Building Construction

Building Construction
In building construction and in fire prevention there are organizations that have created a useful
system on how to determine what type of building falls under which category. The ICC
(International Code Council) and the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) create these
building codes for the safety of firefighters. The two most commonly known standards for building
classifications are the NFPA 5000 and also the International Building Code (IBC). The two are very
similar, however, they different on sub–categorizing. The International Building Code uses Roman
numerals behind the type of construction. In addition to subcategories with letters for each five
classes and the amount of fire resistance provided for each building. NFPA ... Show more content on
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This type of construction took heavier beams and spaced them further apart. In addition, it didn't use
plywood or OSB board for sub–flooring. Instead it used thick tongue and grooved planks. This type
of construction created a lot of open headspace in the kitchen, living rooms, dining rooms, and
family rooms. This was an improvement in construction types for firefighters because interior fires
can be easily contained. However, because of interior finishes, flame spread would be a serious
problem. This structure design also poses another fire hazard which claims firefighter lives every
years, which is roof collapsing. Truss Frame construction is known to be the most common and most
often used type of construction today because it is cost effective. This construction type was first
thought to be safe and durable, but under fire condition it poses a different kind of factor. Truss
frame construction is made of lightweight woods that create triangles for support. Inside of the main
triangle or parallel chords are links called Webbings that provided extra support. These triangles,
parallel chords, and links are all held together but metal plates called gusset plates. This type of
construction is a serious problem to fire fighters because of all the materials used. The lightweight
wood material is easily ignited during fires and the metal gusset plates are nothing more
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Innovative Building Materials
ABSTRACT
Latest innovations have developed new materials and better technologies in the field of construction.
The need of the hour is the replacement of costly and scarce conventional building materials by
innovative, cost effective and environment friendly alternate building materials. Here we see about
the Insulating concrete forms (ICF) Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) Structural insulated panels
(SIP)
By implementing these technologies gives birth to many sub level new engineering concepts. These
engineering conceptual methods now days become very important, latest practically applied fields in
innovative constructions. The major problem by the conventional structures due to various aspects
can be resolved by incorporating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most forms have vertically oriented furring strips built into the forms on 6", 8", or 12" centres which
are used to secure interior and exterior finishes.
Different ICF systems also vary in the shape of the resulting concrete within the wall: "Flat" systems
form an even thickness of concrete throughout the walls, like a conventionally poured wall – 3rd
Generation ICF: most common "Waffle Grid" systems create a waffle pattern where the concrete is
thicker at some points than others – 2nd Generation ICF: somewhat lower structural strength & fire
resistance "Post–and–Beam" or "screen grid" systems form discrete horizontal and vertical columns
of concrete – 1st Generation ICF: least resistance to fires Benefits
Manufacturers commonly cite the following advantages compared to traditional building materials,
especially in residential and light commercial construction. It needs to be said, however, that it is
questionable what is meant by "traditional building materials"; this comparison apparently assumes
different worst–case alternatives for each point. Minimal, if any, air leaks, which improves comfort
and less heat loss compared with walls without an air barrier Thermal resistance (R–value) typically
above 3 Km²/W (in American customary units: R–17); this results in saving energy compared with
uninsulated masonry. High sound absorption, which helps produce peace and quiet compared with
framed walls

In the most general sense of the word, a concrete is a...
In the most general sense of the word, a concrete is a substance that solidifies to act as glue. Romans
were the first to use "modern cement "for purposes of masonry made of crushed stone with vivid
lime as binder. They named this substance "caementicium opus "which was later referred to as
cement, cimentim , cäment and cement.
Cement is mainly used in construction. It is a gray powdery substance burnt lime and clay, mixed
with water and sand to make mortar (a paste used to bind the building blocks together and fill the
spaces between them) or with water, sand and gravel to make concrete (one strong durable
construction material).
The cement industry is of paramount importance in the development and highly dynamic world
today. To initiate, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, in 1956, the government, with the help of the Industrial Development Corporation of
Pakistan (PIDC), laid the foundation for two cement units Daudkel and Hyderabad and then more
plants were established in the private sector.
These measures lead to dramatic improvement in productivity of cement, and created opportunities
to other entrepreneurs and investors to work in this sector. This step helped in bridging the gap
between demand and supply in the market. Five cement factories were established during initial
thirty years after independence with a total capacity of 3.2 million tons despite the fact that Pakistan
is rich in deposits of limestone, clay and gypsum, which is the basic raw material for the. The
situation not only stabilized but improved enough for the country to export cement for the first time
in 1966. At that time, the government allowed 4% of local production to be exported. This is vital,
because the government did not want to create any shortage locally. Exports amounted to about 30%
of local production in 1970.
NATIONALIZATION IN BHUTTO REGIME
Bhutto's era saw the situation takes a complete turn and export Pakistan saw the situation deteriorate
to a level that Pakistan was forced to import cement to late 1970s. The same situation prevailed in
the status quo until 1994–1995 and the growth of the industry once two digits

The Building Of Building A Building
The building envelope is the building shell or enclosure that separates the interior of a building with
the outdoor environment. This physical separator serves as an important component to maintain a
comfortable and healthy indoor environment by transferring the air, water, heat, light and noise. The
components of an envelope typically include walls, fenestration, floors, roof and doors with
additional parts such as thermal insulation and shading devices. As discussed above, the climate is
an important factor when designing a building. A well–designed envelope with high performance
should be accustomed to the local climate. Accordingly, there are arid climate envelope, tropical
climate envelope, cold envelope and mixed cold/hot climate envelope which may be composed of
components such as sheets and blocks. The building envelope have a big influence on whole
building's energy usage. An energy effective building envelope design saved as much as 35% and
47% of total and peak cooling demands respectively. At the same time building code requirements
on envelopes have increased significantly. Although the codes and standards used in local and state
level of government varies in place, they all derivate from ASHRAE and International Energy
Conservation Code (IECC).
Walls are a major part of a building envelope and are expected to maintain a thermal and acoustic
comfort inside the building. The crucial performance factor of the wall is thermal resistance (R–
value) since it

The Utilization Purpose Of Lightweight Concrete
2.1.3.2.2. The utilization purpose:
Lightweight concrete can also be classified according to the purpose of utilizing as: i) Structural
lightweight concrete has cylinder compressive strength at 28 days equal or more than 17 MPa and
the approximate density range is about 1400–1800 kg/m3. ii) Masonry concrete (structural /
insulating lightweight concrete) has a compressive strength between 7–14 MPa and density range
500–800 kg/m3. iii) Insulating concrete has a compressive strength between 0.7–7 kg/m3 and
density lower than 800 kg/m3. (Neville and Brooks, 2010; Slaby, Aziz and Hadeed, 2008)
Lightweight concrete mixes can be designed to have strengths that comparable to those of normal
weight concrete (NWC), as shown in table (2.2). As the strength of lightweight concrete increases,
there is a structural purpose to use material which can lessen the dead load of concrete structures
and increase span lengths. (Martinez, 1984)
Type of Concrete Approximate Unit Weight, (kg/m3) Approximate Strength, (MPa)
Normal Strength, Normal Weight 2322.9 < 35
Medium Strength, Normal Weight 2322.9 35– 55
High Strength, Normal Weight 2322.9 35–80
Normal Strength, Lightweight 1842.3 < 27
Medium Strength, Lightweight 1842.3 27– 40
High Strength, Lightweight 1842.3 40– 60
Table (2.2): Concrete classification (Martinez, 1984)
2.1.4. Comparison of foamed concrete and normal concrete:
The characteristics of foamed concrete and normal concrete are summarized in table (2.3). (Khan,
2014)
Parameters

Foundations Of The Building Transfer
FOUNDATIONS The foundations of the building transfer the weight of the building to the ground.
While 'foundation ' is really a general word, normally, every building has many individual
foundations, commonly called footings. Usually each column of the building will have its individual
footing. Since the weight of the building rests on the land (or rock), engineers have to study the
properties of the soil very carefully to ensure it can carry the loads imposed because of the building.
It is common for engineers to determine the safe bearing capacity of your soil after such study.
Because the name suggests, this is the amount of weight per unit area your soil can bear. For
instance, the safe bearing capacity(SBC) for a location could be 20 T/m2, or perhaps tonnes per
square metre. That capacity also changes at different depths of soil. In normal, the deeper one digs,
the greater the SBC, unless there are pockets of weak soil in the earth. To properly support a
building, the soil must become very firm and strong. It is common for the soil near the top of earth
to be loose along with weak. If a building is rested within this soil, it will sink in the earth like a ship
in water. Building contractors will commonly dig until they reach quite firm, strong, soil that can not
be dug up easily before building a foundation. To study the properties of the soil before designing
foundations, engineers will request a soil investigation to be achieved. A soil investigation engineer
will

Missing Home Case Study
Organisation/Lender: Commonwealth Bank of Australia ValEx Ref: 4775092
Fax/Email to: ES_ITO_ITSMO_BackOffice_and_Products Contact: Divneet Matharu @cba.com.au
Borrower: RESHMI DEVI SHARMA and ASHIS Valuer Ref: 9945650.1 PRASAD SHARMA Loan
Ref. No.: VOX000003289198
1. PROPERTY SUMMARY – UNIT PROPERTY ADDRESS: 3/394 Wynnum Road,
HAWTHORNE QLD 4171 TITLE DETAILS LOT 3, SP271195, Section: , County is Stanley,
Parish is Bulimba Encumbrances/Restr'ns: None evident or disclosed Site Dimensions: Not Readily
Available Site Area: N/A
ZONING/INSTRUMENT: QPP–LMR2 – LOW MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL (2 OR 3
LGA: Brisbane City STOREY MIX) ZONE MAIN BUILDING: Unit with 1 Bedroom, and 1
Bathroom Current Use: Residential Circa: 1965 Addition(s): 2014 ... Show more content on
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The Valuation is prepared on the assumption that the Lender as referred to in the valuation report
(and no other) may rely on the valuation for mortgage finance purposes and the Lender has
complied with its own lending guidelines as well as prudent finance industry lending practices, and
has considered all prudent aspects of credit risk for any potential borrower including the borrowers
ability to service and repay any mortgage loan. Further, the valuation is prepared on the assumption
that the Lender is providing mortgage financing at a conservative and prudent loan to value ratio
(LVR). The valuer accepts no liability whatsoever if prudent lending practices fail to be strictly
observed and/or if the lender relies solely on this valuation, and no other criteria, to advance loan

Artificial Intelligence ( Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ) Essay
Within the construction industry, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is beginning to take jobsites by storm. If
someone were to walk onto a jobsite today, someone in that location would be using AI. Current
uses of AI today span from mobile technology that supervision uses to man a jobsite to an actual
robot pouring concrete or welding a pipe. With the technology improvements being made daily,
there will be a day few people will consist of the workforce on the job, and the rest will be some sort
of robotics. Among the Artificial Intelligence being used or that will be the future are: Drones/UAV
(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), SAM (Semi–Automated Mason), robotic welding, Autonomous TMA
(Truck Mounted Attenuator) Truck, and Contour Crafting.
Drones/UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) A lot of people may think of drones, also known as UAV
(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), as the toys children play with in the yard after opening their Christmas
gifts, but for the construction industry, it means so much more. Drones are capable of a multitude of
things, and for business owner's and clients, the most important thing is getting the job done sooner
with reduced costs. Previously, layouts of jobsites took weeks. The land had to be surveyed to verify
if the soil was appropriate and whether it needed to be graded or not. Areas had to be marked off
where each trade would store their material. Physical surveying of the area with tripods had to be
done, as well, for the specific layout and placement of the

Related to the Fire Service
Chapter 1: Building Construction & Fire Service
The building variables that FF must consider: Age of building – age in itself is not a hazard but an
indication of potential hazards Fire protection systems – first line of defense in a building
Occupancy of the building – often affects fire behavior...each occupancy has different hazards &
fuels, and the structural components are subjected to different temperatures, heat release, &
duration. Fire/fuel loads – weight of combustibles per sq ft...can be used to determine the total heat
release Type of construction Configuration – refers to a buildings general shape or layout Access &
exposures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
& the International Code Council (ICC)
National Fire Protection Association
The five types of building construction are:
Type I – the least combustible building type and considered to be "fire–resistive". The two most
common methods of constructing Type I buildings are by using reinforced concrete or a protected
steel frame. The structural members (walls, floors, columns, beams, and roof) are constructed of
non–combustible or limited combustible materials that have a specified fire resistance.. These non–
combustible materials are defined by the building code that is adopted. The primary fuel load is
composed of the contents of the structure. Bearing walls, columns, & beams a fire–resistance rating
of 3–4 hrs Floor construction 2–3 hrs Floor construction 1–2 hrs Partitions usually 1–2 hrs
Type II – is similar to type I in construction. Theses buildings are considered "non–combustible or
limited combustible" construction. The structural members are allowed to be at a lower fire rating
than type I buildings. Type II Construction can be either protected or unprotected. In unprotected
construction, the major components are noncombustible but have no fire resistance. Unprotected
steel is the most common characteristic in unprotected, noncombustible construction the sub
classifications: 222 & 111, have structural components with one or two

Fundamentals of Building Construction: The Concrete
What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry.
Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is
a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is
normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain
characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates
together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that
water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with
water to form a solid mass.
Concrete is one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pre–stressed concrete is a solid structure whereby stretched reinforcement bars surrounded by
concrete. The purpose is to increase the capability of the beam to carry a much greater load with the
same amount of concrete and reinforced bars.
Ready–mix concrete is a concrete that is manufactured in a factory. The quality of ready–mix
concrete is ensured because the concrete has been graded.
Precast concrete is a concrete structure that is manufactured in a factory. The precast concrete will
be transported to a construction site. Precast concrete saves man power, therefore less workers are
needed in the construction site. It also saves time and cost, thus the construction can be constructed
in time. Precast concrete has also a better quality comparing to site cast concrete structure.
Terrazzo is a flooring material made by grinding and polishing a concrete. The concrete consists of
chips of marble or granite in different size and color. Terrazzo often used as decorative flooring
patterns because it has various color and texture.
Urbanite is used to refer to pieces of concrete from demolition sites. It can be used to create a
walkway by recycling the concrete pieces.
Reinforced Concrete Basically, reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which metal bars or wire
is embedded to increase its

Literature Review On Lightweight Concrete
CHAPTER TWO: Literature review
2.1. Lightweight concrete:
2.1.1. Introduction:
Foam balls lightweight concrete (FBLWC) has been a feature in the structural construction owing to
its advantages over the normal weight concrete (NWC). It is a concrete weighing substantially less
than that is made using gravel or crushed stone aggregates. Lightweight aggregate concrete is
usually chosen for structural purposes which its use will lead to a lower overall cost of structure than
will be expected with normal weight concrete.
To gain perspective on the behavior of lightweight concrete, available literature from the previous
research work is reviewed and a review of the codes' and standards' requirements for this kind of
concrete. This literature review provides an overview of previous work done on lightweight
concrete. This chapter describes the nature of foamed balls concrete, its composition and properties
and how it is used in civil engineering works. Because the properties of foamed concrete can vary
widely, and it can be used in a wide variety of applications, it is important to define performance
requirements for each case.
2.1.2. Historical background:
The history of lightweight concrete production from natural source dates back to pre–Roman times.
Ordinary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aerated concrete is also commonly known as a cellular concrete (Neville and Brooks, 2010). It can
be divided into two main types according to the method of production. They are foamed concrete
(non–autoclaved aerated concrete (NAAC)) and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Foamed
concrete is produced by injecting preformed stable foam or by adding a special air–entraining
admixture known as a foaming agent into a base mix of cement paste or mortar (cement+water or
cement+sand+water). The AAC is produced by adding a predetermined amount of aluminum
powder and other additives into slurry of ground high silica sand, cement or lime and water. (Yen,
2006; Li,

Factors Of The Force Reduction Factor From The Statistical...
4.6.2 Krawinkler and Nassar (1992)
A relationship was developed for the force reduction factor derived from the statistical analysis of
15 western USA ground motions with magnitude between 5.7 and
7.7 (Krawinkler and Nassar, 1992).
C is constant which is dependent on period (T) and α which is the strain hardening parameter of the
hysteretic model and a and b are regression constants.
4.6.3 Miranda and Bertero (1994)
The equation for reduction factor introduced by Miranda and Bertero (1994) was obtained from a
study of 124 ground motions recorded on a wide range of soil conditions. The soil conditions were
classified as rock, alluvium and very soft sites 41 characterized by low shear wave velocity. A 5% of
critical damping was assumed. The expressions for the period–dependent force reduction factors Rµ
are given by
Where is calculated from different equations for rock, alluvium and soft sites as shown below:
Where, T1 is the predominant period of the ground motion. The latter corresponds to the period at
which the relative velocity of relative velocity of a linear system with 5% damping maximum within
the entire period ranges.
4.6.4 Vidic et al. (1994)
The reduction coefficients Rµ calculated by Vidic et al. (1994) were approximated by a bilinear
curve. In the short period range, the reduction factor increases linearly with the period from 1.0 to a
value that is almost equal to

P7 Barton
UNIT 6. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION
MR. BARTON
P7– Explain the implications of environmental issues and legislative constraints on building
construction
Today's Designers, Architects and Constructors have a duty of care to strive to produce energy
efficient and energy saving buildings. Where possible the sustainability of resources / materials and
techniques must be a primary concern in the decision making process.
Environmental issues in relation to construction
Heavyweight construction
Solid brick or stone walls let up to twice as much heat escape as a cavity wall. The fundamental
principle of a cavity wall is to prevent moisture moving from outside to inside. A cavity wall
consists of two separated walls or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim of building regulations is to promote standards for most aspects of a building 's
construction. This includes energy efficiency, water usage, fire safety, the needs of people, including
those with disabilities in accessing and moving around buildings.
The Building Control System
The Building Control system exists

Structural Analysis : Heritage Structures
Structural Analysis of Heritage Structures
Soumyaa, A. D. Pandeyb , M. J. Maheshc, Pooja S.d, Rajarshi De and Saride Anveshf, a, b,c,d,e,f
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Most of the built heritage comprises of stone and brick masonry structures. Structural assessment
and remedial interventions on structural systems of these buildings require special considerations to
retain the architectural integrity and historical authenticity. The dynamic analysis and modelling of
such structures needs special consideration in terms of material properties and method of analysis,
such as, thrust line analysis, discrete element formulation methods and finite element methods
(micro or macro modelling). Obtaining the accurate material properties and their appropriate
modelling still has some issues in this field of study due to widely varying nature of such type of
structures. This paper deals with the method and complexities involved in material as well as
structural modelling of historical masonry structures.
Introduction
The importance of heritage structures from a National standpoint hardly needs expounding. Our
built heritage needs conservation from the economic, cultural and environmental viewpoints and the
first step towards preservation and restoration of heritage structures involves their structural
analysis. Accurate analysis is required in order to arrive at reliable solutions and to avoid
unnecessary

The Urban Setting Of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois is home of the Cubs, Oprah and most notably it has a skyline filled with amazing
skyscrapers. It was in this city that stone masonry, due to its tendency to be very heavy and needing
a strong foundation and also its low tensile strength, was enthusiastically replaced by the steel
skeleton of the world's first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building. This American city currently
boasts of another feat, the world's tallest building designed by a woman. Jeanne Gang designed the
mixed–use high–rise, Aqua Tower (fig.1) for the urban setting of Chicago. Aqua Tower is the
greenest and most appealing skyscraper in a place that has inspired some of the country's greatest
architecture. By using digital tools, Gang has fused traditional methods of building with an organic
and sculptural façade that a few years ago would not have been achievable. As the daughter of a
civil engineer, Gang developed an affinity for materials, buildings and the landscapes around them
by watching her dad trace roads and bridges through rural Illinois and taking road trips to landmarks
across the country. Gang confesses that her imagination is stimulated by things and elements from
those childhood trips and they have found their way into her work, especially Aqua Tower. Upon
graduating from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and the Harvard Graduate School
of Design, she worked in Europe and then returned to Illinois and worked at Booth Hansen before
setting up her own firm,

Building Defects
BUILDING DEFECTS
PART 1
Identify common building defects
Identify the source
Provide pictures, diagrams and sketches
Suggest remedial action
Show details that would have avoided the defect
PART 2
Generate a scheme for planned maintenance and provide a building checklist to ensure all necessary
maintenance is carried out on a regular basis.
INTRODUCTION
In this project we will be looking at many different kinds of building defects that would be
commonly seen in the construction industry. As well as going into detail about the different types of
defects using images, cad drawings, and photographs we will also be looking at how to spot the
early signs, and how, once a defect has been noticed to fix them.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because dry rot thrives in damp unventilated areas like floorboards and behind wood panelling most
of the time the damage is done before that fungus is discovered.
How to spot dry rot, initially the fungus appears as off–white felt–like or cotton–wool like sheets on
brickwork and timber and in later stages can develop fungal strands as thick as your finger. Where
the fungus is exposed to light it often has a lemon–yellowish colour. Damage is often confined to
timber but large flat mushroom–like fruiting bodies can easily grow through finishes such as plaster
or paint. These fruiting bodies may be the first visible sign of a problem, and they produce numerous
spores which are normally brick–red in colour. Entirely dry–rot decayed timber can be crumbled
between your fingers. The fungus leaves deep cracks running across the grain, and there is often
evidence of off–white sheets of the fungus on the wood. Also the brick–red spores that it can leave
can grow on their own on a new piece of timber if the conditions are right. We can also look at dry
rot at the molecular level, structural level, and engineering level. When we look at dry rot at the
engineering level we can see the visible effects of the dry rot which would be cotton– wool like
fungus. At the structural level once again we would see the cell structure of the wood and how it
would be

Essay on Creative Writing: Deadly Justice
DEADLY JUSTICE
Prologue
The full moon shined revealing the man's face. He stepped back until darkness sheltered him. Lights
in the bar dimmed. He saw her shadow pass the window obscured by the Miller Lite sign. He
sneered, he was about to extinguish her light.
He chose this bar because of the sign. True there were other bars with the Miller Lite signs in their
window. However, this was the only one in Washington D.C. where the barmaid was named Miller;
at least as far as he knew. Tonight Shannon Miller would be his. For the next two hours, he would
toy with her. Give her a chance to repent. An hour before sunrise her time would run out.
How long would it be before her family, her friends reported her missing? As with the others, he ...
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Her eyes darted in every direction still she didn't see him. He was invisible. She attempted to insert
the key in the door. Her hands shook. The eleven o'clock news reported they had found another one.
If he struck with his pattern, the D C Killer would strike again tonight. By morning, some woman
would be dead.
Fumbling she dropped the key ring. She stooped to pick it up. Her head swiveling in all directions.
Looking yet not seeing him. Her ears alert to every sound.She lowered her eyes, trying again
successful this time. She turned the key there was an audible click. She sighed; unaware she had
been holding her breath. She opened the door the dome light flashed on.
He was on her in an instant. Their bodies shaming against the door. The light winked out. He held
her in an iron grip. One hand over her mouth. The .38 poking her in the left breast.
"Move and I'll kill you." He growled.
She moaned tears clouding her vision. They ran down her cheeks, dripping off her chin. He felt her
body tremble.
"Please don't hurt me." She whispered her though? dry her words cracking.
He grinned. His face twisted into a deadly smile. "Tonight I'm going to save you."
For the next two hours, she suffered tortures no woman should endure. Her body cried out in protest.
Her voice silent, stopped by the duct tape on her mouth.
Finally his work was done. She had paid her sins with her blood. He removed the duct tape from her
mouth, wrists and ankles. Lovingly he replaced her

What Are The Advantages Of Masonry
Applications and advantages of masonry construction
Masonry is a material that can withstand great compression forces that it can withstand tensile
forces. It is for this reason that its use has declined in recent years because it can mostly be used in
low rise and medium rise buildings. Most people prefer to use concrete in high rise buildings
because it can withstand greater tensile forces. Masonry is however mostly used in the repairing of
both low rise and high rise buildings. To take care of the tensile forces people have used reinforced
masonry, the reinforcement mostly used is steel. Masonry is used for both the construction of
housing and non–housing units.
The first advantage of using masonry for retaining walls is that can be used for a lot of functions.
Masonry can be used for sound insulation, thermal insulation, structural and division of space just to
mention but a few. Masonry materials may sometimes be replaced with damp proof courses and
other materials. The second advantage is that masonry lasts for a long time without or little
maintenance. If the materials are properly selected, masonry can offer services for many years.
Masonry will remain looking good for many years' even decades. Masonry has the advantage of
looking good because it comes many colours and textures. Masonry can also be built in ... Show
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The codes give the partial factors of safety, forces are multiplied by these factors and strengths are
divided by the factors. The codes in both Eurocode 6 and BS 5628 are based on the limit state
design. The partial factors of safety allow for uncertainties when accounting for material strengths
and determining loads. Some countries use the permissible stress method, the factors of safety here
do not account for uncertainties. The eccentricity and slenderness ratio are also important variables,
they are used to determine the capacity reduction

Skeleton Construction System
Faculty of engineering
Department of Architecture
ENAR 335
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 3
PRECAST SKELETON CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Done By: Dina Khouri 1090999 Islam Hijazi 1080984 Marian Shomali 1090213
Instructed by: Dr. Mohammad Abd–al–hadi
Date:
Precast Concrete
Every construction material and system has its own characteristics which to a greater or lesser
extend influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the
case for precast concrete, not only in comparison to steel, wood and masonry structures, but also
with respect to cast in–situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be
made in such a way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structural system7:
The system consists of L–shaped and T–shaped frame units placed on top of each other.Simply
supported floor slabs span between the frames.
The frame units are placed simply supported on the base and on top of each other hinged
connections are made between the frame units as pin–joints at the mid–span of the beams.
Structural system 8: The system shown is formed by H–shaped frames with cantilever beam. Slabs
are simpley supported by spanning them from beam to beam.
The connections between the H–shaped frames are formed as pin–joints at the mid–hieght of the
columns and between the cantilevers beams.
All rigid joints are made as an integrated part of the fram units. Slabs span from frame to fram.
Structural system 9:
The system consists of unspliced four–storey high continuous columns with cantilever attachements
for supporting the beams. Floor slabs are simpley supported on the beams.

The columns are restrained at their bases. Beams are simply supported on column–attachements.all
rigid joints are made as integrated parts of the columns.
For Horizontal Loads:
Braced skeletal system
–stability is provided by shear walls,shear cores or other bracing systems.
–the base may be pinned or moment resisting connections.
–beam–column connections may be rigid or pinned.
Behavior of structure
This Figure describes the

Concrete and Following Statements
1. Which of the following statements regarding fire–retardant treatment of wood is MOST accurate?
A. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures lower than those developed in fires.
B. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures higher than those developed in fires
C. all chemicals used as fire retardants can be used for exterior applications
D. fire retardant treatment of wood increases its strength
2. Most fire–retardant chemicals operate by:
A. accelerating the absorption of moisture toe extinguish flame spread
B. combining chemicals with air to eliminate the air supply
C. accelerating the formation of charring in the wood
D. increasing the formation of volatile gases
3. Wood structures are usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. if concrete is unsatisfactory, it will not settle during the slump test
B. the sag test checks the amount of aggregate in the cement
C. the compression test is very costly if the results are unsatisfactory
D. the density test is preferred over the slump test because of its convenience
16. Which of the following is an extremely light cast–in–place framing system?
A. flat–slab
B. waffle
C. slab and beam
D. flat plate
17. Which of the following statements regarding quality control of precast concrete is MOST
accurate?
A. precasting forms are located in areas exposed to weather
B. mixing and pouring of precast concrete can be more mechanized than cast–in–place concrete
C. mixing and pouring precast concrete is less efficient than mixing and pouring cast–in–place
concrete
D. quality control tests done onsite provide a higher degree of quality control than precast concrete
18. Which of the following statements regarding the heat–sink effect is MOST accurate?
A. the heat–sink effect can make conditions uncomfortable, but cannot reignite combustibles
B. the heat–sink effect can cause deadly reignition of combustibles during overhaul
C. the heat–sink effect causes concrete to release retained heat quickly
D. the heat–sink effect does not apply to newer concrete
19. Which of the following statements regarding SPALLING is MOST accurate?

A. concrete has significant resistance to tension
B. spalling

Case Study: HD Woodson Senior High School
PROJECT INTRODUCTION
HD Woodson Senior High School will be a 230,130 square foot new high school facility to
accommodate up to 900 students in grades 9 through 12. The facility is designed around a
developing trend in high schools that are focused on Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM).
The STEM requirements allow for integral design of classroom and laboratory spaces.
The actual building facility of HD Woodson Senior High School will be striving to achieve LEED
Gold
Certification upon completion under the LEED for Schools program by the US Green Building
Council.
Green Roof technology and highly reflective EPDM roofing membrane will assist in achieving
critical
LEED Points. An elaborate rain and grey water system will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The actual building cost per square foot was calculated to be $387. Figure below, a comparison to
the parametric estimate created using D4 Cost Estimating can be seen. The difference in prices can
be justified because the actual building cost considers the many amenities and sport facilities created
for HD Woodson High School. In D4 it is strictly looking at square foot and a comparable size
building. HD Woodson is a revolutionary design for a High School focusing on the use of
technology and striving for LEED Gold Certification. Also HD Woodson HS involves the
construction of an auditorium, competition gymnasium, auxiliary gymnasium, natatorium and
multiple outdoor sports facilities. Chart: shows the difference in estimated values against the actual
cost of construction
The total detailed structural steel and composite deck estimate came to $ 4.4 million.
Over the 18 months of the project an estimated $5.9 million will be spent on general conditions.
Quantities and amount of time required for each item was collected from the schedule and tailored
to not include paying for items more than they will be required to be on site. The total value for
general conditions is projected to be

The Concept of Structural Steel Framing
The concept of structural steel framing is often referred to as a building technique with a skeleton
frame of vertical steel columns and horizontal I–beams. It is constructed in a rectangular grid to
support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. This innovative
technique had contributed significantly to the construction industries over the years and made the
construction of the skyscraper achievable. The bellowing sections of this report will address a
detailed explanation of the construction processes, systems and equipment commonly used in
relation to structural steel framing.
There are various advantages of using structural steel in a construction development as it provides
beneficial properties which will add strength and rigidity to the building. Firstly, it has excellent
ductility and seismic resistance, that helps to withstand extensive deformation without failure under
high tensile stress. Secondly, the material has high elasticity and uniformity. And third, its ease of
fabrication and speed of erection. Nonetheless, there are the pleasant and unpleasant ones such that
structural steel can sometimes be disadvantageous. Its susceptibility to corrosion is a problematic
issue and maintaining this material will add extra costs to the proposed budget. Lose of strength at
elevated temperatures which also adds expenses for installation of fire resistant membranes. Its
susceptibility to buckling – slender member in compression; and

Construction Sequence for a Typical Project
Work Events Make Construction Sequence A Typical Project
Construction Sequence for Typical Project Management of construction projects needs skills and
knowledge in modern management and comprehension of construction and design process. In
construction projects, the relevant technology processes, and arrangements differ, but common
sequence of events apply. Construction projects generally require a specification of the project plans
and objectives that entail budgeting, scope, setting of performance requirements, scheduling, and
project participants (Rojas, 2009). It also requires project management specifics like the resource
utilization by procurement of materials, labor, and equipment to project plan and schedule. In
addition, it leads to implementation of several operations by effective control, estimation, design,
construction, and contracting (Mincks & Johnston, 2010). The sequence of events occurring in the
construction phase is categorized into three broad areas including foundation, structural, and finishes
sequence. In construction projects, the sequence of construction entail the determination of building
sequence, subdivision of floor plan, determination of floor sequence, and determination of work
rate. Fundamental principles in lean construction create a sequence that includes the stop line and lat
work process for correction of systematic problems (Rojas, 2009). This also involves the pulling
versus pushing process, the one–piece flow process,

School Of Engineering And Technology
PROJECT
ON
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Submitted To
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Guided By: Submitted By: Mr. N.B Mishra Ali Bakshi
(Faculty of Civil Engineering) Enrollment No. A2315811003
Amity School Of Engineering & Technology B.Tech Civil (2011–2015)
Amity University, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to Amity School Of Engineering and Technology for giving me
the opportunity to study and analyse the process of making a bridge and promoting me to working
on the site. I would like to thank The Jammu & Kashmir Construction Corporation Ltd. for guiding
me through the process of constructing a bridge. I am grateful to my Faculty Guide Mr. N.B Mishra
for his supervision, guidance and constant help. I would like to thank my parents and my friends for
their constant encouragement.
Signature Signature (Ali Bakshi) (Mr. N.B Mishra)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Ali Bakshi, student of B.Tech in Civil

Improving The Environmental And Production Performance
After reading the current literatures of the VSM in the construction, I divided the current
implementation of VSM in the construction into the three schemes: constructive process, macro–
process, and construction support processes.
3.2.1 Constructive Process
In the constructive process, high costs and consumptions of unnecessary sources generate huge
wastes and customer dissatisfaction. However, current sustainable construction research has been
focused mainly on the design and operation stages of projects rather than constructive process.
There are two studies is about how to use the VSM to improve the environmental and production
performance during the constructive process. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Applying the value stream mapping, the current state of production of structural concrete work stage
could be mapped. The project manager could identify the production and environmental waste and
discover some potential improvement opportunities hidden in this process. Future state map created
by the project manager and the lean team to eliminate the waste and satisfy the customer?s
requirements. This case study provides a groundbreaking experience of using value stream mapping
that includes two dimensions, environment and product, into construction activities. The case
demonstrated the value stream mapping is able to identify the sources of environmental and
production waste, quantify them, and suggest reduction strategies.
Other study conducted by Patricia and Caroline (2013). They presented a case study of the concrete
slab process to show the application of VSM and the preliminary sustainable analyses too. The
execution of research started with diagnosis of lean and sustainable concepts selected, and an
analysis initial of the value stream mapping applicability in the concrete slab processes. In the
second step, the authors analyzed the construction company. In the third step, the search conducted
the semi–structured interviews with the engineer responsible for the works. In the sequence, it was
chosen a standardized process for value stream mapping of current state (concrete process). As a
result, through the analysis of the mapping

Hadrian s Wall
Hadrian's Wall
Although Rome has built numerous important defensive walls, Hadrian's Wall was the most famous
defensive barrier in the Roman Empire, and essential in protection of the northwestern section of the
empire. It was a, "frontier developed to a higher level of defensive efficiency than any other in the
history of Rome" (Divine, pp. 5). However, the Wall of Hadrian wasn't only the most important wall
in the Roman Empire. Because of the wall 's important role in early Roman history, its distinctly
Roman construction, and its forts and milestone castles, Hadrian 's Wall was the definitive Roman
structure in Great Britain.
History
The Emperor of Rome at the time was Hadrian, who lived from AD 76–138. Hadrian was the first ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, they used a considerably simpler method.
The main technique the Romans used in constructing Hadrian's Wall was opus incertum. Opus
incertum used irregularly shaped uncut stones and places them randomly in their special cement,
opus caementicium. The Roman concrete was exceptionally strong and durable, and can be seen in
many Roman architectural structures throughout their empire.
"Roman concrete (opus caementicium), like modern concrete, is an artificial building material
composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. Aggregate is essentially a filler, such as
gravel, chunks of stone and rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent is a substance which is mixed
with the aggregate wet (water added) and solidifies when it dries, or "sets." Many materials, even
mud, can be a binding agent, and used to make, what we generally call, mortar. Historically lime or
gypsum, mixed with rubble stones, have been used as binding agents in making a strong mortar"
(Roman Concrete).
Nevertheless, this was a standard concrete technique in history, the Romans decided to strengthen
their concrete mixture with another substance.
In order to create their special concrete, the Romans introduced into the principal concrete mixture a
fundamental component; pozzolona, a special volcanic dust found in central Italy. "Pozzolona
created an exceptionally strong bond with the aggregate. In most parts of the Roman world,

Life Cycle Analysis for Brick
Life Cycle Analysis For Brick
1 Materials are very important in construction industry because with the combination of different
material, we can create a very strong and unique building form. There are many type of material that
commonly used in the construction industry, for example the glass, woods, bricks, stones, marble,
concretes and etc. Brick is one of the most commonly used materials in Malaysia, because almost
every house in housing area was built by bricks. From this essay I want to give analysis about the
brick life cycle included its origin and how the brick being used after the end of its life cycle.
2 Brick was appeared since the beginning of the civilization, which is the ancient Mesopotamia
around 8000 BC. (Think Brick ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After that is the drying period, in which the air is heated to a maximum temperature for the clay
being dried, the humidity is gradually decreased to allow the clay to dry uniformly all the way
through. And the third which is the cooling stage, in which the temperature is gradually decreased to
uniformity. The clay is not fully dried when placed in the kiln. Hygroscopic water is not driven off at
ordinary temperatures or even at the boiling point of water. In fact, the temperature often rises quite
a bit above the boiling point before the water is completely evolved. The watersmoking is
accomplished by fire in the kiln furnaces. Wood is frequently used for this purpose, to avoid sooting.
In the watersmoking period it is desired to heat up the brick, evaporate and remove the moisture,
and to accomplish this successfully, it is very necessary that draft be strong. The watersmoking is
the most critical point in the life of the brick. The process must be carried very slowly the water in
coming out of the clay may crack the surface. After the watersmoking is completed, the temperature
is increase to that required in oxidation. Oxidation begins in the later stages of vitrification, but the
greater part occurs between the temperatures of 800oF and 1300oF. At this stage most of the
impurities are given off and the metals constituting the clay are changed to their respective oxides.
The highest temperature reached at this point is usually near

Special Inspection And Testing Schedule
SPECIAL INSPECTION AND TESTING SCHEDULE 1. Concrete: [ ] Continuous placement
inspection [ ] Exceptions [ ] Cylinders per CY Test: @ 7 @ 28 Hold 2. Bolts installed in concrete: [ ]
All bolts [ ] Location: 3. Special moment–resistant concrete frame: [ ] All bolts [ ] Location: 4.
Reinforcing steel and prestressing tendons 5. Structural welding: Periodic Visual Inspection [ ]
Single pass fillet welds 5/16" [ ] UT all PP groove welds in column splices [ ] UT all PP groove
welds in column splices >3/4 [ ] UT column flanges at beam flange welds [ ] Other: 6.High Strength
bolting: Snug Tight: [ ] All [ ] As indicated Full Pretension: [ ] All [ ] As indicated 7. Structural
masonry: f'm = , Stresses Verification of f'm [ ] Prism tests [ ] Prism test record [ ] Unit strength [ ]
Continuous inspection [ ] Periodic inspection Structural masonry continued: Test: Before During
Prism [ ] [ ] Units Grout Mortar [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 8. Reinforced gypsum concrete: [ ] Continuous
inspection of mixing and placement [ ] Periodic inspection: [ ] Strength testing: 9. Insulated concrete
fill: [ ] Periodic inspection [ ] Placement inspection [ ] Strength testing [ ] Stressing and grouting of
tendons 10. Spray–applied fire resistive materials: [ ] Periodic inspection: [ ] Testing per UBC Std.
7–6 11. Piling, drilled pier and caisson: Continuous Periodic Pile driving [ ] [ ] Drilling [ ] [ ] Testing
[ ] [ ] 12. Shotcrete: [ ] Continuous placement inspection [ ] Preconstruction panel [ ] In–place

Descriptive Essay : A Description Of The Tornados
TORNADO ALLEY
One day 2 years ago, on June 10th, nate and his friends were riding home from a football game. The
day was dark and was really warm. The ground was really cold and there was a breeze but Nate and
his friends made it to a gas station. They went in to get somethings and come back out 5 minutes
later and see a tornado a tornado coming towards the gas station. They didn't know what to do the
sirens went off and stuff was getting dragged into the tornado. There was a paper rack in the gas
station so they all went into the gas station and grabbed a paper. On the very bottom of the paper in
bold letters is said TORNADO ALLEY. They went crazy when they saw that big text on the paper,
They peered out of the window and the tornado was getting closer by the second.
They ran outside grabbed their bikes and car and rode as fast as they could away from the tornado
but, the tornado kept getting closer and closer. Nate found a school named JRG so he yelled to his
other friends to come over to this school. Is was abandoned for about 3 years nothing has been going
on in this school for so long. They could see the tornado over the trees from a distance away so they
all checked the door around the school. Nate found that the front door was open so they all went
through the front door. They all split up to look around the school for good areas to hide from the
tornado. Nick which was one of his friends was looking upstairs and his other friend Frank was
looking on the opposite

Literature Review On Concrete
1. Literature review on concrete:
The definition of high strength changes over the years as concrete strength used in the field
increases. Any construction activity requires several materials such as concrete, steel, brick, stone,
glass, clay, mud, wood, and so on. However, the cement concrete remains the main construction
material used in construction industries. For its suitability and adaptability with respect to the
changing environment, the concrete must be such that it can conserve resources, protect the
environment, economize and lead to proper utilization of energy. To achieve this, major emphasis
must be laid on the use of wastes and byproducts in cement and concrete used for new constructions.
The utilization of recycled aggregate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Concrete having a 28–day compressive strength of at least 41.4 MPa (6000 psi) is normally
considered high strength.
High compressive strengths are achieved by using a low water–to–cementations materials ratio,
requiring the use of water–reducing admixtures to provide adequate workability. High strength
concrete offers significant economic advantages over conventional normal strength concrete (NSC)
because more slender members can be designed, resulting in reduced material and transportation
costs. As structural components become more slender, deflection becomes a more crucial issue,
making long–term creep and shrinkage deformations especially important in HSC structures.
HSC offers many advantages over conventional concrete. The high compressive strength can be
advantageously used in compression members like columns and piles. Higher compressive strength
of concrete results reduction in column size and increases available floor space. HSC can also be
effectively used in structures such as domes, folded plates, shells and arches where large in–plane
compressive stresses exist. The relatively higher compressive strength per unit volume, per unit
weight will also reduce the overall dead load on foundation of a structure with HSC.

Earthquake Resistance Building
Earthquake Resistant Building Construction – 1
A short Research Paper on Affordable Solution for Earthquake Resistant Building Construction in
Haiti by
Dawang Sherpa
Submitted to
Southern Alberta Institute of Technology–SAIT
Calgary, Alberta
February 24, 2010
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Some Concepts on Earthquake Resistant Construction
2.1 2.2 2.3
3.1 Adobe Buildings with Earthquake Resistant Components
3.2 Rice Straw/Wheat Straw Buildings
3.3 Bamboo & Wooden Houses
3.4 Masonry Buildings with Earthquake–Resistant Components
3.5 Other Practices
4. Recommendations
5. Conclusion
References
Earthquake Casualties
Reasons for Buildings' Failure during Earthquake
Earthquake–Resistant Building Technologies
3. Low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary effects like fire; blockage on services such as water supply, electricity and transportation;
and communication disruption are sometimes even more disastrous. Manmade infrastructures are
however the major contributor of casualties during earthquake devastations. These structures
therefore should be carefully designed and constructed.
For examples, the improper placement of partition wall, chimney, staircase, and how water supply,
electrical systems are arranged, are responsible for killing people and in facilitating structural
damage to property.
2.2 Reason for Buildings' Failure during Earthquake
Vertical and horizontal shaking from earthquakes and inertia of buildings that causes frequent
changes in building's weight, and the use of poor quality materials and massive structures are some
of the reasons for building failures. Greater the mass of building, more lateral force is exerted on

buildings, and this alone is the major component behind building damages. When there are no strong
joint–components like walls, beam, column, roofs, slabs, in buildings, the buildings move
independently on their own direction, and velocity of their movements are dictated by the buildings'
weight and orientation, and all these result in separation of a building. The separation of building
components and failure to support designed force is actually a building failure.
2.3

Types Of Construction Artificial Intelligence
Many people today are excited at the thought of machines that can work as if they were human. Pure
fascination is driven by the idea of technology that is far beyond the average person's mind. This
intelligence being created can do monotonous jobs significantly faster than the average worker, go
places that are hard to reach, and think better and faster compared to humans. Businesses are thrilled
at the prospect of cutting down on their biggest cost, labor, and getting jobs done quickly and more
efficiently. But for the common, middle–class, blue–collar worker, it could mean a loss of wages
and a forced cross training into another field. In the wake of this extraordinary Artificial Intelligence
within the construction industry, there are winners and losers.
Types of Construction Artificial Intelligence Within the construction industry, Artificial Intelligence
(AI) is beginning to take jobsites by storm. If someone were to walk onto a jobsite today, someone
in that location would be using AI. Current uses of AI today span from mobile technology that
supervision uses to man a jobsite to an actual robot pouring concrete or welding a pipe. With the
technology improvements being made daily, there will be a day few people will consist of the
workforce on the job, and the rest will be some sort of robotics. Among the Artificial Intelligence
being used or that will be the future are: Drones/UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), SAM (Semi–
Automated Mason), robotic welding, Autonomous TMA

pet bottle construction Essay
INVESTIGATING THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PLASTIC BOTTLES
AS MASONRY
KALUMIRE KUSIMWIRAGI
A report submitted in part requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Environmental Design with Honours
Faculty of the Built Environment
Uganda Martyrs University
June, 2011
Investigating the Compressive Strength of Plastic Bottles as Masonry
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled, "Investigating the Compressive Strength of plastic bottles as
masonry" is the product of my own work except as cited in the references.
Signature :______________________________
Supervisor: Prof. Paul Thomas
Signature :______________________________
Date : 6 June 2011 i Investigating the Compressive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
...................................18
2.4 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks: A review ..................22
2.4.1 Advantages and limitations........................................23
2.4.2 Material for SCEB ....................................................25
2.4.2.1 Soil type...............................................................25
2.4.2.2 Stabilisation.........................................................26
2.4.2.3 Cure.....................................................................27
2.4.4 Properties of SCEB ..................................................28

2.4.4.1 Density and thermal property .............................29
2.4.4.2 Moisture Mouvement .........................................29
2.4.4.3 Compressive strength .........................................29
3
EXPERIMENTAL WORK .....................................................31
3.1 Method and methodology .................................................. 31
3.2 Materials for PETE bottles prisms........................................33
3.2.1 Soil ...........................................................................42
3.2.2 PETE bottles ............................................................43
3.2.3 Nylon Rope...............................................................46
3.2.4 Water

Fe Analysis And Precast Frame Systems
CHAPTER 5
FE ANALYSIS OF CAST–IN–SITU AND PRECAST FRAME SYSTEMS
5.1 Preamble
The response of structural systems depends on the rigidity of the connections and this knowledge
becomes very important to understand the influence of connections on the load path under both
lateral and vertical loads. Precast buildings with skeletal frames system may have different forms
based on the types of joint and their position as indicated in the Table 1–1. The structural joints can
be idealized as either hinged or fixed and be either precast or formed at site. The performance of the
precast frame systems identified as type 3, 6, 7 and 8 in Table 1–1, and subjected to lateral and
gravity loads are compared with the cast in–situ frame systems. The performance of building is
evaluated in terms of displacements, bending moment, storey drifts and storey shear for different
load cases analysis for the following frame configurations.
5.2 Frame Configuration
Analysis of a G+3 storey building is carried out using STAAD PRO software. With the geometric
dimensions as: 18.0m x 12.0m x 12.0m. Each storey has the floor height as 3.0 m.
Table 5.1 Physical properties
Columns 300 x 450 mm
Beams 230 x 450 and 230 x300mm
Slab thickness 150mm
Table 5.2 Material properties
Unit weight of concrete 25kN/m3
Poisson's ratio 0.2
Young's modulus 25000 N/mm2 (M25)
Grade of concrete M25
Type Front View Description
Cast–in–situ Typical 3 x 3 x 3 Moment Resisting Frame
Structural system 3
This system consists

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiberglass Reinforced...
Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) is most suitable for construction because it is a great material
for restoration of old buildings and also used for the exterior of the buildings. It is also being used
widely for walls and ceilings. GFRC allow almost perfect replication of building terra–cotta and
ornaments. It's very low shrinkage allows molds to be made from existing structural ornamentation,
then cast in GFRC to replicate the original designs. GFRC is lightweight compared to other
traditional concrete which is very important for construction. It is highly durable and safe. Next,
expensive equipment is not necessary for pouring or spraying GFRC .Fiberglass is inexpensive and
corrosion–proof, but not as ductile as steel. It can only be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Fiberglass reinforced concrete doesn't crack easily where it can be cut without chipping because it is
sprayed on, the surface has no bugholes or voids. GFRC used for creative prefabricated architectural
cladding. GFRC is an perfect material to use on a variety of roofing structures. It is easy to fix
lightweight but tough and unaffected by environmental conditions. It can imitate traditional roofing
materials such as slate, natural stone or clay products but unlike these materials it is neither heavy
nor brittle. GFRC can be moulded into complex shapes for roofing accessories such as finials, ridges
and chimneys. It is non–combustible with a high impact strength and can be used on all types of
roof. Next, GFRC use in renovation. Thin lightweight panels are easy to fix and minimise the
weight imposed on the existing structure. In addition,GFRC can provide best solutions in the
construction of foundations and floors where in–situ concrete floors it can give economic benefits
together with excellent appearance. On ground floor concrete slabs, during cold climate insulated
GFRC can help in minimising heat loss from the

Construction Types and Occupancy Classifications
Fire 73:
Construction Types & Occupancy Classifications
Fire 73: Fire Prevention Technology
Learning Outcomes
Following instruction the student shall:
Understand fire resistive construction, noncombustible construction, combustible construction, and
what constitutes fire–resistance. Identify and describe each of the five construction types and the
construction features and fire dangers that are common to each construction type.
Chapter 4:
1
Chapter 4: Construction Types & Occupancy Classifications
2
Learning Outcomes
Following instruction the student shall:
Understanding building use, what determines the occupancy classification per the fire code, and the
dangers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structural members (frame) are non–combustible:
Concrete Unprotected steel
Will not burn, can fail in a fire leading to building collapse.
Combustible materials allowed on non–structural:
Wall coverings, roof coverings, finish flooring, wood trim.
Chapter 4: Construction Types & Occupancy Classifications 15 Chapter 4: Construction Types &
Occupancy Classifications 16

Type–II, Noncombustible Construction
Type–II
Structural members are non–combustible. In fire, contribute little or no fuel. Fire load is the
contents.
17
18
Chapter 4
3
Fire 73:
Type–II
Are the building materials or the building contents the risk?
Type–III, Ordinary
19
20
Type–III
Commonly called:
Ordinary Masonry Limited Combustible Exterior Protected
"Main Street" USA
Chapter 4: Construction Types & Occupancy Classifications 21 Chapter 4: Construction Types &
Occupancy Classifications 22
Type–III
Exterior walls are non–combustible.
Usually masonry material. 2–hour fire–resistance rating.

Type–III
Concealed Void Spaces:
Primary fire concern are concealed void spaces between the walls, floor, and ceiling.

Building Materials : The Different Types Of Building...
BUILDING MATERIALS
Any material which is used for construction purposes is called building material. Every country uses
different kinds of building materials because of different geographic conditions. Most of these are
found in nature like rocks, wood, leaves, clay etc. Apart from these, some man made materials are
also widely used like plastic, glass, etc. There are many types of building materials, some of these
are described below
1. Concrete: – It is one of the most widely used construction materials and has a long history of use.
Cement is a very important material. Therefore it is necessary to know about it in some details.
Generally, cement has been classified by different types depending upon its strength e.g. grade 43,
grade 44 etc. Depending upon the requirement of strength of the structure the contractor decides as
to which grade is to be used and where. It can be mixed by simple hand mixing method or for large
quantities in a computer control batching plants. It is a solid hard mixture produced by adding
Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates and water in proper proportions.
a. Storage of cement: – Storage of the cement is done in a very specialized manner. First of all the
place of storage should be selected, there is less circulation of air, because the air has moisture and
cement sets very soon because of moisture.
Cement should not be kept in open place. The floor and roof of store room should be dampness
proof. The cement bags should be stalked in such

Project Risks Of Aptus Learning Landscape
Project Risks of Aptus Learning Landscape
Identify Risks:
Project Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on
one or more project objectives such as scope, schedule, cost and quality. All initial assumptions are,
in themselves, risks until they are agreed upon by the project stakeholders. The project risks of
Aptus Learning Landscape are present in critical success factors / measures of success ( stated in
project charter), initial assumptions of project ( stated in project charter) and also in the risk register
of ATL construction works. We thoroughly analyze the construction risk stated in the risk register
enlisted at the end of this chapter and observe that none of the risks possess a high likelihood of
increasing the budget substantially or affecting the time schedule in a negative way. They are all
known, internal and negative risk, and can be easily managed by closely coordinating, monitoring
and controlling activities of team members. As these risks have low impact, we are keeping them as
watch list.
Typically project managers focus on monitoring and responding to negative as opposed to positive
risks. So we are now discussing about rest of the risks but considering the negative risks to prioritize
them which help to focus on high– priority risks:
Specifying the type of risk:
Sl # Description of Risks Type of Risks
1 Local Community 's strong interest and skills to ATL: The local community have high level of

Culture And Spanish Culture
Interviewed an immigrant from Spain and whom settled in the United States for the last twenty
years. Roberto and I went for lunch in Spanish restaurant and the following were discussed. Spanish
culture encompasses the traditions, language, beliefs, and practices, social and family values of the
Spain people. The Spaniards embrace a code of moral values that establish stringent standards of
sexual conduct for women but not for men. They value cohesion and being at peace with one
another. In a way, they value collectivism rather than individualism by showing love and connection
within their family. Spaniards embrace physical contact as an accepted form of communication, and
they don't consider it an invasion of personal space. Eye contact ... Show more content on
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Question Two
One of the employed workers I came across was a stonemasonry who has been working in this area
for the last 15 years. A stonemason builds and repairs tone structures such as walls, piers and
abutments. They are also involved in laying walks, curbstones and special types of masonry for tans,
vats and floors. The different tasks that stonemasonry engages in laying of foundations, shaping,
trimming, using power saws, mixing motor, using plumb bobs and making marble slabs. They are
also engaged in repair works that include replacing broken or missing masonry units or floors,
repairing cracked areas of stone, removing rough or defective spots from concrete using power
grinder (Landsbergis, Grzywacz, & LaMontagne, 2014).
The community health hazards and risks of the Mason occupation commence after all the
equipments are transported to the site of operation. First, the hazardous substances include cement,
lime, chemical grouts and additives. Second, there is a collapse that is caused by overloaded
elements, unpropped construction, movement joints and stacking of horizontal chases. Also, there
are handling hazards caused by weights, shapes, handling heights, and insufficient working space.
Finally, some cuts and abrasions arise as a result of wall ties, texture and insulation such as glass
fibre. The health interventions to minimize these health hazards include minimizing manual
handling of some of the chemicals, using personal protective

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