Hippocrates Social Phobias

Hippocrates Social Phobias
Introduction: Symptoms of social phobias have been described since antiquity. The concept of social
phobias can be traced as far back as 2000 years ago. In 400 B.C., Hippocrates described an overtly
anxious patient named Nicanor, who was plagued by fear in social settings. " He dares not come into
the company for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in gestures or speeches, or
be sick. He thinks every man is observing him" (Jefferson, 2001, p. 4). Hippocrates did not believe
the Gods were blamed for fear as most contemporaries of his time alleged. Insisting the cause was
related to a physical malfunction within the individual, a class of melancholia or a type of insanity.
Hippocrates came to the conclusion fear was instigated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many types of approaches to treat anxieties, but the leading treatments tend to be a
combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and a graduated exposure therapy such as
Systematic Desensitization. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is perhaps the most well know and most
practiced form of evidence–based interventions for the treatment for clients suffering from SAD.
The combination of cognitive restructuring and Systematic Desensitization helps the client
systematically confront fears in a live or imagined environment. Cognitive restructuring along with
exposure therapy appears to be an effective treatment and demonstrates a larger effect than exposure
therapy or restructuring alone. Through repeated exposure, the client is helped to invalidate fears
and increase self–efficacy (Priyamamvada, Kiman, & Chaudhury, 2009, p.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Speech On Spider Phobias
One day, I watched the movie Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them with two friends. When the
snakes appeared, a friend immediately covered her eyes with her hand. Then there were many
butterflies in the movie. Another friend said, "Oh, my God, butterfly! Feifei, tell me after they fly
away!" What？Beautiful butterfly? I can understand some people fear of the snakes, but I am a little
surprised that some people are afraid for the butterflies or rainbow.
B. Audience Relevance: Probably you or your friends fear something such as spiders, mice,
airplanes, blood, dentists, or oceans. If it influences some people's work and life, they may have
phobias.
C. Credibility: My mum fear rainbow, and my friend scare butterfly. These are unusual cases, but
spider phobia is common. I am interesting in phobias especially spider phobia, and I want to explore
more information about this topic.
D. Thesis Statement: Spider phobia is a powerful, irrational fear of the spider, and it is one of the
most common fears. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Main Point Preview: First, I will explain what spider phobia is. Second, I will introduce some
treatments for spider phobia.
Ⅱ. Main Point 1: Spider phobia is a specific phobia, and it influences people's work and living. A.
According to the article written by E. Landau in 2010, for CNN. Many American have at least one
specific phobia, agoraphobia, or social phobia. More than 19 million American adults have a
specific phobia and that approximately 1.8 million American adults have agoraphobia, which
typically develops about age 20. In addition, about 15 million American adults are suffered from
social phobia. Phobias comes from a mixture of environmental and genetic factors. The article
written by J. Abdulmalik in 2017, for The Nigerian Tribune. Fear is a normal biological protective
mechanism. When people face a dangerous situation, the fear sets off an alarm bell in their heads.
Then, people can prepare their bodies to cope with the emergency

Social Phobias
Common Symptoms of Social Phobia Disorder
They are very anxious about being with other people. They are very self–conscious in front of other
people. They are anxious about how they themselves will act. They are very afraid of being
embarrassed in front of other people. They are terrified that other people will judge them. They
worry for days or weeks before an event where other people will be. They stay away from places
where there are other people. They have a hard time making friends and keeping friends. They may
have body symptoms when they are with other people. For example; blushing, nausea, trembling,
heavy sweating, and having a hard time talking[NIMH].
Communication Apprehension
Fear or anxiety linked with communication with another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
People with social phobia are afraid of doing common things facing other people. For example, they
might experience fear to sign a check in front of a cashier at the grocery store, or they might be
hesitant to eat or drink in front of other people. We all have been a little bit nervous, at one time or
another, about things like giving a speech or meeting new people. But people with social phobia get
tense about these and other things for weeks before they happen. Most of the people facing social
phobia know that they should not be as afraid as they are, but they have no control over their
fear[NIMH].
Stuttering and Social anxiety Disorder
Stuttering and social anxiety disorder both are often connected with the fear of negative evaluation,
expectancies of social harm, attentional biases, negative cognitions, avoidance, and safety
behaviors. There is growing evidence that these properties of social anxiety disorder may play a
vital role in the experience of stuttering, and they may also serve to retain the presence of social
anxiety. For instance, individuals who stutter are known to escape socially threatening situations to
reduce anxiety and embarrassment, and they frequently experience expectancies of social harm
[IvR13].
Cyber Bulling and Social Anxiety

Social Anxiety Disorders: The Different Types Of Phobias
Phobias are convoluted when a sense of fright comes in. When distinguishing a phobia from a fear,
intensity is a crucial factor. Phobia provokes anxiety and "interferes with people's quality of life" as
well as with their daily functioning; they spend an excessive amount of time making unnecessary
changes to their day in effort to avoid being near to what frightens them. Whereas a fear is a strong
emotion, its common presence among the lives of all humans distinguishes it from a phobia, a much
stronger form of fear. One form of phobia, Social phobia, is also known as Social Anxiety Disorder,
for it is an anxiety disorder defined by experiencing overwhelming anxiety and excessive self–
consciousness in everyday social situations. When left untreated, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, fear is a natural human emotional reaction. When reacting to fear, the body prepares itself
to fight off the danger or run to get away, also known as the "fight or flight" response. The term
phobia derives from the Greek word phobos which stands for fear, panic and terror. In the European
cultures before the eighteenth century anxiety was linked to spiritual anguish. Christians belief was
that such fear resulted from sin. It is not surprising that phobias were perceived in that manner; a
phobia is an "abnormally fearful response to a danger that is imagined or its irrationally
exaggerated." Social phobia involves the fear of certain social situations; it can occur in an everyday
occurrence, such as using a public restroom or eating and drinking in front of people. People with
social phobia are highly sensitive to criticism and are constantly worried about who might be
watching, judging or whispering about them. They fear humiliations and often interpret the actions
of others in a social gathering as an attempt to humiliate them. When they leave a social situation,
he or she may agonize for hours or days when pondering about the things they said, their
appearance, and how they acted. The thought of being in the spotlight makes them anxious.
Individuals with social phobia face powerful sensations of stress and panic. They experience
palpitations, rapid breathing, tightening of the chest, and

Essay on Psychological Explanations of One Anxiety Disorder
Psychological Explanations of One Anxiety Disorder
Phobias are an example of an anxiety disorder and the psychological explanations of these are
cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral and social factors. The Behavioral, Psychodynamic and social
factors of the psychological explanation will be discussed in greater detail.
Behavioral explanations say that all behaviour is learnt whether it is normal or abnormal and this
approach has been applied to humans and animals. There are three theories that make up the
behaviorist approach, which are classical and operant conditioning, Social Learning and information
transmission. Classical conditioning is concerned with a classical, neutral and conditioned ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example if a child sees its mother reacting in a fearful way towards a spider they too will react
in that particular way. Evidence for this comes from Bandura who observed the reactions of fake
electrical shocks been given with a buzzer. Maneeka found that when mothers reacted to snakes in a
bad way the child developed a phobia of snakes in later life. There are demand characteristics with
this research, as the researchers will be expecting a particular outcome and the people may already
have a fear of a particular object or situation. Also the outcomes cannot be applied to every phobia
i.e. claustrophobia therefore it is limited. Information Transmission is the last theory for the
psychological explanations of phobias. This is when fear producing information about the phobic
object leads to the development of the particular phobia. Ost (1985) described the case of a woman
who was a severe snake phobic. She had been told repeatedly about the dangers of snakes and had
been strongly encouraged to wear rubber boots to protect herself. Consequently she wore the boots
wherever she went. However Merckelbach (1996) argued on the basis of the evidence that
claustrophobia or fear of enclosed spaces rarely occurs as a result of Information Transmission.
The Psychodynamic approach is based on the Id, Ego and Superego, the conflict between the Id and
the Superego and also childhood

Social Phobia Disorder And Social Anxiety Disorder Essay
Many people get nervous during uncomfortable events that include social interaction. Nerves can
sometimes trigger anxiety during classroom interactions, job interviews, or other social events. It is
almost normal to stand in front of a crowd and feel like you're being judged constantly and tremble.
There is a major difference between nerves and an anxiety disorder. When someone sufferers with
social anxiety, they normally avoid situations that allow them to feel judged by others. I believe that
social phobia can be resolved in some individuals but, not for everyone. The fear of embarrassment
or judgment among a crowd is so overwhelming that people with this disorder try their best to avoid
the situation. For people with this disorder, extreme measures to avoid these uncomfortable
situations seem more fortunate than facing the fear itself. According to The Nemours Foundation,
we can assume that what causes social phobia is partly due to our genetic makeup along with other
aspects.
Social phobia disorder is the least known of all anxiety disorders. Social phobia disorder, also called
social anxiety disorder, is known to appear in people who fear observation in public situations
(HealthGuide.org). People with this disorder fear other's judgment of their own actions during social
occasions. People with this disorder tend to appear self–conscious in uncomfortable situations and
show familiar symptoms of anxiety. According to Amanda MacMillan's article, some symptoms of
anxiety

Counseling Groups For Social Phobia Essay
Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology
Volume 3
|
6–24–2012
Issue 1 Article 1
Literature Review on Counseling Groups for Social
Phobia
Martha A. Davis
Marquette University, martha.davis@marquette.edu
Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/gjcp
Recommended Citation
Davis, Martha A. (2012) "Literature Review on Counseling Groups for Social Phobia," Graduate
Journal of Counseling Psychology: Vol.
3: Iss. 1, Article 1.
Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/gjcp/vol3/iss1/1
Running head: SOCIAL PHOBIA GROUPS 1
Published by e–Publications@Marquette, 2012
Davis: Counseling Groups for Social Phobia
Literature Review on Counseling Groups for Social Phobia
Martha A. Davis
Marquette ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social phobia may be presented differently by individuals of other cultures. Suk Choo
(1997) found that individuals from East Asian cultures develop anxiety related more to offending
others, compared with individuals from Western cultures, who develop anxiety related to fear of
being scrutinized by others. Culture and ethnicity are important variables in group therapy because
they set up norms and positions of power, and can both enhance and distance a group
(Gladding, 2012). Groups often replicate cultural norms members practice outside of the group.
Within the group, members can use their cultural differences to enhance group growth and
effectiveness, and apply what they have experienced and learned to their lives outside of group
(i.e., social microcosm; Gladding, 2012). Suggestions for future research to help increase social
microcosm include incorporating more males and cultural/ethic variations of group participants and
leaders, running groups specifically for ethnic minorities, and using non–Western group therapies
for multicultural individuals with social phobia.
Published by e–Publications@Marquette, 2012

Social Anxiety Disorder ( Social Phobia )
Many children are shy and do not speak in the public. However, sometimes parents do not notice
when his/her child's behavior is more than just being shy. If a child is avoiding social interaction or
staying in a quiet place to escape embarrassment, they might be experiencing Social Anxiety
Disorder. Other symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder are sweating, has a racing heart, has shortness
of breath, or being scared of other people that may be thinking about you being nervous then that
child might be experiencing Social Anxiety Disorder. Social Anxiety Disorder, also known as Social
Phobia, is a disorder that people generally experience when in public. It is a fear of being judged
and interacting with other people. A child who is being shy will speak up in front of the people
within the short amount of the time. However, a child with Social Anxiety Disorder will take longer
than a child that are shy. When children with Social Anxiety Disorder do not receive treatment or
support, the child's disorder can lead them into a challenge with a great effort. Parents who are
uncomfortable in a social situation can show some effectiveness to their child. The signals for Social
Anxiety Disorder can appear in a situation like a birthday party, a graduation, or any big major life
event that requires. The society needs to have an awareness with this disability because this disorder
will relapse, less treatment during the childhood can build up more worse during their adulthood,

Social Phobia Or Social Anxiety Disorder
Social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD), and Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) are both
characterized by having significant interference in social situations. This essay will focus on a
cognitive view to explain the similarities and differences between them.
Lifetime prevalence of SAD fall between 5%–13% (Furmark, 2002; Grant et al., 2005), and 0.5%–
5% for AVPD (Torgersen, Kringlen, & Cramer, 2001; and Grant, Stinson, Dawson, Chou, & Ruan,
2005) (as cited in Hummelen, Wilberg, Pederson, & Karterud, 2007, p. 348). Cox, Pagura, Stein,
and Sareen, (2009) have found high co–occurrences between SAD and AVPD (36.4%) and it has
been questioned whether the two disorders are the same with different levels of severity. Further
support ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, a key criterion indicates that the reaction must also be out of proportion to the actual situation.
An AVPD individual may exhibit anxious–related behaviours because of their negative mindset, but
this is not a key feature for diagnosis. The distinction between both disorders are the emphasis of
fear of the social situation (SAD), compared to the fear of being negatively evaluated by others
(AVPD).
Hirsch and Clark (2004) suggests that individuals with social phobia (SP) experience information
processing bias – meaning they experience social situations differently. Individuals with SAD were
more self–critical, had negative expectations, and better at recognizing negative expressions on
faces (Hirsch & Clark, 2004). When anticipating a social interaction, SAD individuals recalled more
negative and less positive traits about themselves (Hirsch & Clark, 2004). This can explain their
fear, and anxiety, because they were afraid their actions would be negatively evaluated by others
(e.g. if they forgot, or stumbled over their lines during a presentation causing embarrassment). On
the other hand, AVPD individuals avoid social situations because of their dysfunctional way of
thinking. They hold very negative evaluations of themselves – that they are socially inadequate and
unlikeable (Beck et al., 2001). Thus, they expect others to reject them. For example, AVPD
individuals were more likely to agree with following statement

Phobia Is An Extreme Or Irrational Fear Of Or Morbid Fear?
Phobia
Today I am going to be writing about phobia. The word phobia comes from the Greek: φόβος
(phóbos), meaning "aversion", "fear", or "morbid fear". In popular culture, it is common for specific
phobias to be given a name based on a Greek word for the object of the fear, plus the suffix –phobia.
Creating these terms is something of a word game. Few of these terms are found in medical
literature.
Phobia is an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something. People usually get phobias
because an unwanted, persistent fear of a certain situation or object causes an overwhelming distress
and interfere with daily life. Phobias are long lasting, it can cause intense physical and
psychological reactions. Phobias are mental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amygdala processes the events accompanying with fear and is being linked to anxiety disorders
and social phobias. It learns to associate a conditioning stimulus with a negative or avoidant
stimulus, creating a conditioned fear response that is often seen in phobic individuals. In this way
the amygdala is accountable for not only recognizing certain stimuli or cues as dangerous, but plays
a role in the storage of intimidating stimuli to memory.
Not all phobias need treatment. If a phobia affects your daily life therapies are available that can
help you overcome your fear. There are many approaches used to treat phobias. These approaches
include: systematic desensitization, progressive relaxation, virtual reality, modeling, medications,
and hypnotherapy.
1. Systematic desensitization also known as graduated exposure therapy is a type of behavior
therapy used to help successfully overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.
2. Progressive relaxation is a method for learning to monitor and control the state of muscular
tension.
3. Virtual Reality replicates an environment that simulates a physical presence in places in the real
world or an imagined world, allowing the user to interact in that world.
4. Modeling which is also called observational learning is a behaviorally based process that involves
the use of live or symbolic models to determine a particular behavior
5. Medication Medications can help regulate the uneasiness and fear that comes from

Phobias Essay
Phobias
Phobias are a very common disorder in the United States these days. The definition for phobia is
"an abnormal or morbid fear or aversion" ("Oxford" 655). To be considered
a phobia, a fear must cause great distress or interfere with a person&#8217;s life in a major
way. The word phobia is Greek, therefore, any word that proceeds it should be Greek too. To coin a
new phobia name, it is proper and only accepted to follow this rule. The rule has been broken many
times in the past, especially by the medical profession. The medical profession is steeped in Latin
and many times when forming a name for phobia, they use Latin.
There are three kinds of phobias: simple phobia, social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A tendency towards phobias, especially panic attacks, may run in families. Genes appear to play a
role in all cases of phobias. A person has three times the risk of developing a phobia if a close
relative suffers from one. (Wood 516). From the phsycodynamic perspective, people develop
phobias primarily as a defense against the anxiety they feel when sexual or aggressive impulses
threaten to break into consciousness. If the anxiety can be displaced onto a feared object and if that
object can be avoided, then there is less chance that the disturbing impulse will break through.
Phobias may be acquired through observational learning, as well. For example, children who hear
their parents talking about frightening experience with the dentist, with bugs or thunder storms may
develop similar fears themselves. Frightening experiences set the stage for phobias, yet not all
phobias recall the experience producing the phobia. For example, if a person was humiliated by
performing in front of others, they may develop a social phobia.
Social phobia is the third largest medical problem in the world. According to the National Institute
of Mental Health, (NIMH), social phobia is "a disorder characterized by overwhelming
anxiety and excessive self –consciousness in social situations." Social phobia is defined
"as people intensely afraid of any social or performance situation in

Essay on Phobias
Phobias
Fear is a normal and an important human reaction to something dangerous, it keeps one out of
danger, because fear is disliked and one tries ones best to avoid the object or situation of fear. It
causes physical changes known as fight–or–flight reaction, which causes blood pressure to increase
and the heart rate to speed up to pump blood to the large muscles used to run away, to balance this
the human body has sweat glands which produce perspiration to cool the body.
Usually young people experience more fear than adults do (Metcalf).
When one has a fear of something, one normally does not spend much time thinking about it, and it
only affects one when one is forced to confront it. Just about everyone is afraid of something, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, phobia can even cause people to risk their health. For example, the fear of dentists can
leave people suffering from it willing to risk the health of their teeth in order to avoid having to go
through an exam or procedure ( MacKay). When one knows about an upcoming confrontation, it
can be the reason why one can not sleep or finds it hard to focus on important tasks. Due the change
in daily routine, this unrealistic fear can interfere with the ability to socialize, work, or go about
everyday life, brought on by and object, event or situation. But even animals have anxieties and
phobias just as every human being (www.phobia–help.de). A phobia is an irrational fear, one knows
that the object or situation, one is scared off, can not hurt one, but one is still afraid. A reason for this
is that the human mind can not distinguish what is real and imaginary. When one has uncontrollable
anxiety attacks, he loses rational judgement, leading to complicated problems. However, anyone can
develop a phobia, men and women, teens and young adults, and elderly lady or a one–year–old boy
(MacKay). Thereby it is not completely clear, what the causes for phobia are. Phobia is often caused
by something scary that happened earlier in somebody's life, but not every one develop phobias
after special experiences. An explanation for this could be that for some people certain parts of the
brain and specific neural pathways are associated with phobias. It is

Description Of Social Anxiety Disorder ( Social Phobia )
Introduction
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) is characterized by anxiety or fear of social situations in
which there is the possibility of embarrassing one's self under scrutiny by others (Robinson, 2010).
With the extreme symptoms affecting approximately 15 million American adults with a typical
onset age of 13 years old (ADAA, 2017). Those with Social Anxiety Disorder show greater delays
in seeking treatment, if at all, compared to those with other anxiety and mood disorders (Bruce,
Heimberg, & Coles, 2012). As Social Anxiety Disorder is the third largest mental health problem in
the world, it is important that this disorder is addressed and not overlooked (Richards, 2017).
This essay will go into detail about Social Anxiety Disorder including the symptoms and factors that
onset the disorder, other anxiety disorders that can be associated with Social Anxiety Disorder, and
effective treatments.
Body
Description of Social Anxiety Phobia (Social Phobia)
Social Anxiety Disorder is a common and serious condition characterized by excessive and
unrealistic fear of being judged or evaluated negatively and often begins in adolesces (Bandelow &
Wedekind, 2014), with 36% of people reporting to have had symptoms for 10 years before seeking
help (ADAA, 2017). Social situations are often avoided or feared, albeit these feelings are
predominately out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation itself (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 202). These

Living with the Extreme Fear Created by Anxiety Disorders...
Anxiety disorders are mental disorders caused by extreme or severe anxiety often caused by
overwhelming worries, fears, and stress. Phobic disorder, commonly known as phobia, is a type of
anxiety disorder wherein the individual acquires an excessive and irrational fear of a particular
object or situation, with the fear being out of proportion to the real threat. "The word [phobia] is
derived from Phobos, the Greek god of fear, whose likeness was painted on masks and shields to
frighten enemies in battle." (Passer and Smith 537) Jennifer Ong defines phobia as a heightened
sense of fear. Also, according to her, psychologists assert that the fears in phobia are usually based
on irrational grounds.
A fear develops into a phobia when a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The situations mentioned may indicate being involved in situations wherein escape is difficult or
impossible (Gazzaniga et al. 536). According to Jennifer Ong, individuals with agoraphobia have a
fear of leaving their homes or place of security. A person with this phobia fears to be alone in places
wherein he thinks that his life will be at risk like bridges, crowded stores, and busy streets. In these
situations, individuals would need the accompaniment of a family member or friend, since no one
can predict when a panic attack can occur. Besides this, based on distribution, it is more common for
women to suffer from agoraphobia than men. (Magee, 1996)
The second type of phobic disorder is social phobia. According to John Santrock, "Social phobia is
an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations. Individuals with this phobia
are afraid that they will say or do the wrong thing." Those with this phobia are afraid of being
judged and evaluated negatively and of being made fun of. According to Ong, they fear groups of
people, individuals, or specific situations. This phobia includes fear of speaking in public or being
under scrutiny. It is sometimes referred to as stage fright. Fear of public speaking is said to be the
most common kind of social phobia. Social phobia hinders the affected persons to socialize with
others. The said individuals may be excessively self–conscious and

Social Phobias
There are two different type of symptoms that anxiety disorders are characterized by. One is
agoraphobia, when a person is afraid and develops anxiety to avoid places in case the individual has
an attack. The second one is when there is a presence of panic attacks. Specific anxiety disorders
included in the DSM–IV include panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and
post–traumatic stress disorder (Robertson and long, 2008). Social phobias generally are associated
with significant anticipatory anxiety for days or weeks before the dreaded event, which in turn may
further handicap performance and heighten embarrassment. (Kennedy, 2010).
Social phobia is more common in women. Social phobia typically begins in childhood or ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tai chi is a form of mind–body exercise that originated from China. It combines Chinese martial
arts and meditative movements that promote balance and healing of the mind and body. This activity
has been proven to help with mental concentration, physical balance, muscle relaxation and
breathing exercises. (Wang F, Lee EK, Wu T, Benson H, Fricchione G, Wang W, Yeung AS, 2014).
This activity can be use as recreational therapy to the client by participating in this, the client will
use their mind and body together to relief their anxiety levels. Tai–chi has shown a great prospective
into the prevention and rehabilitation of a number of medical and psychological conditions. The
studies in this review demonstrated that tai chi interventions have beneficial effects for various
populations on a range of psychological well–being measures, including depression, anxiety, general
stress management, and exercise self–efficacy (Kennady,2010). (Wang F, Lee EK, Wu T, Benson H,
Fricchione G, Wang W, Yeung AS, 2014). In this activity the patient will be using balance and
movement, plus their

Understanding Social Phobia
This essay will discuss the mental disorder known as Social Phobia. The major symptoms of this
disorder will be identified before critically considering the difficulties regarding the diagnosis of
Social Phobia. Biological and psychosocial explanations will be explored and evaluated
appropriately in order to gain a better understanding of this disorder. Furthermore, the treatments in
terms of medication and behavioural therapies will be scrutinised and appraised suitably. Social
Phobia can also be addressed as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD); the scientific name for this
disorder is 'Anthropophobia', which according to Right Diagnosis (2014) means an irrational fear of
people or groups of people. The National Health Service (2014) describes Anthropophobia or Social
Phobia as a tenacious fear of social situations and people; furthermore, the NHS credits Social
Phobia to be the most common anxiety disorder. According to the International Classification of
Diseases 2010 (ICD–10), symptoms of this disorder have been known to manifest themselves as
blushing, hand tremors, nausea and the frequent urgency of micturition. These symptoms appear
when the sufferer is faced with situations where social interactions may arise. Other symptoms may
include palpations, dizziness, panic attacks, diarrhoea, muscle tension, excessive sweating, shaking,
poor social skills, low self–esteem and high sensitivity to criticism. Due to the nature of the
symptoms that accompany Social Phobia,

Speech Outline Essay
Common Phobias (Sample Informative Prep Outline)
General Purpose: To inform.
Specific Purpose: After hearing my presentation, my listeners will be able to name and describe
several common phobias.
Central Idea: The most common phobias fall into three main categories – social, survival, and
environmental phobias.
Organizational Pattern: Topical
INTRODUCTION I. (Attention Material) Rose Marie had fears that she allowed to take control of
her life. A. Fears, even small ones, can grow into phobias. B. Normal, rational fears can become
problems. C. When these fears begin to dominate a portion of your life, they are called "phobias",
which are defined by the American Psychological Association as "a strong, persistent, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now let's look at a second type of phobias.)
II. The second type of phobia is the survival phobia. A. A college student rides a three day train to
school. 1. She is afraid of flying. 2. She has aerophobia. B. A businessman had to quit his job when
his office moved to the thirty–second floor of a building. 1. He could not ride in an elevator. 2. He
had claustrophobia. C. There are many more survival phobias. 1. Hypnophobia is the fear of sleep.
2. Electrophobia is the fear of electricity. 3. Thanatophobia is the fear of death.
III. The third, and broadest category of phobias, is the environmental phobia group. A. Howard
Hughes had mysophobia, a fear of germs. B. A Brooklyn politician had a fear of newspapers and
wet newsprint. 1. This hindered his career. 2. He learned to read the newspaper without actually
touching it. C. There are several other environmental phobias. 1. The fear of storms has two
subtypes. a. Keraunophobia is the fear of thunder. b. Astraphobia is the fear of lightning. 2. The fear
of heights is acrophobia. 3. The fear of water is hydrophobia.
(Transition: Now that we've discussed these three categories of phobias, and some specific examples
of each type, let's review what we've learned.)
CONCLUSION

I. (Summary of Main Points) There are three broad categories of phobias. A. Social phobias are
those phobias that make it hard to

Social Phobia And Social Anxiety Disorder
I believe that social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) is most common type of phobia. In this
group of social anxiety disorder, Glossophobia, Paruresis, and the fear of eating in front of others,
are subdivided into three types of phobia with various symptoms and treatments.
Phobias can be described as an extreme, irrational fear of specific objects, situations or activities.
Social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the most common anxiety disorder, it is a disorder
characterized by a fear of humiliation in certain performances or interactional situations. Studies
have shown that this disorder is co–occurring with depression, other anxiety disorder, personality
disorder, or social impediment. Individuals who have social phobia would often avoid situations
where scrutiny may occur or they may come across intense anxiety. According to epidemiological
studies, the rates of having social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) range from 3% to 16% of
the general population. For some, social phobias have an early beginning between the ages of 11–
19, after the age of 25 it's rather uncommon. Individuals with social anxiety disorder are more likely
to be females; however in scientific trials social anxiety disorder appears to be more equally among
men and women.
Researchers have demonstrated that there are effective and well tolerated treatments. One way to
treat social phobia or social anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT is the most
studied

Essay about Social Phobia or Just Shyness
Social Phobia or Just Shyness
As pharmaceutical companies began advertising on television several years ago, many prescription
drug advertisements flooded the airwaves. One such drug was for the treatment of "social anxiety
disorder," also called "social phobia." In investigating the causes, symptoms, and treatment of social
anxiety disorder, I found that while drug companies and some researchers have hailed the unveiling
of a drug for social anxiety as an important step, others feel that the disorder is poorly defined and
its prevalence is exaggerated. Therefore, the following questions emerged: how did the diagnostic
category of "social anxiety disorder" come about? How much of the disorder is rooted in cultural
views of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disorder typically begins in childhood, and the National Institute of Mental Health estimates
that 3.7 percent of 18 to 54 year olds in the United States have social anxiety disorder, with women
diagnosed twice as often as men (1). Although researchers are not completely sure of the biological
basis of social anxiety, some believe that its basis may lie in the amygdala, a small portion of the
brain that controls fear response. NIMH scientists have also found a possible genetic component:
through research on mice, they have found a gene that relates to fearfulness (1). Additionally,
hormones may play a role, specifically fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels in women
(4). Environment may also be important, as people with social anxiety may learn the behavior from
watching and patterning those around them (1). Treatment may include the use of medications such
as selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and beta
blockers specifically for "performance phobias." Individuals may also benefit from behavioral
therapy, which involves gradual exposure to feared situations (1).
However, some believe that the category of "social phobia" or "social anxiety" is not so clear–cut.
For example, the diagnosis of social anxiety can be difficult because of its co–occurrence with

Symptoms And Treatment Of Phobias
Fear is an aspect of life people deal with every day. Being afraid is part of what makes people
human. Fear that grows with adulthood or causes people to have different conduct is known as a
phobia. A phobia can elicit physical or emotional discomfort when it comes to the fear of an object
or situation that can be treated by therapy or medication in most cases, or untreatable in others.
There are four subtypes of specific phobias known as: blood injection injury, animal, situational,
and natural environment. Sometimes treatment of phobias can be difficult to determine because of
the wide range of phobias that exist. There has not been an adequate amount of research conducted
on phobias which makes it difficult to study or comprehend ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A research group stated "Specific phobia is one of the most prevalent disorders in the general
population and yet it has received limited attention from researchers in the growing field of
neuroscience" (Caseras et al., 2010). The need for understanding phobias is imperative for the
people who are suffering from the symptoms that challenge their daily life. One study has done
research on links between the phobias and neurobiological substrates. The authors state:
"Moreover the degree of provoked anxiety by phobia–relevant images was strongly associated with
activity in the dorsal ACC and the anterior insula in the SP phobics but not in the BII phobics. These
differences in blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response could suggest the existence of
distinct neurobiological substrates associated with specific phobia subtypes, challenging the view of
specific phobia as a unitary entity" (Caseras et al., 2010).
This study may prove that there could be a cure to phobic reactions if they can find the cause of the
phobia. These studies of the dynamics of the brain could be revolutionary in the world of phobia
diagnosis and treatment of patients.
There are excessive amounts of phobias that have been medically determined. "About 4.4% percent
of the adult population in the USA has one or more phobias which will mostly persist for years and
become chronic; complete remissions without

Social Phobia And Social Anxiety Disorder Essay
Social Phobia, also called social anxiety disorder (SAD), is one of the most common, but
misconstrued mental health problems in society. According to the Anxiety and Depression
Association of America (ADAA), over 15 million adults suffer from the disorder. First appearing in
the DSM–III as Social Phobia, and later in the DSM–IV as Social Anxiety Disorder, this newly
established disorder denotes afflicting stress and anxiety associated with social situations (Zakri
677). According to James W. Jefferson, two forms of Social phobia exist: specific and generalized.
Specific social phobia indicates anxiety limited to few performance situations, while generalized
indicates anxiety in all social situations (Jefferson). Many people often interchangeably link this
disorder to shyness––a personality trait. However, although they have striking similarities, the two
are divergent. To begin with, SAD has an extensive etiology ranging from multiple factors.
Furthermore, symptoms of various aspects accompany SAD. Moreover, SAD has detrimental
impacts affecting quality of life. Lastly, SAD has numerous methods of treatment. Social Phobia is
prevalent in both women and men beginning at the onset of puberty (ADAA).
What is the etiology of Social Phobia? James Jefferson describes the causes of SAD as "enigmatic".
In other words, researchers have not yet established the causes of SAD. Nevertheless, theories of its
roots surround SAD. Social phobia has an extensive etiology ranging from

The Phobia of Social Anxiety
Social Anxiety also known as Social phobia was finally added to the list of anxiety disorders in the
year of 1986. Social Anxiety Disorder has the earliest onset of almost any mental disorder. Jaret,
Peter by definition is "the fear of interaction with other people that brings on self–consciousness,
feelings of being negatively judged and evaluated, and, as a result, leads to avoidance." Before it
became known as a phobia or an anxiety disorder it was known as a personality disorder. There are
many different signs and symptoms of this disorder and they look a lot like being shy except these
are much worse. These symptoms are both seen and unseen but many patients are misunderstood to
be just shy rather than having an actual disorder. (Schrof, Joannie M., and Stacey Schultz.)
Social Anxiety can be broken down into two different types, generalized and non–generalized.
When a person has generalized social anxiety that person fears judgement and will avoid most or
almost all social situations. When a person has non–generalized social anxiety he or she won't be as
anxious as a person who has generalized social anxiety but they will still have fear of judgement and
will avoid those certain situations that they do not like or feel safe in such as public speaking or
using the public restroom. Adding onto generalized and non–generalized, there are also different
levels of shy that doctors go by but for everyone else they only go by what society says is normal.
Now there's some who

Secret Fear Phobias Analysis
These types of fears often put someone in the fight or flight response. In the video, Secret Fears:
Phobias produced by Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Ottawa, ON, 1998, they begin by saying
in past times, people were ashamed of having phobias because it made them seem weak. They first
focus on Ron's story. Ron works in a very large building with seventeen floors. He takes the stairs
each day due to his irrational fear of elevators. They cut to a woman, Trish, who admits her fear of
planes by saying, "The minute they close the doors my heart starts to pound. I'm hyper–vigilant. I
watch the engines, I listen to the noise, you know, everything that happens I'm afraid something
major will happen." Phobias do not just affect the mind, they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
People with GAD constantly worry about things in their life. This however, is not just a hassle, it
affects their bodies and minds in various ways. Ranna Parekh. MD says, "This ongoing worry and
tension may be accompanied by physical symptoms, such as restlessness, feeling on edge or easily
fatigued, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension or problems sleeping." This type is typically
genetic, meaning that it is passed on throughout time within family history. A person with
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is also more prone to depression, bipolar disorder, and substance
abuse. (Davies, Matthew N., et al. "Generalised Anxiety Disorder – A Twin Study Of Genetic
Architecture, Genome–Wide Association And Differential Gene Expression." Plos ONE 10.8
(2015): 1–15. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016.) In the documentary Secret Fears,
David Barlow. Ph.d tells the audience,"All of our patients with severe anxiety disorders or severe
emotional disorders can tell us on the one hand, this is irrational. I know there's nothing to be afraid
of. I know there's no reason to be this depressed. I know there's no reason to have these thoughts,
they're totally irrational but on the other hand when I'm having them they dominate my life. I really
am afraid." (Suzuki) The reasoning for this is due to increased sensitivity. A person will be more
upset or feeling down which will lead them to search for other outlets such as drugs to escape their
feelings. (Davies) They feel that they have no control and look for anything they can to gain the
control back. Generalized anxiety disorder can affect people physically as well as mentally and are
more common than people would

Essay On Social Phobia
The happiness and comfort of people stem from their ability to adapt to the environment and people.
To satisfy this need, they must interact positively in their relationships. People who are afraid of
people will have adjustment problems, which will lead to a lack of happiness, a normal daily life,
and the proper functioning of their tasks. This characteristic appears especially when someone is
mixing with people, talking, or doing a certain job in front of people. Then, the person feels scared
and ashamed. In addition, this person may not be able to speak, start stuttering or stammering. Some
people who are afraid to face people sometimes feel some physical symptoms such as increased
sweating, rapid heart palpitations, or dry throat. This kind of fear is called social phobia or social
anxiety, which is the unwarranted fear. Social phobia is a chronic psychological disease that is due
to several different causes.
Wrong dealing parents with their children during childhood is one of the most important reasons
that makes a person suffer from this type of fear, social phobia. Ignorance and lack of adequate
attention to children are one of the wrong dealings made by some parents. This disregard makes kids
feel that they are not worth attention. Thus, they do not have confidence in themselves. Moreover,
the lack of consistency in dealing with children causes them to be unaware of their parents' reaction
to their behavior. For example, when parents are asserted in a particular

Difference Between Social Phobias
Social fear dates back to 400 B.C. and was referenced to by Hippocrates as someone who "loves
darkness as life" (Cunic). Social phobia and social neurosis were terms they started using in the
early 1900s to refer to extremely shy patients. In the 1960s, Isaac Marks proposed that social
phobias may be separated from the other simple phobias and in the second edition of the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, social fears were described as specific phobia and the
definition was very narrow (Cunic). In the later editions of the DSM, they made many revisions to
the criteria for the disorder. They added that it was the fear of performance situations, the symptoms
must interfere or show distress, and they changed the same from social ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both face severe anxiety, but for different reasons. The symptoms while having the anxiety are
similar which is why they can be confused. When people have attacks in panic disorder, they feel
that they experienced it because something is physically wrong with them. For example, they may
feel as if they are having a heart attack. They believe that their anxiety and attacks are related to
something physical. People with social phobia do not believe that their anxiety is related to
something physical. Another difference between the two is that people with panic disorder tend to
be very social. People with social phobia will not develop agoraphobia, fear of having another panic
attack, but may develop avoidant personality disorder, people cut themselves off from the world in
fear of others and social interactions. The same goes for panic disorder. However, both may turn to
alcohol and substance abuse to reduce the anxiety. To differentiate between the two, the source of
the anxiety needs to be determined. If it is a fear of a physical condition, than it is panic disorder. If
it is a fear of social interaction than it is social

Theories of Social Phobia
Learning and Cognitive Theories of Social Phobia: Causation,
Maintenance, and Treatment
University Of Newcastle
Social Phobia, also know as Social Anxiety Disorder, affects between 7 –13% of individuals in
western society (Furmark, 2002). It usually presents during adolescences and is typically chronic
and lifelong (Veale, 2003). Two theories have been commonly used to explain the development and
maintenance of the phobia: learning theory and cognitive theory. Both theories alone do not provide
a comprehensive treatment plan, however when used in conjunction are much more effective.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) identifies both behavioural and cognitive aspects of social
phobia. By ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It proposes that fears and behaviours (both rational and irrational) are acquired through associative
learning. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are the two models used to explain the
acquisition and maintenance of social phobia. Classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning associates a
neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus through paired association. A neutral stimulus is an
object or situation that under normal circumstances wouldn't elicit a fearful response (e.g., meeting
with friends). An unconditional stimulus produces an automatic, unconditioned response (e.g.,
sweating or blushing). If the neutral stimulus is continuously paired with an unconditional stimulus
it will elicit the unconditional response without the unconditional stimulus present. The individual
has now been conditioned to view the social situation as threatening as opposed to non–threatening.
Based on this model, prolonged repetition of the eliciting stimulus without an aversive outcome
should result in a progressive reduction of the conditioned response. This is called extinction, a
process of reversal that breaks the association. Learning theory proposes that the treatment to social
phobia is exposure, as the client will be exposed to their fear without an adverse outcome, and over
time extinction will take place. However, social phobia is very resistant to extinction, as people
often

Discuss the biological explanation for phobic disorders
Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated with the classification and diagnosis of phobic
disorders (24 marks)
The biological explanation for the acquisition of phobic disorders establishes that phobias are
caused by genetics, innate influences and the principles of biochemistry. This theory recognizes that
an oversensitive fear response may be inherited, causing abnormal levels of anxiety. This is
illustrated in the basis of inheritance, particularly the adrenergic theory that convicts that those who
have an acquisition to phobic disorders consequently show high levels of arousal in the automatic
nervous system, which leads to increased amounts of adrenaline, thus causing high levels of anxiety.
However this theory lacks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parallel to this, the focus on genetics is Particularly convicted in twin studies, which establish a
comparison between monozygotic twins that are identical and dizygotic twins, which are opposingly
non–identical. This distinction can be identified in Torgersens study, which compared MZ and same
sex DZ twins where one proband had an anxiety disorder, and it was discovered that such disorders
were 5x more frequent in MZ twin pairs, who mutually shared identical genetics.
This theory creates an issue, as it only looks at nature's impact as the root cause of phobic disorders
and relishes in not accounting for environmental causes, which are posed by nurture. This aspect of
nurture which is ignored can be questioned in the twin studies as although Torgersen found that
identical twins who share genes are 5x more likely to share an anxiety disorder, it is unclear whether
it is the nature of the genetic makeup which causes the disorder, or the nurture of the twins, as they
would have both gone through the same things in their environment causing the contamination
effect. This is further highlighted through the diathesis stress model formed by Di nardo et al which
provides a much more

Social anxiety (or social phobia) is a disorder that...
Social anxiety (or social phobia) is a disorder that alienates people and causes them to avoid social
situations at all costs. It is described by the National Institute of Mental Health as "a strong fear of
being judged by others and of being embarrassed (NIMH)." This means that people with this
disorder have a fear of people's thoughts and as a result will try to isolate themselves from others.
Social anxiety has a very large limit as to the things that can trigger it. It can go from the simplest of
things, such as simply buying an item to the extent of having to do a presentation in front of a large
crowd.
This disorder is also more common than one might think, the Anxiety and Depression Association of
America says that "about 15 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results showed that "half of youth identified themselves as shy but only 12 percent of shy youth
also met criteria for social phobia in their lifetime. The youths that did not describe themselves as
shy resulted in 5 percent that met criteria for social phobia (NIMH, Burstein, 2011)." This means
that the criteria for social anxiety are far more drastic than the typical shyness some people show
and therefore cannot easily be confused.
Social anxiety usually gets recognized around the preteen years, although symptoms can be seen at
younger ages as well. This anxiety can have physical and mental symptoms; some of the physical
symptoms include sweating, blushing, fainting and trembling. As far as mental symptoms go, there
is excess worrying, a particular refusal of a type of social activity (for example an issue with writing
on the blackboard above all else), and a general type of social isolation. You usually have to be
showing true symptoms of social anxiety for at least 6 months before you can receive treatment.
Treatments for this disorder are very important, if a person suffering from social anxiety doesn't not
get treated they can continue to have it for the rest of their lives and miss many important
opportunities. Often people with social anxiety will develop another disorder like depression if

Essay about Phobias Explained
Many people claim to be afraid of spiders, but probably not to the degree of 37–year–old "Mary
Muffet" of Seattle. Mary went to many lengths to be spider–free, including sealing her windows and
doors with duct tape, spraying her car with bug killer, and putting every single piece of washed and
ironed clothing into its own sealed plastic bag. She wasn't just afraid of spiders; she had
arachnophobia, a phobia, not to be confused with a simple fear. Phobias are not simple; they are
complex in both their origin and diagnosis, with many types that people suffer from and any number
of treatments exist to date.
What is a phobia?
Phobias are described as "a persistent, irrational fear of an object, activity or situation that compels a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What causes a phobia?
There is currently insufficient research in the field of phobias to determine a definite, clear cause.
What is known is that phobias are common in children and do not represent an abnormality. Phobias
can start in childhood or adulthood. Some people have suddenly become terrified of things they've
been doing for years, somewhat like a flight attendant that suddenly begins to have panic attacks on
her 500th flight. In most cases, phobias are thought to branch from a confrontation with the feared
object or situation. "Six of every ten persons who suffer phobias are able to remember when the fear
crisis occurred for the first time, i.e., when the sensation of panic became attached to the place or
situation where it first happened" (Masci, 2002, p.2). Most phobias do not interfere with an
individual's normal functioning to the point of seeking treatment. There is usually no family history
of mental illness or of the same phobia. For example, a person with claustrophobia (fear of being in
small–enclosed spaces such as an elevator) does not necessarily have a relative that is mentally ill or
is also claustrophobic. Most simple phobias develop in childhood and eventually go away. Ones that
remain rarely go away without treatment. There are theories that some phobias occur more naturally
than others. It is thought that they are somehow built into the brain. Many experiments with
monkeys display this particular theory. "Shown videos of a

Social Anxiety Disorder : Social Phobia Disorder
Social anxiety is "a fear of humiliation or of being judged by others, and an avoidance of social
situations where attention centers on the individual" (Martis). According to the Social Anxiety
Institute, social anxiety has become the third largest psychological disorder, following depression
and alcoholism (Richards). Commonly, victims of this social phobia have problems pursuing social
environments, interactions, and relationships ("Social Anxiety Disorder"). The failure to fulfill daily
requirements in jobs, social settings, and relationships often leaves them feeling "powerless, alone,
or even ashamed" ("Social Anxiety Disorder"). Today in America,"15 million [people] suffer[from]
the disorder" ("Social Anxiety Disorder"). Of the 15 million American adults affected, women and
men are equally prone to develop the phobia ("Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)"). Currently,
the prevalence rate for acquiring social anxiety disorder is "13–14% of all Americans" and continues
to rise (Richards). As the number of people affected by social anxiety continues to rise, the
understanding of social anxiety's causes, effects, and treatments is crucial. The study of Social
anxiety shows no clear causes for its variety of symptoms, but psychologists have been able to
determined triggers and possible factors for its development. As psychologists continue to study
social phobia, they have determined many possible causes. Since the late 1800's and early 1900's,
psychologists have

Social Anxiety Disorders: Social Phobia
Anxiety disorder is a mental health disorder, which is characterized by feelings of fear or anxiety
there are many types of anxiety one is such being social anxiety disorder also known as social
phobia.
Social Phobia is an Anxiety disorder where the sufferer fears being negatively judged or evaluated
by others and therefore they are afraid of doing something to embarrass or humiliate themselves in
public.
This particular anxiety can wreak havoc on a person's life and well–being symptoms of social
anxiety disorder are sometimes so extreme they disrupt daily some of these symptoms are as listed.
The person will have few or no social or romantic relationship.
Some may feel weak and powerless also alone and ashamed.
In a study taken in America, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another interesting fact that is about anxiety is that women are 60% more likely to suffer from
anxiety disorders than men this is mostly seen in cases of post–traumatic stress disorder and also
non–Hispanic whites are more likely anxiety than any other ethnic group with in the united states by
about 25% on average. And 50%of children that experience anxiety in their child hood will grow up
and develop an anxiety disorder which in this day and age where being good looking or cool at
school or social gatherings could lead to them experiencing social anxiety disorder.
Social anxiety is on a rise in America and around the world most would blame this being a fault of
social media and the way it projects how one should look and feel about their life although
neuroscience and sociology scientist haven't yet pinpointed the exact cause it is still a high chance
that social media plays a key component on this

Argumentative Essay On Phobias
Taking into consideration that all people are unique, we all have different phobias. A phobia is an
extreme or irrational fear of something. Many phobias are in relation to one another. For instance
the phobias agoraphobia, anthropophobia, and stenophobia. These three are related by the reason of
they can correspond with social situations. Agoraphobia is mainly the fear of crowds. It can also be
the fear of bridges or being outside. Anthropophobia is the fear of people and society. It is also
known as an extreme pathological form of shyness. The last phobia, stenophobia, is very rare. It is
the fear of narrow things or places. All phobias are important to understand. Being able to
understand a phobia means a person could help to possibly cure ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A phobia is an extreme or irrational fear of something. Many phobias are in relation to one another.
As people, we must realize that phobias cannot be fixed by ourselves. In order to help individuals
that we may encounter, we must completely understand phobias. We cannot judge them for
something they cannot help. To help an individual feel more at ease it is our job to know the causes,
effects, impacts, and treatments of their phobia. This would help to completely understand the
phobia and in the end, help us all to support each

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Social Phobia
Social phobia, also called as social anxiety disorder, is characterized by marked and persistent fear
of one or more social situations in which the person will be subject to potential scrutiny by others.
As a result, some social situations such as speaking or eating in public are usually avoided or, less
frequently, endured with intense anxiety or distress. The avoidance of such situations or the distress
they cause must interfere significantly with the normal routine of the individual, their occupational
or academic functioning, or their social activities or relationships.
Technically speaking, virtual reality (VR) means a three–dimensional, computer generated
environment which can be explored and interacted with by a person. This technology ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will try to find these experts from Boras, Goteborg and Jönköping because both researchers
reside in Boras currently and it is quite convenient to get to the other cities. Through these in–depth
interviews, we want to know the factors that can affect the treatment to social phobia first, and then
we want to know what difficulties the treatment has in real environment that is hard to control and
overcome. At the same time, we want to know what attitude these experts of professors have toward
the virtual reality therapy to treat social phobia and what improvements or creations they want to see
in our

Social Anxiety Disorder And Social Phobia
Social anxiety disorder or social phobia, is can be progressively debilitating condition which may
affect individuals for the duration of their lives and with low rates of recovery among patients
(Chartier, Hazen, & Stein, M.B, 1998). Studies have shown that the disorder has an early onset with
symptoms manifesting on average at age 16 in most adolescents. Social anxiety disorder features
intense feelings of irrational fear of possible embarrassment and scrutiny of others during social
situations (Canton, Scott, & Glue, 2012; Ruscio et al., 2007). The effects of this disorder can be
especially disabling as individuals have an increased risk of suffering from comorbid disorders
including depression and substances dependeancy (Stein, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
CBT uses various treatment strategies to help patients work on maladaptive behaviors by targeting
symptoms, reduce the stress caused by them and helping client acquire skills that will allow them to
change their way of thinking and responding to stress inducing situations. In this approach, the
therapist focuses on the here and now (Zborowski, 2014) while assisting the patient by supporting
and encouraging them to use personal resources to confront problematic behaviors. Both classical
and operant conditioning are methods used in behavioral interventions, although elements modeling
are often incorporated. Several methods and techniques are used during CBT such as systematic
desensitization, exposure, relaxation, positive and negative reinforcement, cognitive modification,
problem solving and stress management. Exposure and relaxation methods will be discussed during
this paper, as most of the trials used these methods during treatment. During exposure, patients are
repeatedly exposed to an anxiety producing stimulus and encouraged to resist from engaging in
avoidance behavior. The patient then rides out the anxiety producing stimulus until it subsides
allowing for emotional habituation (Leichsenring et al., 2006). Patients are also thought relaxation
techniques to allow them to manage and reduce stress during situation of high anxiety. Another
technique used in one of the studies discussed later is cognition modification. This methods helps
patients identify

Compare And Contrast Stopa And Clark's Cognitive Model Of...
Clark's (1995) cognitive model of social phobia can be divided into two parts: (1) What a person
with social phobia experiences during a social situation that they fear and (2) before they enter the
situation and after they have the situation.
When a social phobic enters a social situation, a series of assumptions they hold about themselves or
the world are activated. These assumptions affect the person's appraisals of social situations and are
dependent on their beliefs. Following these assumptions, the individual starts to perceive the social
situation as being dangerous. This leads to anxiety and the person starts to interpret ambiguous
social cues as being negative. Most of their attention then shifts to the self, making them
increasingly aware of their behaviour. This self–focused attention leads to self monitoring. The
person then starts to use internal information to infer other people's opinion of their social
performance, leading to an increase in anxiety. A study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When they do remember external cues, they tend to be biased towards negative experiences. Most
ambiguous cues are interpreted negatively. A study by Stopa and Clark (2000) that social phobia is
associated with negative biases in the interpretation of social events. They compared the
interpretation of hypothetical ambiguous social events by social phobics, patients with other anxiety
disorders and people with no mental illness. They found that patients with social phobia were more
likely than the two control groups to interpret the ambiguous social events negatively. This aspect of
social phobia reduces the chances of new learning through positive reinforcement. This may be
because positive social experiences are interpreted negatively and the patient's attentional resources
are biased towards the negative

Psychopharmacology And Mental Disorder-Phobia
Psychopharmacology and Mental Disorder– Phobias
Psychopharmacology is the study of the mind and its behavior in regard to medication and mental
disorders. Its focus is to find the best treatment options and medications for specific mental
disorders, in such case as phobias. Phobias are an extreme form of anxiety that impacts the person's
everyday life, which is why the pursuit of better more effective medicinal alternatives is important.
Phobias are a form of anxiety and a heightened sense of fear. Like fear, but times two or ten
depending on how bad it is. There are several different forms of extreme anxiety, but the most
common types of phobia is simple and social. These categories consist of phobias that involve
objects, insects, or situations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best treatment for phobias are a form of psychotherapy called exposure therapy and a
combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy. Although occasionally your doctor may also
recommend other therapies or even medications to which we have also seen satisfying results.
Understanding the cause of their phobia is "actually less important than focusing on how to treat the
avoidance behavior that has developed over time. The goal of treatment is to improve quality of life
so that you're no longer limited by your phobias. As you learn how to better manage and relate to
your reactions, thoughts and feelings, you'll find that your anxiety and fear are reduced and no
longer in control of your life. Treatment is usually directed at one specific phobia at a time"
(Specific phobias). By talking with mental health professionals you can help manage your phobia.
Exposure therapy ultimately focuses on altering or changing your response to the specific
situation(s) or object(s) that you fear. Repeated, gradual exposure to "the source of your specific
phobia and the related thoughts, feelings and sensations may help you learn to manage your
anxiety" (Specific phobias). CBT involves "exposure combined with other techniques to learn ways
to view and cope with the feared object or situation differently. You learn alternative beliefs about
your fears and bodily sensations and the

An Interpretation Of Two Behavior Therapy Methods For...
An interpretation of two behavior therapy methods for patients with Social Phobia
Social Phobia is the fear of being embarrassed or being judged by others. This fear restricts the
person from living their everyday lives. It is also characterized as a type of anxiety disorder. A
greater part of patients who inhibit this disorder report encountering adverse images, these negative
images are connected to memories from the past in which the person experienced a traumatic event.
The behavior therapy used in this article is imagery rescripting (IR), this therapy concentrates on
altering the significance of the undesirable memories. Therefore, the objective of imagery
rescripting is to lessen the discomfort of the past memories that affect present experiences. This is
done by identifying their negative events as secluded events in the past, therefore, the negative
experiences the patient encountered in the past no longer hold the focal point in patient's life or
anyone in their environment. Imagery rescripting is distant from other therapies because this therapy
restores the essence of the patient's traumatic memory by proposing a compassionate mindset.
Six patients were extracted from successive referrals for anxiety disorder from PsyQ, a mental
health center located in Netherlands. Patients categorize from 21 to 47 years, both male and female,
having 1 to 18 years of duration of social phobia, as well as having good standing levels of
education. Each patient is struggling with

Phobias and the Brain Essay
Phobias and the Brain
You are in an airport waiting for your plane to arrive. You've never flown before, and are more
terrified than you can ever remember being. Everyone has told you the supposedly comforting
statistics – "millions of planes take off each day and there's only a handful of crashes," "flying is
safer than driving." You know rationally that there is no reason to be so scared, but regardless your
heart is racing, your palms are sweating, and you're light–headed. Simply the thought of being up in
the air, out of control, makes you feel faint. Finally the flight attendant announces that your plane
has arrived. But as all the other passengers line up to get onboard, you grab your luggage and walk
straight out of the airport, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3) Women are two to three times as likely to have phobias than men. There are three basic kinds of
phobias: agoraphobia (fear of situations in which escape may be difficult), social phobia, and
specific phobias. The DSM–IV has separated phobic stimuli into four basic categories: animal,
situational, blood injury, and nature–environment. (3)
Though the experience of phobias is relatively common and their physical characteristics are
generally well understood, there is no real consensus on the neurobiological basis of phobias.
Instead, there are currently several different models and theories that work to try to understand how
and why phobias occur in the human brain. Most hypotheses regarding phobias take a different
approach, from biological to psychoanalytic to evolutionary. Is there one model that seems "less
wrong" or more satisfying in our efforts to understand the biology of phobias? Using the various
models, how do phobias seem to come about? How does thinking about phobias add to our
understanding of the brain and behavior?
The classical conditioning model was one of the first theories used to describe phobias. Many years
ago, scientists observed that one could willingly elicit a fear response in an animal or human
through systematic teaching. For example, if every time a rat is presented with a low buzzing noise,
it is electrically shocked, eventually, when it hears the noise alone (with no shock), it will exhibit
symptoms of fear. (3) Scientists

Efficacy Of Treatment For Social Phobia
Review
A couple of researchers at the Anxiety Disorders Research Center in the Department of Psychology
at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) examined weaknesses of CBT (Craske et al.,
2014). Although CBT has been known for the most effective treatment for social phobia, not all
patients show improvements after the treatment. Patients easily drop out during, or at the early stage
of the treatment. Even patients who successfully finished the entire session tend to have a hard time
continuing to use methods they learned and to maintain low level of anxiety, so the likelihood of
reoccurrence exists. Therefore, alternative ways to solve these weaknesses are needed in order to
develop the treatment itself and to provide the most matchable treatment method for each patient,
according to the article by Craske et al. (2014).
The goals of this study were to examine the efficacy of ACT compared to CBT and to find the
intermediating risk factors of each treatment (Craske et al., 2014). The first hypothesis was that
social anxiety disorder patients who have a moderate level of cognitive misappraisals will show
better improvements if they received CBT compared to ACT. In addition, researchers hypothesized
that patients who received CBT also will outperform patients receiving ACT when they have a high
level of avoidance. Another hypothesis they chose to examine was that with a comorbid mood
disorder, social anxiety disorder patients will show better outcomes with ACT than

Hippocrates Social Phobias

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Rebecca Diamond

More from Rebecca Diamond (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Hippocrates Social Phobias