Dioxin Disorder Research Paper

Dioxin Disorder Research Paper
The 1,3–dioxins (meta position) cannot be aromatic and, therefore, are much less stable.
Dioxins therefore also refer to any compound which contains such a ring. It also refers to :
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), or furans, are derivatives of dibenzofuran.
There are 135 isomers, ten have dioxin–like properties.
Polychlorinated/polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs/PBBs), derived from biphenyl, of which twelve
are "dioxin–like". Under certain conditions PCBs may form dibenzofurans/dioxins through partial
oxidation.
Polychlorinated dibenzo–p–dioxins
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
Polychlorinated biphenyls
And last but not least, the most important family, the Polychlorinated dibenzo–pdioxins
(PCDDs), PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo–p–dioxin, chlorinated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
PCDDs consist of two benzene rings, two oxygen atoms and chlorine, fluorine or bromine atoms (1
to 8).
There are 75 PCDD congeners, differing in the number and location of chlorine atoms and in the
arrangement of the aromatic rings. They are characterized by their high chemical stability due to the
presence of chlorine atoms. This stability therefore increases with the number of chlorine atoms
present.
They are resistant to biodegradation, and only oxidants such as ozone, ruthenium tetroxide or
oxidation enzymes can react with them.They are estimated to have low overall toxicity to humans,
with the exception of seven of them, the most dangerous being 2,3,7,8– tetrachlorodibenzo–p–
dioxin, TCDD, known as « Seveso dioxin ».
2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo–p–dioxin (TCDD), sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply
"dioxin" with the chemical formula C12H4Cl4O2. TCDD is a colorless solid with no
distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as a side product in organic synthesis
and burning of organic materials.
TCDD is the most potent compound (congener) of its series and became known as a contaminant in
« Agent Orange », an herbicide used in the Vietnam War by the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Advantages Of Pesticides In Agriculture
M. Salman Anwar Research Proposal
Title:
BIODEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES IN SOIL ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
"Wise use and preservation of the soil recourses of a country can transform a poor society into a
prosperous one (Miller and Donahue 1992)"
Agriculture is a key sector in the world economy where the competition between the countries is of
great importance in terms of the production. It also contributes about 25% of GDP of Pakistan and
provides livelihood directly to 70% of its rural population. In these conditions, pesticides are
commonly used to reach a definite quantity and quality of agricultural productions. Their
generalised use is attributed to (i) increase the quantitative and qualitative yields (ii) limit the
irregularities of crop production linked to the great parasitic catastrophe (iii) protect the food
reserves and many more. It has been estimated that about 3000–5000 tones of pesticides are used
predominately only in Cotton growing areas of Pakistan (ESCAP Virtual Conference–June 16,
2007). According to a report of IFEN, pesticides are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previous studies concerning the pesticide degradation highlighted the microbial degradation as a
primary mechanism of pesticide dissipation from the soils (Cox et al., 1996; Pieuchot et al., 1996).
Along with this degradation of pesticide, these micro organisms also perform many other beneficial
functions like decomposition of organic matter, release of certain enzymes and plant growth
regulators, with having no destructive impact on soil fertility and structure that some more vigorous
conventional technologies may have, such as acid extraction and soil washing. So Biodegradation
should be used to reduce increased soil and underground water pollution caused by excessive use of

The Use Of Silicone Products For Breast Implants
Background
Biomaterials, whether from natural or synthetic origin, have been used for many biomedical
applications ranging from surgery to drug delivery (1). Of particular interest is the use of silicone
products for breast implants, which are medical prostheses serving to augment or reconstruct breasts
(1). To date, silicone is one of the most commonly used materials for plastic surgery procedures in
North America (1, 2). The first silicone breast implants were developed in 1961 and were available
for use by 1962. At that time, there was limited awareness on the safety and efficacy of silicone in
breast implants, but this view changed when attention was drawn to repeated reports involving
adverse reactions after implantation (1, 3–5). This led to a moratorium on silicone breast implants in
1992 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (5). After extensive research, the majority of
results concluded that there were no major harmful effects associated with silicone products. In
2006, FDA approved the use of silicone products in breast implants, which currently leaves silicone
as the only available material for this purpose (3, 5, 6). Since that time, there has been controversy
around the nature and associated complications related to silicone products in breast implants (1, 2,
5). This is reflected by the current body of literature, and seems to result from a lack of consistency
in the methodologies used to determine the mechanisms underlying silicone transport, uptake,

P. Aeruginosa Research Paper
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative, rod–shaped bacteria, almost all strains of P. aeruginosa
are motile (single polar flagella). The bacteria is capable of adapting to and therefore thriving in
many different ecological environments (from water and soil to plant and animals) it also can utilize
a variety of organic compounds as food sources, giving it the ability to colonize in places where
nutrients are limited. It can cause a range of infections from pneumonia to the most serious cystic
fibrosis. P. aeruginosa can form a biofilm that allows the bacteria to form a resistance to antibiotics.
To this day there are conferences, websites, and microbiologists committed to the research and
discovery of P. aeruginosa in the fight to discover and learn more about the bacteria and ways to
fight its biofilm. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
aeruginosa has a large genome at 6.26 Mb, which codes for 5,697 genes, the bacteria measures 0.5
to 0.8 µm by 1.5 to 3.0 µm. It can often be found growing were nutrients are limited, like distilled
water, it can use more than seventy–five different organic compounds. P. aeruginosa is one of the
top three nosocomial infections, resulting in almost 10% of all hospital–acquired infections, with a
blood poisoning mortality rate of nearly 50%. This opportunistic pathogen can cause pneumonia,
urinary tract infections, and blood poisoning in wounded patients. The most serious complication of
P. aeruginosa is cystic fibrosis, a respiratory tract

Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by...
Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas putida
A Project done under the guidance of
Dr. K. Bharathi Department of Biotechnology.
Submitted to the faculty
Of
Department of Biotechnology
National Institute Of Technology, Warangal (A.P)
Submitted By Febin P. Nalpady, Anzal Rahman, Shruti Sharma, Sindhuja Nandiraju, Giraboina
Kranthi Kumar NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
WARANGAL (A.P)
(DEEMED UNIVERSITY) 2010–2011 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Introduction
In quantitative terms, crude oil is one of the most important organic pollutants in marine
environment and it has been estimated that worldwide somewhere between 1.7– 8.8×106 tons of
petroleum hydrocarbons impact marine waters and estuaries annually. Reports have been appearing
since last three decades on the biodegradability of crude oil by bacteria which can use hydrocarbons
as source of carbon and energy. A way to mitigate the effects of oil spills is bioremediation. 2.1
Bioremediation It is a process by which chemical substances are degraded by bacteria and other
microorganisms. The use of these microorganisms has been successfully applied for the treatment of
waste and wastewater in controlled systems. Several research studies have recently been performed
to investigate the use of bioremediation for oil–spill cleanup in seawater, freshwater and terrestrial
areas. The technique has been found to have a potential for broad applications in terrestrial and
freshwater environments for treating soils and sediments contaminated with oil and other
substances, as well as for coastal environments impacted by oil spills. Water is a more sensitive
medium than soil and requires different remediation techniques. Spills to surface water are easier to
clean up than spills to groundwater, for obvious reasons. It is not only much harder to see the extent
of the contamination, but also to remove the source of the contamination as, for

Essay On Crude Water
This paper looks at the recovery of crude oil–polluted seawater using bioremediation and
biostimulation (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Bioremediation of crude oil is a less
expensive solution to other alternatives (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). There are lots
of different parameters that needed to be considered during the study of bioremediation productivity
which were all monitored during these experiments (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Three trials were performed during this study of natural seawater artificially polluted with crude oil
and recovered using three different methods. These methods were: inorganic nutrients, inorganic
nutrient and the bacteria Alcanivorax borkumensis, and lastly an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The parameters that were measured and their methods are listed below:
Total Bacteria Count: 1–2 mL of seawater was placed in formaldehyde and stored at 4 degrees
Celsius (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Before samples were filters using Nucleopore
black polycarbonate filters (stained with 4, 6–diamidion–2–phenylindole), the sample was put
through ultrasonic treatment for 30 seconds (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Using a
Zeiss Axioplan 2 imaging epifluorescence microscope, the samples were analyzed, and bacteria
counted (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Heterotrophic bacteria Counts: 100 µL of 10–fold dilutions of the water sample taken was spread
onto Marine agar plates (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). This was incubated for 7 days
at 20 degrees Celsius (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). The colonies were then counted,
and results were recorded in CFU/mL (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Hydrocarbon–degrading Bacterial Count: Using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, the
number of bacteria were counted (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Sterile 3 mL 24–
wells were used to culture test plates (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Each contained 2
mL of sterile Bushnell–Hass medium, with 2% NaCl (Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013).
Ten–fold dilutions of the sample were made in the medium and 100 µL were pipetted into the wells
(Hassanshahian, Emtiazi, & Cappello, 2013). Then, 10

Bioremediation Methods for Oil Spills
Bioremediation Methods for Oil Spills
Contents
I. Introduction
II. History of Bioremediation 1. 'Courtship' Period (Pre–1989) 2. 'Honeymoon' Period (1989–1991)
3. 'Establishment' Period (since 1992)
III. The Biological and Chemical Processes of Bioremediation 1. Biodegradation a. Biological
Process b. Degrading Species c. Chemical Process d. Need for Bioremediation 2. Bioremediation a.
Seeding with Microbial Cultures b. Environmental Modification
IV. Recent Applications of Bioremediation Techniques and their Effectiveness 1. Amoco Cadiz 2.
Exxon Valdez 3. Mega Borg 4. Apex Barges 5. Arabian Gulf War
V. Conclusion
Bibliography
Bioremediation Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The story of bioremediation and its recent development as an oil spill response technology provides
an interesting example of how a new environmental technology comes into being. Based on the U.S.
experience (highly influenced by the Exxon Valdez oil spill), the history of bioremediation in spill
response can be divided into three development periods (after Hoff, 1993): the 'courtship' period
until 1989, the 'honeymoon' period from 1989 until 1991, and the 'establishment' period since 1992.
1. 'Courtship' Period (pre–1989)
The first 'courtship' period was primarily a research period, when bioremediation was little known
outside the microbiology or hazardous waste community. Many published articles from the 1970s
and earlier documented the process of microbial degradation of oil, both in the laboratory and in
field trials. A number of scientific papers on this topic were published during the 1970s and 1980s,
including several review papers covering mechanisms of biodegradation, and papers presenting
results from controlled field experiments measuring degradation rates in various environments.

Several studies following major oil spills like the Amoco Cadiz measured oil degradation in the
environment and confirmed previously published results from laboratory studies (Hoff, 1993).
These works established a basic understanding of biodegradation of oil as an important component
of the process known as

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Recycling Plastic
Introduction
Plastic in its various forms is the most useful but cheap invention that mankind has ever made .
Having widespread applications from industries to minute household stuff, its utility cannot be
expressed in a few sentences.
But, at the same time, plastics possess a property which makes nature quite vulnerable to their
misuse. This property namely is NON–BIODEGRADABILITY. By closely observing the structure
of plastic, we come to know that plastic is made of extremely strong carbon–carbon bonds, which
cannot be easily broken down into small units by any natural processes. This property of non–
biodegradability poses a serious threat to the environment.
So what is the solution to this problem? This problem has a simple, yet effective ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
* It has a better Particle compression ratio of 3/1 to 5/1.[6]
* Most importantly, this works on the principle of continuous compressions, wherein plastics are not
physically damaged due to plastic's less deformable nature. This can be explained with the data [6]
that fracture point in the stress strain graph for plastic material such as Polypropylene may be as
high as 80 Mpa, whereas that of organic material such as wood is 40 Mpa. Other organic things are
easier to break. So, if we apply a stress between these two critical pressures we can break the
organic matter keeping the plastic intact. The exact value should be optimised experimentally.
(a) (b)
Fig.(a ) Animation and (b) Details of Jaw Crusher[2]
Only organic wastes entering the jaw crusher are crushed into finer particles. Plastics remain intact.
This will help in better biodegradation of the organic wastes as it will increase the surface area of
the particles so that microbes can attack the organic wastes easily.
Biodegradation of organic wastes
Different microorganisms transform the organic compounds into simpler compounds ultimately
releasing CO2, CH4, water as the main products, reducing the volume and weight of the organic
wastes and increasing proportion of plastic in waste, making the separation of plastic

Moving Forward in the Future with Starbucks
Moving Forward in the Future With Starbucks
Ashford University
BUS402 Strategic Management and Business Policy
February 10,2012
Abstract
This paper contains a three year strategic management proposal to Starbucks' board of
directors. The proposal contains, my company's back ground information, examples of
previous projects, samples of current projects, and future projected earnings. My proposal
includes brief detailed information on the committed staff working for WillandSteph
Incorporated. You will see the dedication they can provide for the Starbucks Corporation.
This proposal will open your eyes to the limitless possibilities there are for Starbucks. It
will show you that taking risks and making changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The market has shown a decline in Starbucks stock. When our company followed your
Stocks trend, we noted a drop about $15 a share. This is a value you have been above
Since 2004. Also, looking at Starbucks' SEC filings, we can see that its comparable store
sales have decreased significantly in US markets since 2004. This has prompted WillandSteph
to evaluate Starbucks' current strategies in addition to the retail coffee market as a whole. To
evaluate the problem, one of the biggest questions to consider is to what extent is the "designer

coffee" market just a fad. In other words, will the allure of gourmet Starbucks coffee be
maintained or will more appealing options threaten the success of Starbucks'primary product?
If the designer coffee market is indeed a fad industry, we need to evaluate Starbucks' possible
options to avoid further decline. The overarching question that we should answer is how
Starbucks can stay profitable in the future. A good place to start involves evaluating the current
market for coffee; from this point, we can gather information about market performance and
determine the extent to which designer coffee appeals to current consumers. Through market
analysis, we can investigate whether or not the demand for gourmet coffee is wavering. We will
evaluate whether coffee companies in general are having trouble maintaining profitability or if it
is

Essay On Plastic Bags
Since 1985, America has used plastic bags due to them being waterproof and having handles making
them easier to carry goods. Paper and plastic have always been a huge controversy in supermarkets
through the preference of customers. Some customers prefer having the paper bags standing up
straight in the trunks of their cars. Other customers prefer the plastic bags because of the handles
making it easier to walk home and carry their goods. Although both preferences are fine, all
customers know the dangers of the plastic bag. Banning plastic bags from stores and replacing them
with only paper or reusable bags, will reduce corruption of organic products, reduce CO2 emissions
from the creation and destruction of the plastic and prevent harm ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although plastic bags, as well as paper bags, can be recycled in order to postpone running out of
resources, the creation and destruction of the plastic releases CO2 or (Carbon Dioxide) into the air
damaging the Earth's atmosphere along with all the other horrific machinery emitting the same toxic
and harmful gas. This is more popularly known as "Plastic Pollution", one of the biggest causes of
climate change. "An estimated 12 million barrels of oil are used to manufacture the 30 million
plastic bags that Americans use each year." (Durkin, 1 bag at a time) Factories creating and
destroying these plastic bags have the some of the highest rates of CO2 emission. No matter how the
plastic bag is disposed of, either way it will end up releasing the catastrophic chemicals that are
killing our planet.
Recycling is a great attempt to preserve our natural resources, but it does not even come close to
saving the living creatures of Mother Earth herself. The build up of plastic bags and other
unnecessary items in our oceans is a greater cause of ecosystem disruption. An estimated 100,000
marine animals die each year due to suffocating on or ingesting plastic bags. Increased levels of
man–made pollutants show up in areas like the Arctic, affecting Polar bears, other arctic mammals,
melting polar ice caps and adding to the stress of all climate change and global warming. All plastic
bags ever thrown away are stored in landfills, which only some of actually properly dispose

Bioplastic: Replacing All That Plastic
Bioplastic is becoming a big topic in our society because of excess of amount of waste plastic being
used. Bioplastic decays much faster then regular plastic. There are many ways bioplastic can be
produced and many scientists are researching specifically making it with natural products. Scientist
figured out that high–leveled starch products are very effective when it comes to making of
bioplastic. Bioplastic is a very fast developing technology that will help the reduce the amount of
plastics in landfills and usage of fossil fuels. Many of the products people used everyday are made
from plastic. Plastics consists of polymers which are chemical compounds made up of long chains
of smaller molecules. Plastic is a necessity in the current society, although to manufacture, it
requires a fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are carbon–based fuel sources, such as oil and gas which is made
from fossilized plant and animal remains. Plastics are a bane to the environment because they are
not biodegradable (cannot be broken down by decomposers), and cause global warming. The price
for production of biodegradable plastic will soon drop for 3 reasons. First, as the production of
biodegradable increase, the cost disadvantage will disappear. Second, oil and petroleum are a
nonrenewable resource and the supply of will decrease. The supply is limited and when it starts to
run out the price will increase. And lastly, the world is trying to be more eco friendly and there are
many researches going on

The Effects Of Oil Spill On The Niger River Delta
Medina–Bellver, J. I. Marín, P. Delgado, A. Rodríguez–Sánchez, A. Reyes, E. Ramos, J.
L. and Marqués, S. (2005). Evidence for in situ crude oil biodegradation after the Prestige oil spill.
Environmental Microbiology. 7(6): 773–779. Mendelsohn, I. A., Hester, M. W., Sasser, C. and.
Fishel, M. (1990). The effect of
Louisiana crude oil discharge from a pipeline break on a vegetation of a southeast Louisiana
brackish marsh. Oil chemical Pollution. 7:1–15.
Moffat, D. and Linden, O. (1995). Perception and Reality: Assessing Priorities for
Sustainable Development in the Niger River Delta. Ambio. 24 (7–8): 527 – 532. Moneke, A. and
Nwangwu, C. (2011). Studies on the bioutilization of some petroleum hydrocarbons by single and
mixed cultures of some bacterial species. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5 (12): 1457–
1466.
Nwachukwu, S. C. U. (2001). Bioremediation of sterile agricultural soils polluted with crude
petroleum by application of the soil bacterium, Pseudomonas putida with inorganic nutrient
supplementations. Curr Microbiol. 42(2):231–236.
Nweke, C.O., Okpokwasili, G.C. (2003). Drilling fluid base oil biodegradation potential of a soil
Staphylococcus species. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2:
293 – 295. Obire, O. (1990). Bacterial Degradation of three Different crude oils in Nigeria. Nig. J.
Bot. 1:81–90.
Obire, O. (1993). The Suitability of Various Nigerian Petroleum Fractions as Substrate for
BacterialGrowth. Discov. Innov. 9: 25–32.
Obire, O. and

Microbes And The Environment
Microbes And The Environment
When you pick up a handful of soil from outside you are not only picking up soil you are picking up
a handful of microbes. In that one handful there are many different varieties of living microbes, they
range from algae, fungi, bacteria and many more. "A single teaspoon of that soil contains over
1,000,000,000 bacteria, about 120,000 fungi and 25,000 algae."(Microbe World) They are found
everywhere that you can think of on Earth, this includes the ground, air, plants and animals.
Microbes are one of the oldest living things on Earth they have been around for billion of years and
continue to live here under any conditions because they are constantly adapting to the environment
that they live in. "These environments range from the boiling waters of hot springs in Yellowstone
National Park to the freezing temperatures of Antarctica." (Microbe World) The microbes that exist
in our world are not all bad they have many very helpful traits that can be observed every day
.Microbes just like bacteria and fungi break down complex pollutants into simpler substances to
gain energy and nutrients by the process called biodegradation. "What biodegradation means is the
chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means. Although often conflated,
biodegradable is distinct in meaning from compostable." (Biodegradation.) Microbes are found
naturally in the world and they are also used by humans for important reasons. For example they

How Do Landfills Affect The Community?
Engaging with the problems with landfills and other problems with landfills will help reduce
greenhouse gasses and other hazardous wastes, while relieving the stress of finding ways to help the
landscape and biodiversity of earth tremendously. The topics that will be discussed are about
Landfills, Biodegradation, and hazardous wastes. Landfills, have become more and more of a
problem each and every day because the Americans are producing more waste than they have been.
Individually, we need to find better ways to fix our biodegradation systems we have because if
landfills don't degrade properly then it can be very dangerous for the areas around them. Hazardous
waste is the worst type of waste when there is no way to treat it (Lerner). Hazardous ... Show more
Hazardous waste is the worst type of waste when there is no way to treat it (Lerner). If someone
doesn't treat waste it won't be as good to dispose of it if it were treated waste. Extra extra, "Human
activities create a continuous waste stream" (Lerner). There are so many people on the world that
we could make up our own stream of waste. "Even though some of these landfills have been closed
down, they may still stand like ticking time bombs" (Lerner). The way landfill waste goes through
the landfill some way it might get stuck and cause a reaction and blow up the landfill and go all
over. Majority of the waste produced in the U.S. is from companies like chemical, metal, and
mining companies (Lerner). There are tons of people on earth and millions of people in the U.S., but
it is pretty sad when more of the waste is produced from factories than the humans that do more. We
can reduce the amount of waste we make by eliminating factories that we don't need or use in the

Tetrachlorodobenzo-P-Dioxidation Lab Report
Photodegradation of dioxins appears to be the only chemical reaction that leads to the elimination of
dioxins in the environment. Photochemical dechlorination and photooxidation in the presence of
hydroxyl radicals, ozone and PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) are two possible types of reactions. These
reactions, their velocities, their products are still poorly characterized.
However, in general, it appears that the photodegradation rates of dioxins increase when the number
of chlorine atoms in the molecule decreases, and that reaction with hydroxyl radicals is the
dominant photooxidation mechanism in the atmosphere. Also, photolysis is faster in the gaseous
phase than on particles or in water; The presence of organic compounds in water or in
particles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other studies have shown that out of a hundred microbial lines possessing the ability to degrade
persistent pesticides, only 5 of them possessed a certain capacity to biodegrade 2,3,7,8–
tetrachlorodibenzo–p–dioxin . Some mushrooms have also demonstrated this ability in the
laboratory. However, metabolic rates remain low (2.23% after
30 days, 3.96% after 60 days). This capacity of the fungi is attributed to an extracellular enzyme
activity associated with the natural degradation of lignin. To determine the persistence of
2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo–p–dioxin, silty and sandy soils were artificially enriched with
2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo–p–dioxin at different concentrations. Measurements were made after
incubation at 28 ° C for 20, 40, 80, 160 and 350 days. After 350 days, 56% of 2,3,7,8–
tetrachlorodibenzop–dioxin was still present in the silty soils and 63% in the sandy soils, a slight
degradation was observed in both soils. However, other dioxin congeners are more resistant to
biodegradation. Thus, laboratory experiments on sandy loam soils artificially enriched with
1,2,3,7,8–pentachlorodibenzo–p–dioxin and octachlorodibenzo–p–dioxin have shown that at pH
8.1 these two substances were still present after 15 months of

The Effects Of Soil Contamination On The Environment
In the world we are living in today, with a growing population of approximately 7 billion, demands
on fossil fuels are now greater than ever. Although innovative research on green energy sources
have flourished during the past years, fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy in the
world. Methods of extraction and storage for crude oils can become detrimental to the environment
if not properly handled. Starting from marine spills, to leakage of underground storage tanks, these
anthropogenic activities intoxicate soil and water bodies impacting both terrestrial and aquatic life.
However, through a natural process called bioremediation, microbes are able to degrade toxic
pollutants and even result in the complete restoration of contaminated sites. This paper will focus
mainly on bioremediation of oil–contaminated soils.
Introduction
Soil contamination occurs when an excessive amount of a substance is present in the soil at higher
than normal concentration without necessarily causing any direct harm (Vance, Pierzynski, & Sims,
1994). Soil contamination can lead to soil pollution, which is the evolution of soil contamination,
causing some type of direct harm; thus a soil can be contaminated but not polluted (Vance et al.,
1994). In most cases, oil contaminated soils have some type of direct or indirect negative
consequences on the environment. Crude oils, when found in little to excessive amount, can destroy
ecosystems and impact human health. A thorough description of

A Research Study On Pharmaceutical Compounds
Continuous growth in population of the world has led to rapid increase in demand and competition
for water. Also, Canada is one of the highest water users per capita in the world(Government of
Canada). Therefore, removal of contaminates from water that threat the quality and integrity of
water resources is an important issue and demands vast researches to be conducted in this field.
Pharmaceutical compounds, as one of the pollutants of water resources, are continuously emerging
aquatic environment due to their extensive usage in human and veterinary medicines and this has
become a scientific and social concern. Moreover, these compounds are only partially removed in
waste water treatment plants (WWTPs); hence are entered to the treated outlet effluents of these
systems (Lydia M. Barrett 2015, Jia, Y 2012). Antibiotics are one of the most important groups of
pharmaceutical compounds and are extensively used for either prevention or treatment of disease
(Hao Chen 2011). Occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environment causes the development of
antibacterial resistance bacteria and genes(Lydia M. Barrett 2015) that causes the normally effective
antibiotics in use to not work well or fail completely(Vera Homem,2011). For instance, the
Canadian Intensive Care Unit (CAN_ICU) conducted a survey on the prevalence of antibiotic–
resistant bacteria in intensive care units (ICUs) in 19 hospitals over the Canada. Their research
revealed that about 20% of overall sampled bacteria

Biological Treatment Of Oil Spills : Biological Treatment...
Biological treatment of oil spills:
Biological agents are mostly naturally produced microorganisms, nutrient or enzymes that enhances
the rate of bio–degradation of oil spills. It is the process of digestion of oil spills through
microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, yeasts, etc., it is a simple process of breaking f complex
compound to form simpler molecular giving out energy and nutrients.
Bio–degradation of oil is a natural process that takes place over a long period of time (days, weeks,
months or even over years) to degrade oil from the water.
Bio–remediation is a technique of adding matters like fertilizers or micro–organisms to the area in
need if remediation from oil spills. Bio remediation aids the degradation process through ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, diverse slow release nutrient sources were used with the oil sorbent materials.
The plant–derived materials from mosses, duckweeds and other plant species are suitable for
immobilization of microorganisms and preserve their viability for a longer time. In the present work
the bioremediation performance of a new type of bio–hybrid material constituted by the mix of dry
biomass of duckweed plants (Wolffia arrhiza, Lemna minuscula) and their biomass–derived cell–
structured materials (CSM) incorporated in a non–woven polymer matrix of methyl methacrylate–
acrylonitrile and hydrocarbon degrading bacteria immobilized on its surface. On comparison the
crude oil biodegradation capacities of the new BHM and assessment of the combined effect of the
plant material incorporation and immobilization of oil–degrading bacteria cells on the performance
of these materials. These materials turned to be highly capable of oil absorption from sea water and,
more importantly, facilitated significantly the biodegradation of the absorbed oil (Lobakoa, 2016).
Using halothermophilic bacterial consortium or the biodegradation of PAHs:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants, difficult to clean due to
their hydrophobic nature. The hydrocarbons possess toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.
Saudi Arabia holds about one–fifth of the world's total conventional oil reserves, producing
approximately 10.3 million barrel per day. Saudi Arabia also possesses

How Can Hair Be Used In Absorbing Oil Spills
How Can Hair Be Used In Absorbing Oil Spills The purpose of this experiment is to find out if hair
is useful in absorbing oil/ oil spills. The hypothesis is that various forms of hair will absorb and hold
different amounts of oil. It is known that the property of hair has a major connection to how much it
will hold. An oil spill the releasing of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the surrounding area or
environment. Most likely to occur in marine areas or marine area with a lot of human activity. Some
may also happen on land or into the ocean. All of which are bad for the environment. Especially for
wildlife. Spilled oil can harm living things because of its chemical constituents are poisonous. This
can affect organisms both from internal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of
glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine villus hair. Most
common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types and hair care, but hair is also an
important biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably keratin. ( "Human Hair: Facts &
Information." Disabled World. Web. 12 Nov. 2015) Hair is adsorbent rather than absorbent, meaning
oil clings to the many tiny scales on each strand of hair. Each follicle or strand of hair has an
enormous amount of surface area. It's not soaking up the oil, it's not blowing up like a sponge, the
oil is actually coating the outside. And since each strand, separately has a lot of surface area, each
follicle will be holding a somewhat significant large amount of oil. ( "How Can Human Hair Mop
up the Oil Spill?" BBC News. BBC, 11 May 2010. Web. 12 Nov. 2015.) The hair is this experiment
will vary in this experiment. Therefore the amount of oil absorbed by the hair will be different for
each

The Decolorization Potential of Microorganisms
The decolorization potential of microorganism was assessed by examining its ability to degrade
various textile dyes. All 10 dyes monitored showed decolorization as follows: Reactive Yellow 84
(complete decolorization in 5 h), Reactive Green 19A (95% in 24 h) , Reactive Red 120 (complete
decolorization in 6 h), Reactive Blue 160 (complete decolorization in 3 h), Reactive Red
31(complete decolorization in 6 h), Solvent Red 24 (complete decolorization in 8 h), Basic Green 4
(80% in 24 h), Diamond Green 4 (complete decolorization in 24 h), Pigment Orange 31 (complete
decolorization in 3 h) and RO16 (complete decolorization in 2 h), while in sterile, cell free medium
decolorization did not occur up to 48 h of incubation suggesting the absence of abiotic
decolorization. As RO16 showed complete decolorization in 2 h, this industrially important toxic
azo dye was taken for further studies. Lysinibacillus sp. RGS could decolorize RO16 rapidly and
thus was found to be better than the bacterial consortium DAS reported by Jadhav et al (2011). To
confirm the decolorization, UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis was carried out. The absorption spectra
of RO16 before and after treatment by Lysinibacillus sp. RGS in visible range were taken. Peak
responsible for absorption maxima of parent dye (495 nm) were completely disappeared in the
sample obtained after decolorization (Fig.S1) confirming the complete removal.
Establishment of optimum operation conditions for the decolorization study of RO16

Marine Pollution
I make my way down the sand with the scorching sun shining bright in my face, trying to reach to
the cooling ocean as fast as I can. I feel the ocean's continuous movement of the currents shifting
back and forth, making me think about how the ocean currents create the rubbish patches, gathering
bits of plastic on the way. I wonder if people think about the consequences of littering before doing
it and the harm that it has on the sea life?
Over the last few decades human activities have become a danger to marine life, through marine
pollution. According to WWF.panda.org over 80% of marine pollution comes from land–based
activities, such as oil, fertilisers, general rubbish, sewage disposal, and toxic chemicals. As someone
who cares about ocean and its sea life these statistics always saddens me to think that humans are
the main cause of their harm. Just this weekend there has been an article in the newspaper about a
whale's stomach that was full of around 30 plastic bags. The whale was then put down in Norway
after they failed to rescue it. What we need to realise as people is that even though the ocean may
seem big enough to hold a lot of pollution it's actually having an enormous effect on the marine life
and could also start having more of an effect on us through diseases, transferred when eating
contaminated fish that may have consumed the toxic substances. The newspaper article on the whale
sadly didn't even seem to surprise me anymore, I have seen many similar

Chloroethenes And Methanogenesis
Chloroethenes are one of major contaminant presents throughout environments. Biodegradation of
these compounds is still rate limiting in natural conditions due to their persistence to both chemical
and biological attacks. Furthermore, the accumulation of the compounds is far less than the
biodegradation rate occurred in the ecosystem. Many efforts have been made to find ways for
increasing the biodegradation rate of chloroethenes, including isolate new microorganisms that
capable of degrading chloroethenes faster and effective; and examine more on their biodegradation
mechanisms to find an efficient way to degrade those compounds. This research was performed to
study the effects of metals supplementations on methanogenesis in mixed culture

Oil Spill
An oil spill incident or accident, broadly affects nature and crushes the environment around us as
well as living beings and life form in the sea. Amid oil slicks, smooth, thick liquid is shaped and
advances on the ocean. The Deepwater Horizon spill will undoubtable keep on changing earth for
quite a while, more than already suspected. This essay will be broken up into three parts, were it will
attempt to explain the influence of Crude oil on the environment, more specifically prokaryotes and
eukarryotes Thunnus thynnus.
In part one (Influence of Crude Oil on prokaryotes) the following question will be answered; (1)
which bacterial species in the Biello and Robinson articles gave off an impression of being best at
separating the raw petroleum? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decline in Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thynnus Thunnus) would have an extraordinary monetary
effect in the territory since they are viewed as a standout amongst the most resilient fish species and
vulnerable to overfishing. Neighborhood companies which rely on Tuna will experience business
decrease because of the effect and a significant diminishment in quantities of the Tuna. The Oceana
Fact Sheet (2010), states there are two nurseries for tuna, one of which is the Gulf of Mexico and
more than 90% bring forth and come back to the place they were conceived. (Paragraph two,
Wildlife of Gulf of Mexico and Vulnerability to Oil, Ocean Fact

Effects Of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Leak On The Gulf Of...
On April 20, 2010 The Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sunk into the Gulf of Mexico at
Macondo MC252. Eleven people were killed as a result. The spill released more than 4 million
barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. According to various reports this was one of the worst
ecological disasters in US History next to the Exxon Valdez. As a result of this incident, a plume
appeared in the surrounding area. "This plume was initially identified by elevated levels of methane
and light aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes, referred to
collectively as BTEX)." (Reddy et al., 2011) Examination of this article will show what chemicals
have been introduced into the gulf waters and the potential impact if left untreated. The disastrous
effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil leak have caused a significant impact on our marine and
mammal seafaring wildlife. Many private and governmental research institute studies were
conducted immediately upon contamination and leakage of the oil flow into the Gulf of Mexico.
Extensive studies were conducted over the course of the months before the capping of the oil well.
To this day continued research studies have been conducted in the 6 years following the oil spill.
Analyzing the impacts and effects of the oil spill, and the changes it has made to our environment
and the ecosystem with in the gulf itself. The oil plume in the Gulf of Mexico is a direct
environmental impact on subjects like eutrophication of

The Chemistry Of Organic Contaminants
Over the past ten years, the Institute of Gas Technology, now Gas Technology Institute (GTI), USA
and others have conducted research on the bioremediation of organic contaminants in soil. Most of
this work has been associated with remediation of former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) sites,
soils from industrial areas and oil production areas have also been studied. The results have shown
that: (1) organic contaminants are biodegraded by indigenous soil microorganisms to a
concentration that no longer decreases, or that decreases very slowly, with continued treatment; (2)
reductions below this concentration are limited by the availability of the contaminants to the
microorganisms; and (3) the residual contaminants that remain after biological ... Show more
Bacterial enzymes will catalyze the insertion of oxygen into the hydrocarbon so that the molecule
can subsequently be consumed by cellular metabolism. Because of this oxygen is one of the most
important requirements for the biodegradation of oil. Table 1 shows the list of some of the
microorganisms which are involved in the bioremediation of oil contamination.
Microbial Seeding
Oil degrading microorganisms seem to be ubiquitous, with their number typically limited by the
hydrocarbon supply (Namazi et al., 2008). Another approach is to add exogenous microorganisms
with known degradative activities, either natural isolates or engineered (Narasimhan et al., 1983).
Seeding involves the introduction of allochthonous microorganisms into the natural environment for
the purpose of increasing the rate or extent, or both of biodegradation of pollutants. The rationale for
this approach is that the autochthonous microorganisms may not be capable of degrading the wide
range of potential substrates present in complex mixtures such as petroleum (Raghavan, 1998).
Terrestrial ecosystems differ from aquatic ecosystems in that soils contain higher concentrations of
organic and inorganic matter and generally, large number of microorganisms and are more variable
in terms of physical and chemical conditions (Bossert et al., 1984). The presence of indigenous
microorganisms which are highly adapted to a particular environment would negatively influence
the

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biodiesel Fuel
Biodiesel Word count:
Introduction
Biodiesels are one way new energy sources are developed. Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil – or
animal fat–based diesel fuel consisting of long–chain alkyl esters. Biodiesel is typically made by
chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat with an alcohol producing fatty acid
esters).
The origin of biodiesel fuel, the earlier engines worked so smoothly on earth–nut or pea–nut oil that
only a few people were aware of it. These engines were then worked on vegetable oil without
making any alterations.
Discussion
Biodiesel fuel is believed by many to be the fuel of the future. As a clean burning alternative, the bio
fuel comes from 100% renewable resources. Biodiesel can be used in pure form or may be blended
with petroleum diesel at any concentration in most injection ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages of biodiesel fuel
At present, Biodiesel fuel is bout one and a half times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel.
It requires energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops; plus there is the energy of sowing,
fertilizing and harvesting.
Another biodiesel fuel disadvantage is that it can harm rubber hoses in some engines.
As Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine, this dirt can then get collected in the fuel filter, thus
clogging it. So, filters have to be changed after the first several hours of biodiesel use.
Biodiesel fuel distribution infrastructure needs improvement, which is another of the biodiesel fuel
disadvantages. The environmental and economical impact of a biodiesel, and factors that are used to
evaluate a biodiesel
A number of environmental effects of biodiesel fuel are also surfacing associated with its use. These
biodiesel fuel environmental effects potentially include decrease in greenhouse gas emissions,
deforestation, pollution and the rate of biodegradation.
Greenhouse gas

Solving Environmental Sustainability Problems Essay examples
Solving Environmental Sustainability Problems The restaurant business is one of the most important
types of business in the entire world. Restaurants feed thousands of people daily and also supply
others with job opportunities. Mary is an owner of a thriving restaurant that gives customers a full
tummy and employees a nice paycheck. One day, Mary decides to do a detailed inspection herself to
confirm that the restaurant is running smoothly and properly. When Mary began the inspection
process, there were many problems that she came across like the water that's being wasted, the over
usage of paper products, absence of recycling bins, and the packaging material is not eco–friendly. It
is not the end of the world just yet because there is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the hostesses' seat the customers, waiters run rapidly back and forth from the kitchen to their
section of customers to take orders, serve food, and refill drinks. Also, the bartenders' try to make
the alcoholic drinks not only for the people sitting at the bar, but also the people sitting everywhere
else in the restaurant. Then, the Chefs' in the kitchen are stressfully preparing and cooking the meals
in a limited amount of time. Later on, when a group of people at a booth or table leaves, the bus
boys come to clean up the messes on the tables and take the dirty dishes back to the kitchen for
cleaning. Afterwards, the workers on dishwasher duty wash and sanitize the dishes. All these actions
are repeated multiple times a day, every day to satisfy the customers and to make a great deal of
profit. But, not one worker or customer stops and thinks about the environmental problems that are
taking place. For instance, there are actually so many fine details that many people miss out on and
do not recognize the wrongful acts that are taking place inside the restaurant. Throughout the hectic
and typical day of a server, the first task that the server does is ask the seated customers for what
kind of drink they desire. Adults may proceed to order a glass of wine with a glass of water and
children may choose a soda with water as well, or most commonly, just water by itself. Most of the
time, customers order water because it is free of charge and a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Polyhydroxybutyrate
STUDY OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE PRODUCING MARINE BACTERIA
Sonal Shinde; Vatsala Singh; Guide: Mrs. Reshma Pol; | M. Tech Integrated [Date]
ABSTRACT:
Bioplastic is a form of plastic synthesized from renewable resources such as plant starch and
microbial species. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a carbon reserve and biodegradable polyesters
which are synthesized by many bacteria. Marine organisms have strategies to produce novel
compounds like PHB due to the unique environment they survive. They are accumulated
intracellularly as carbon and energy reserves under certain conditions like, in the presence of excess
carbon source. Polyhydroxybutyrate have been drawing much attention as biodegradable substitutes
for conventional non–biodegradable plastics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this method, the plates containing nutrient agar was divided into 4 parts. In each part, a bacterial
isolate was spotted in duplicates. The plate was incubated at 30◦C for 24 hours. Ethanolic solution
of (0.02%) Sudan Black was spread over the colonies and the plate was kept undisturbed for 30
minutes. They were washed with ethanol (96%) to remove the excess stain from the colonies. The
dark blue stained colonies were taken as positives. All the positive isolates were assigned a code and
were sub–cultured and maintained in their respective slants at 4◦C

Biocomposite Suture Anchors
Rotator cuffs are a common cause of pain and disability.15,17 If left untreated, they can lead to a
considerable restriction of quality of life.21,24 Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is one of the most
frequently performed operations in orthopaedic surgery and aims the restoration of a pain free
shoulder function.19,23 A pivotal prerequisite for function and durability of the rotator cuff repair is
a good biocompatibility and biomechanical stability of the implanted suture anchors.8,10 The use of
biocomposite suture anchors for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has recently been increased.11 The
biomechanical properties and the biological degradation process of biocomposite suture anchors
plays a key role in order to create a stable and safe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, a poor re–establishment of the original bone tissue after reabsorption was in various
studies reported.2,6 In order to increase the bone restauration after absorption of biocomposite
suture anchors, a third generation of anchors, containing β–tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and
hydroxyapatite (HA), was recently developed.5,12 Which impact the addition of those
osteoconductive materials on the osseous reaction have, is still unclear, and is currently being
controversially discussed.9,16 Several studies have already investigated the biomechanical
properties of biocomposite suture anchors, on the other hand just a little data were published
concerning the biocompatibility and the biodegradation of suture anchors composed of PLLA and
osteoconductive material after a prolonged follow

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bio-Plastics
Bio–plastics are made from two words bio + plastics. The plastics made from biomass material or
dispose easily as soil or both properties called bio–plastics. Bio–Plastics are not a single class of
polymers but rather a family of products, which vary considerably. A bio–plastic is a substance
made from organic biomass sources unlike conventional plastics which are made from petroleum.
Bio–plastics are made from a number of different processes. Some uses a microorganism to process
base material, such as vegetable oil, cellulose, starch, acid and alcohol. Great revolution has come
up in packaging industry due to bio–plastics. Plastics made up of natural resources are easy to
produce. It is an evergreen plastic because resources grow annually e.g. Corn starch, potato,
sugarcane etc. As price of petroleum is sky rocketing now a day. Climate is highly affected by using
conventional plastics. Policies of government are push bio–plastics. Bio–plastics can be fully bio–
degradable, or can be fully bio–based or can be both properties.
Resources of bio–plastics
Bio–plastics are made up of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is not produced from renewable raw materials, it is fully biodegradable bio–plastics.
Caprolactone has following properties: It is good resistant to water, oil resistant, solvent resistant. Its
melting point is low (58–60) degree and it is easy to process. Caprolactone resins use for surface
coating, fully biodegradable compostable bags, sutures, caprolactone is use drug delivery device, or
adhesion barrier. Caprolactone is fully biodegradable bio–plastic. Caprolactone low melting point
makes it suitable for composting as a means of disposal. Degradation time is very short. In Sweden
there has been an attempt to produce caprolactone bags, but they degrade before reaching to
customers. Mostly caprolactone is used by mixing with starch to obtain a good biodegradable
material at a low

The Pros And Cons Of Plastic Bags
Since 1985, America has been using plastic bags due to them being waterproof and having handles
making them easier to carry goods. Paper and plastic has always been a huge controversy in super
markets through the preference of customers. Some customers prefer having the paper bags standing
up straight in the trunks of their cars. Other customers prefer the plastic bags because of the handles
making it easier to walk home and carry their goods. Although both preferences are fine, all
customers know the dangers of the plastic bag. Banning plastic bags from stores and replacing them
with only paper or reusable bags, will reduce corruption of organic products, reduce CO2 emissions
from creation and destruction of the plastic and prevent harm upon Earth and its creatures. Plastic
bags were first designed in 1965 by a Swedish company which later became known as the "T–shirt
plastic bag"; made from high density polyethylene, but It was in the late 1970s when Plastic bags
first began to terrorize the well being of humanity. More and more supermarkets in America began
handing out plastic bags as if they were candy on Halloween. The more plastic bags humans use, the
more natural resources are being destroyed. There are two different types of plastic bags that one
may find in any supermarket, high density polyethylene (HDPE) or low density polyethylene
(LDPE). There isn't much difference between them besides the fact that LDPE would be the tougher
and more durable bags you might find in department stores as well as any regular supermarket. They
both require the same materials for creation such as oil, gas and coal (fossil fuels). Fossil fuels are
the prehistoric resources formed by plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.
These fuels won't be replaced for another millions of years to come, that is why they're called "non–
renewable" resources. Plastic is very valuable, but humans decide that is more than okay to litter
these valuable resources than to recycle it and prevent some of the corruption and over–usage of
resources we may not have in a distant future. Although plastic bags, as well as paper bags, can be
recycled in order to postpone running out of resources, the creation and

The Collection Of Oil Polluted Water Samples
2.1. Collection of oil–polluted water samples
Red sea water samples polluted with Belayim Mix (BX) crude oil were collected from the Advanced
Petroleum Interceptor (API) of SUMED Cooperation (Suez governorate 29°17 '34.4"N 32°36
'37.0"E, Egypt). Two samples were collected, each in 250 mL screw–capped sterile glass bottle,
which was then closed after the air bubbles were completely eliminated and transferred to the
laboratory within 3–4 h and stored at 4°C. Seawater (3.5%) was collected from Ain Sokhna beach,
stored at 4°C and filtered (0.45 µm) prior to use.
2.2. Isolation of crude oil–degrading microbial strains
The microorganisms used in this study were isolated from oil contaminated seawater. The yeast
presented in the samples were enriched by cultivation in Wickerham broth medium (10 g glucose, 5
g peptone, 3 g yeast extract, 3 g malt extract and distilled water up to 1 L; pH 6.2), while the fungal
strains were enriched in Sabouraud dextrose broth medium (20 g glucose, 10 g peptone, 5 g yeast
extract and distilled water up to 1 L; pH 5.6). Enriched cultures were incubated in an orbital shaker
(150 rpm) for 48 h. After this enrichment, suspensions in physiological saline were used to inoculate
duplicate modified Wickerham agar (supplemented with 100 mg/L chloramphenicol) and modified
Sabouraud dextrose agar plates with yeast and fungi, respectively. All media were modified by using
filtered seawater instead of distilled water to dissolve all ingredients. The plates were

Traditional Preparations And Uses Of Maize
Abdulrahaman, A. A. and Kolawole, O. M. (2006). Traditional Preparations and Uses of
Maize in Nigeria. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 219–227.
Alexander, M. (1994). Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Academic Press, Inc.USA, pp. 1–260.
Alvarez, P. J. J. and Vogel, T. M. (1991). Substrate interactions of benzene, toluene, and para–xylene
during microbial degradation by pure cultures and mixed culture aquifer slurries. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology. 57(10):2981–2985.
Amakin, J. O. and Onofeghara, F. A. (1978). Effect of crude oil pollution on the germination of Zea
mays and Capsicum fruitescens. Ser. Envrion. Pollut. 35:157–167.
Anderson, J. P. E. (1990). Principles of and Assay Systems for Biodegradation. Adv Appl
Technol, 4: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12: 287 – 338.
Awobajo, A. O. (1981). An Analysis of Oil Spill Incidents in Nigeria. Proceedings of
National Seminar on Petroleum Industries and Nigerian Environment, Warri pp. 57 – 63.
Blazquez, C., Gonzalez–Feria, L., Alvarez, L., Haro, A., Casanova, M. L. and Guz–man
M. (2004). Cannabinoids inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in gliomas. Cancer
Res 64:5617–5623.
Chapelle, F.H. (1999) Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated ground water: the
perspectives of history and hydrology. Ground water, 37: 122–132.
Clark, C. J. (2003). Field detected evaluation of organic clay in soils and soils Contaminated with
diesel fuel. Environ forensics 4 (3): 167–173.
Council on Environmental Quality (1981) Contamination of ground water by toxic organic
chemicals. Washington, D.C.Government Printing Office.
Dhail, S. and Jasuja, N. D. (2012). Isolation of biosurfactant–producing marine bacteria.
Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6(6): 263–266. Durand, J. P., Béboulène, J. J. and Ducrozet, A. (1995).
Detailed characterization of petroleum products with capillary analyzers. Analusis, 23, 481–483.
Eck, H. V. and Stewart, B. A. (1995). Manure, Soil Amendments And Environmental
Quality. J. E. Rechcigl (ed). Lewis pub. Boca Raton, FL., 169–198.
Ekpo, M. A. and Thomas, N. N. (2007). An investigation on the state of microorganisms and fluted
pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) in a crude oil impacted garden soil. Nig. J. Microbiol. 21:1572–
1577.
Ekpo, M.

Cassava as an Ideal Bioplastic
Cassava starch as an effective component for Ideal Biodegradable Plastics
A Science Investigatory Project presented to
Philippine Women's College of Davao
In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements in Science and Technology IV (PHYSICS)
To
Mr. Kenny Lloyd L. Angon
Physics Teacher
By
Gabriel Arañas
Danielle Andrea M. Ibaos
Jascha Bridget Lim
John Vergel Mori
Grade 10 – Probity
March 2013
Acknowledgement
Before I acknowledge the people who supported this Science Investigatory Project, I dedicate this
project for the people who believe on the quote which is "Less is more". I shall formally dictate all
the people who supported this Science Investigatory Project, first and foremost, God who have
given us the time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They consume growing amounts of energy and other natural resources, degrading the environment
in numerous ways. In addition to using up fossil fuels and other resources, plastic products create
litter, hurt marine life, and threaten the basis of life on earth. There is over 45 million tons of plastics
per year and nearly every piece of plastic ever made still exists today because of its long–life
properties. Biodegradable plastics could be an effective solution to all of these problems.
Biodegradable plastics are a much better choice than non–biodegradable plastics because they are
friendlier to the earth and the environment. Biodegradable plastics break down faster, can be
recycled easier and are non–toxic. With these characteristics of biodegradable plastics, we could
help save lives and the environment as well and reduce the threat plastics give to marine life.

Plastic, the wonder material that we use for everything, is perhaps the most harmful of this trash
because it does not readily break down in nature but if it is biodegradable, these plastics break down
faster so they have a much shorter effect on the earth, and they will degrade completely. Normal
plastics are manufactured using oil, and this process is very harmful to the environment by polluting
the air and environment, but this is not the case with green biodegradable plastics. Using
biodegradable plastics will minimize the effects that these products

Solar Water Disinfection Memo
1. Introduction This memo is a progress report on the feasibility of implementing solar water
disinfection in areas without access to clean drinking water. The purpose of this assessment is to
provide you with two different perspectives from which to evaluate the proposed technology of
solar water decontamination from an ethical perspective. I have found 2 main areas to consider for
the ethical impact of our technology: (1) Health benefits gained from drinking clean water and (2)
the environmental impact with regards to using plastic water bottles. This memo will present the
research that I have found concerning the two aforementioned perspectives. Then I will discuss what
further research needs to be done and propose what modifications or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Protections and improvement of the environment, morally is a good thing as you help protect the
homes of the animals that live there. Similar to helping the sick, there is little to no ethical dilemmas
when it comes to being eco–friendly. Since the SODIS method has some environmentally based
drawbacks, it could be harmful to the environment and it will present some moral concern when it
comes to recommending the technology. The SODIS method uses plastic PET water bottles to help
disinfect the water. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and also referred to as polyester, is a common
plastic used in plastic bottles for water, soft drinks, juice and many other common items (American
Chemistry Council, 1988). The production of plastics, its frequent and disposable role and the
hazards it poses once it needs to be disposed of has made the use of plastic an environmental
drawback to the SODIS method. PET can be reused but only to a certain extent. PET bottles should
be replaced within 6 to 12 months and should no longer be used if they get scratched or show signs
of wear (SODIS, 2009). When it comes to the disposal of the bottle, there are two methods each
with its own drawbacks. The first method, landfills use up lots of space which could be better used.
Also, due to the lack of oxygen found in landfills, plastic can take more than 20 years to decompose.
The other method is incineration which creates harmful compounds such as carbon dioxide and
greenhouse gases which easily can get released into the atmosphere (Webb, Arnott, Crawford, &
Ivanova, 2012). However a study conducted found that PET can undergo microbial degradation "by
Nocardia with help of the esterase enzyme" (Sharon & Sharon, 2012). Although this is evidence of
progress, currently there is no commercial scale method capable of the biodegradation of PET
(Webb,

The Capstone Problem Statement : The Long Term Effect Of...
The capstone problem statement: The long term effect of plastic not being recycled properly and
thrown into the environment will be devastating. Thiers enough plastic water bottles to actually
stretch around the earth three times. The energy we waste using plastic water bottles would be
enough energy to power 190,000 homes. Plastic bottles make up to nearly 63% of all plastics
accumulated in streams, lakes, and rivers. There are billions of tons of plastic in the oceans causing
a substantial amount of damage to marine wildlife. Plastic is so common its injuring humans
chemically 93% of all humans over the age of 6 are tested positive for the plastic chemical BPA.
The production of plastic water bottles has increased the amount of plastic accumulated in water
sources while also damaging humans and wildlife. Plastic water bottles decompose after dozens of
years and if incinerated, they will release harmful chemicals into the atmosphere, for example
chlorine gas and ash containing heavy metals.
The Enviromental toll of plastics–(TETOP–Enviromentalhealthnews.org):
Synthetic polymers in the marine environment–(SPME–LTT–sciencedirect.com) A rapidly
increasing, long–term threat (SPME–LTT–sciencedirect.com) This article shows the effects of
plastic in an ocean ecosystem and other water sources. Synthetic polymers in the marine
environment also details how plastic in marine environments has consequences not just for marine
animals at the surface, but for marine organisms in the

The Effects Of Mixed Bacterial Culture And Surfactant Play...
The experimental results in this experiment were similar to, but not exactly the same as those
outlined in literature. Primarily, examination of the demonstration material was relevant in helping
understand the role that a mixed bacterial culture and surfactant play in the formation of emulsions
and biomass. Preparing the control treatment (no inoculum, no surfactant) was important because it
established a method of comparison of the remaining experimental treatments and assessing whether
or not the results obtained were rational. The experimental flask that was prepared as part of this
experiment contained no inoculum and had surfactant addition. As indicated by the observations,
demonstration flasks that contained surfactant had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, the demonstration flasks that were not inoculated did not have biomass adhering to the edges
of the flask. Evidently, microbial growth could not have occurred in the flasks that were not
inoculated, therefore biomass formation was inhibited in these flasks. Moreover, the degradation of
hydrocarbons into simpler products did not occur in these flasks. Again, this is attributable to the
lack of microorganisms in these flasks. Biomass was present in the two flasks that were inoculated
by a mixed bacterial culture. Most importantly, however, biomass formation was most prevalent in
the flask with mixed bacterial culture inoculum and surfactant addition. This observation aligns with
the results outlined by Van Hamme et al., (2000), who noted that the addition of a surfactant to a
mixed culture resulted in higher biomass levels throughout the incubation period (109 CFU/ml) than
compared to a mixed culture containing only crude oil (108 CFU/ml). Moreover, the addition of a
surfactant resulted in a 48 hour growth phase, as opposed to a 24 hour growth phase in the absence
of surfactant (Van Hamme et al., 2000).
Next, streak plates of the demonstration flasks were prepared. As was expected, demonstration
flasks without mixed bacterial culture inoculum did not show signs of colony growth on the streak
plate. In contrast, the streak plate that was prepared using the experimental flask (no inoculum,
surfactant

Cleaning Products And Its Effects On Our Environment
There are concerns over the cleaning products we use in our homes, many of these products we use
contain harsh chemicals that can damage, ultimately in addition hurt our environment. Fortunately
there are many companies that are taking note of this, specially taking the concerns from people in
our communities to create products that are more "earth friendly". Another topic that should be
included when writing about sustainable cleaning products is biodegradability in the materials we
use, as well as the packaging. This is important as not only harsh chemicals harm our environment
with their toxic waste, in addition to we also end up producing pollution as a result of using
packaging that is not biodegradable.
We all use cleaning products in our home, many that contain harsh chemicals that flow into our
oceans. There are several companies that make "green" products for our home many of which will
claim to be non–toxic; some of these companies are, NatureClean, Ecover, Earth Friendly, Method,
Mrs. Meyers, and Seventh Generation. Most of these products are biodegradable, provided with the
fact that they are made with natural ingredients. As well as being recyclable after using the product,
adding also that they are free from chemicals such as chlorine, bleach, as well as ammonia. These
companies are helping make a change not only in our homes also in our environment. In terms with
speaking about sustainable cleaning products for the households, we also must address the issue

Effect of the Different Types of Substrates on the...
I. Background of the Study: Official figures show that plastics make up around 25% of the garbage
that metro manila churns out, while an independent survey conducted by Eco waste Coalition and
Greenpeace on the composition of discards on manila bay in 2006 found that 51% were plastic
bags,19% sachets and junk food wrappers, 5% Styrofoam, 1% hard plastics,10% rubber, 13%
biodegradable wastes (Cayetano, 2008;www.senatorpiacayetano.com/psc/pressreleasedetails.php?
recordID=175) Biodegradable plastics are degradable plastics on which the degradation results from
the action of naturally occurring micro–organisms such as bacteria, fungi , and algae (info@epi–
global.com). These plastics are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and ... Show more
Another three aluminum trays ( 7' x 9" ) were labeled L1, L2, L3. Five hundred grams of loam soil
were placed in each 3 tray. One hundred mL of tap water were mixed with the soils. Plastics strips
labeled C1, C2, and C3 were placed in trays labeled C1, C2 and C3 containing ( compost soils).
Plastics strips L1, L2 and L3were placed in trays L1, L2 and L3 containing ( loam soil ). Five
hundred mL of ( sea water ) were placed each in three glass jars. The jars were labeled S1, S2 and
S3. In another three jars, 500mL of tap water were placed. The jars were labeled T1, T2 and T3.
Plastic strips labeled S1, S2 and S3 were placed in jars containing sea water while plastics strips T1,
T2 and T3 were placed in jars containing tap water. The plastic were immersed in different
substrates last September 9, 2008. The set–ups were placed in the Biology laboratory room and were
observed from time to time. Physical observations of the plastic strips were made on the following
dates: September 24, 2008,October 6, 2008, and November 15, 2008. Last November 15, 2008, the
plastic strips were harvested from the different substrates. They were washed with tap water and air
dried for 48 hours. Physical changes in each strip were noted and recorded. Pictures of the plastic
strips were also taken to observe changes before they were immersed in the different substrates and
after immersion for about two months. The dry weights in grams of each plastic strips were

Dioxin Disorder Research Paper

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Dioxin Disorder Research Paper

Similar to Dioxin Disorder Research Paper (10)

More from Renee Campbell

More from Renee Campbell (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Dioxin Disorder Research Paper