my data analysis add new concepts and practices about the inclusive education, or
open the gate for a more questions? Is it taking me to the next step in my research cycle?
The data analysis will be done through the following approaches:
1.The Discourse Analysis:
Discourse analysis is the in–depth, critical analysis of the social interactions within the collected data. It is seen as a way of thinking about the
discussed issue. This methodology is an action–based as it acts to construct meanings from the social contexts in which the collected data is created
(Sargent & Harcourt, 2012). In this research, there are some steps that need to be followed in order to achieve the discourse analysis. First, closer
examination of the data will lead to discovering the functions and the consequences of the discourse (which is the inclusive education). For example, it
will examine the speech act function of the discourse to check if it is to persuade, to accuse, or to encourage. Then, by looking for alternative
explanations in the inclusive education discourse, other interpretations will be eliminated leading to give me

Alan Wardle's Discourse Community Analysis
When one has authority in a discourse community they need to know how to use it appropriately. In Wardle's reading she gives an example of this
about a guy named Alan joining a discourse community within his workplace. As we know, Alan was a computer support specialist in the humanities
department, who was young and just out of college. Alan left his first job because he thought that he was not granted any responsibility (291). He then
found another job within the university working on computers. Right off the start Alan was making decisions as being the only computer specialist
within the start of his new position. As Wardle states, Alan did not have to necessarily prove his knowledge like most people who start a job (292).
The first mistake... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the discourse community he was apart of all of them had a "highly literate, hyper–aware language users, who valued professional, grammatically
correct, Standard English in written communication" (Wardle 295). Another one of Swales points in his criteria is that a discourse community has
some sort of lexis, meaning a language specific to that discourse community (Swales 222). Alan's form of communication to his community was email,
however, his co–workers were older than him and saw the way he would write his emails as informal and inappropriate (Wardle 294). Alan did not
adapt to the change and even resisted from changing his ways of composing emails. Alan believed since he had authority they would adapt to his style.
As a result he was not able to communicate with his community, which is necessary for a discourse community to function. With Alan choosing not to
participate it resulted in "disturbances and breakdowns in work processes" (Hasu and Engestrom 65)(Wardle295). As we can tell from Wardle's story
about Alan and Swales criteria for a discourse community, it might not be always difficult to obtain authority but is difficult to use that authority within
your discourse

Descriptive Approaches In International Relations
From a conceptual point of view, discourse analysis in international relations has outlined a common set of standards for the other fields of language
and social sciences. Discourse is a rather new field of analysis in the world of social research, and it does not yet have a precise and compact
theoretical body. Accordingly, discourse analysis has to rely on the practices and concepts taken from other fields such associology, semantics,
psychology, linguistics etc. Due to its vast source of knowledge, discourse has analytical richness in its field. In the study of international relations,
three types of discursive approaches are considered, which are – descriptive approaches, autonomous approaches, and functionalist approaches.
Autonomous approaches have no established relations with each other, but separately they provide a significant contribution to the study of discourse
(Obeng and Hartford). The descriptive analysis approaches are a set of explanatory perspectives that are based on language and relevant fields. This
method includes a grammatical style, which is concerned with understanding how words and sentences are formed. The descriptive method can be
subdivided into three different practices of grammar and linguistics, which are – Morphology, phonology, and syntax. A descriptive methodology is a
stylistic approach to grammar that is mainly used in poetry. This approach aids discourse analysis by specifying the suitability of a particular discourse
to a specific

Aims And Principles Of Critical Discourse Analysis
Aims and Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis
CDA as a particular hypothesis of language for examining text and discussions has got a few standards and instruments. It is a drastically diverse
kind of phonetics and its attributes are recognized from other connected with sorts of (DA). It has distinctive and different controls to manage
language utilize, this fits for the social issues. There are several social issues in every general public and only method for language is insufficient to
handle these issues consequently the mixture utilization of discourse is qualified to portray and investigation social issues, imbalance, sex, prejudice
and force are the primary matters which CDA manages them through its approach. Another standard of CDA is that the methodology relies on upon
dissecting and recognizable proof instead of concentrating on language as a phonetic thing. History has proven time and again that a few orders of
semantics (pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and semantics) are included in the work of CDA however they got less consideration than analyzing and
understanding social issues. CDA is a compelling study pertinent social issues and it doesn't determine a school or a field or a sub order of (DA) yet
rather than it is clearly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It offers a distinctive perspective on linguistic anthropology as well as cultural anthropology as a whole. The main idea of this approach is to develop
theories and techniques related to the analysis of meaningful behavior in actual situations. Discursive practice concerns discourse in four ways. First
one it is affirmed that social experiences are built in a linguistic and discursive way. The second one is that discourse is bounded to contexts. The third
one is that discourse regarded as social practice. The last one that the grasping the meaning is negotiable in interaction instead of not being permanent
absent in our

Linguistic Research Questions
Part one : The issues, and research questions in linguistics. Jane Sunderland. Qualitative, or Quantitavie or both? Merged processes in linguistic
researches. Jo Angouri. Part two : Quantitative and quantity research methods. Quantitative methods: concepts, structures and issues. Sebastian M.
Rasinger. Arranging and processing your data: the nuts and bolts of quantitative analyses. Erez Levon, Corpus methods in linguistic. Paul Baker. Part
three : Qualitative methods of research. Discourse approaches to text and talk. Judith Baxter. Linguistic ethnography. Angela Creese. Considerable
interviews and focus groups. Lia Litosseliti ,Nigel Edley,. Multi–type examination: key issues. Carey Jewitt. and Jeff Bezemer. Narrative analysis
within linguistic research. Julio Gimenez. In the introduction, the purpose and objectives of this book, is that the book perform as an essential primary
source for researchers and graduate students. In addition to that it provides a short summary of the papers that act in accordance with the collected
works.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A one significant and remarkable dissimilarity between the two is that thesis are more accurate, however, research questions drop the issues that are
brought to impose light only by additional research. Research questions generally derived from existing research and the mysterious elements of it.
There is also a debate on the reseach questions types, example; primary and secondary, speculative and empirical,...etc, Jane Sunderland notes that
research questions must be organised and understandable, intellectually defiant, and

Difference Between Cohesion And Cohesion
.Theoretical part 1. Scope of the study
Language is not realized by some unrelated sentences but by varying number of utterances. The stretch of language may be spoken or written.
Cohesion therefore is the glue that holds words together. In other words, if an essay is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and
from paragraph to paragraph. A speaker of English who hears or reads a passage of the language which is more than one sentence in length can
normally decide without difficulty whether it forms a unified whole or it is just a collection of unrelated sentences. Thus a unified text is achieved by
the use of cohesive devices. The scope of the study focuses on articles of the writers; Ammar Ali and Azmi ashour from Al
–Ahram ... Show more
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This relation has been referred to as a superordinate or hyponomic relation in most of the earlier studies or inclusion: specific–general by McCarthy
(P.57)
The second major element of lexical cohesion is collocation.(
Nunan1993, P.29) declared that collocation can cause problems fordiscourse analysis, because it includes semantically related item and this makes it
difficult to determine if there is any cohesive tie or not. Much linguistics refuses to deal with collocation because of this.
Grammatical cohesion Any discourse must be related not only lexically but also grammatically. (McCarthy, 1991, 34
–35) says that grammatical
cohesion is the surface in written discourse.it is displayed by spoken and written discourses and those links are classified into three categories:
references, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction.Grammatical cohesion is divided into references, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction. According to
Brown and Yule (1983), the traditional semantic of reference is that its relationship is held between expressions in text and the world, and between
different parts of text. There is a different account of the co–reference relation, paying attention to pronouns.

English 20: A Discourse Community Analysis
Discourse communities are within the lives of everyone you meet and sometimes in the things that are read. Syllabi are read by multiple students
throughout the years. Even these can provide a sense of a discourse community. More specifically, in a syllabus for an English 20 class, contains
multiple parts to discourse communities. For this syllabus the discourse community is the class of English 20. The members of the community are the
students and the professor. Every discourse community needs an expert and novices. In this case, the professor would be the expert and the students
are the novices. The goal of the syllabus is to inform the students how the class is structured. There are a few things that make us a discourse
community. We all have the shared goal of passing English 20. We meet at the same time twice a week, almost every week. Every week, we give each
other feedback on our discussion boards. Different formats of writing are being used throughout the semester, and finally, we have specific phrases we
use that some people may not know what they mean. For example, the abbreviation R.R. stands for reading response. ... Show more content on
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The purpose of this genre is to relay course information to the students from the professor, to help them understand the course. Without this genre, we
would be unable to determine exactly how the class is going to be structured. This would leave a lot of confused students and more work for the
professor, since they would be receiving constant emails from students about the class. The writer of this is Professor Daniel Bethel. The audience that
he is directing this to, is us, the students. We are meant to read this and gain information on how this class is going to be for

Great Bear Rainforest: A Critical Discourse Analysis
This MRP is of significant importance as it chronicles one of the most remarkable environmental victories in Canadian history. There is also no other
in–depth qualitative study of media coverage regarding this victory. Moreover, this research is quite timely, as more and more people seem to be tuning
into just how dire matters are with the environment. Seven years have passed since this MRP was published and things are not improving. This is an
unsettling truth because after decades of promoting and raising awareness about the environment, its conservation and protection are still treated as
controversial issues in the media. Equally alarming is the fact that mass media plays such an instrumental role in the construction of public opinion. ...
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First, she read as a typical reader in an uncritical manner and secon, she revisited the text and read it in a critical way. During her second read, she
stresses four main __________. The first is based on genre and framing, which can be described as the type of writing is conducted i.e. news
reporting, news written by columnists, feature writing, and editorial writing. Secondly, foregrounding and backgrounding is something she looks at
which is important because writers can highlight (foreground) certain topics and overlook or even leave out (background) topics altogether. A direct
example from her CDA is that the economic impacts of environmental campaigns were foregrounded in articles in both the Globe and Mail and the
Vancouver Sun. Contrastingly, quotes from environmentalists are frequently found later on in the article. It is clear that this sort of coverage conveys
a tone that could leave readers with the idea that the campaign is nothing but a detriment to British Columbia's economy. Last of all, is this concept of
presupposition and modality whereby writers attempt to shape their reader's opinions by using specific words and attitudes. Richardson's method of
looking at word usage in the articles a success since this allows her to make the association of how writers present the events in the Great Bear
Rainforest to be something similar to a war between

Critical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis...
Methodology
Critical discourse analysis
For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood without acknowledging itself as a mediated
complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler (1991/2013) believes "news is socially constructed. What events are reported is not a
reflection of intrinsic importance of those events, but reveals the operation of a complex and artificial set of criteria for selection" (p. 2). "The news
media select events for reporting according to a complex set of criteria of newsworthiness; so news is not simply that which happens, but that which
can be regarded and presented as newsworthy" (p.13).
Filtered by the latent criteria, the final representation of Hong Kong protests in Canadian press is the outcome of social inclusion and exclusion. In
Fowler's sense, representation is a constructive practice. Hong Kong protests are not communicated neutrally in natural structure per se. Instead, they
were transmitted through the Canadian press with its own structural features permeated by Canadian social values. The discourse of Hong Kong protests
reflects "the social actions accomplished by language users when they communicate in social situations and within society and culture at large" (van
Dijk, 1997, pp. 13–14).
So to speak, studying how the protests were represented requires not only analyzing texts or processes of production and interpretation, but also
"analyzing the relationship between texts,

The Prince And The Discourse: Literary Analysis
Understanding the context and intent with which NicollГі Machiavelli wrote The Prince and The Discourse serves as key framing for understanding the
themes and messages in these two influential works. While they were written just a few months apart by the same author and even have specific
recommendations that are identical, the thrust of the two texts are profoundly different. While the Prince reads like a diagnoses and treatment for the ills
of Machiavelli's hometown of Florence, The Discourses serves as a broader guide to founding and ruling a successful republic. A close reading of the
dedicatory notes of each text will give us a broad understanding of the contextual differences and a greater understanding of the texts themselves.
Despite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the very first sentence of the dedication, Machiavelli makes his intent very clear, "Those who wish to acquire favor with a ruler most often
approach him with those among their possessions that are most valuable in their eyes. (509)" The Prince is a gift for Medici and the most
valuable thing that he has to give. However, there is another important detail that can be gleaned from a close reading. Machiavelli says in "their"
eyes, meaning the eyes of the ruler. Machiavelli is already pushing the idea that his knowledge is of immense value to the prince. At the time of
writing, Machiavelli had been exiled from his beloved city. Before Florence had been recaptured by the Medici's and the republic dissolved,
Machiavelli had a high position as second chancellor. After the shift in power, Machiavelli was accused of treason and spent the rest of his days
living outside the city. He spent his life desperate to return. To this end, The Prince, can be viewed as his strategy to gain favor with Prince Lorenzo
and regain his position of power and influence. Machiavelli says this explicitly: "I want to offer myself to your magnificence, along with something
that will symbolize my desire to give you obedient service. (509)" This means a few things for our reading of this text. First, although not related
explicitly, it's clear that this text is specifically about Florence

Examples Of Critical Discourse Analysis

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