report on GUIDED MISSILE

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CERTIFICATE
This is certify that seminar on “GUIDED MISSILE” is a bonafide record of summer
internship by “RAMVINAY KUMAR” (COER ID-11310324), in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor Of Technology in Electronics And
Telecommunication Engineering from COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE for the
year 2014-15.
Ms. BHARTI MODI
(Assistant Professor)
College Of Engineering Roorkee

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CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….03
2. HISTORY OF MISSILE…………………………………………………………04
3. MISSILES IN MODERN INDIA………………………………………………..05
4. TYPES OF MISSILES…………………………………………………………...06
5. MISSILE COMPONENTS………………………………………………………12
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE…………………………………………………………21
a. TRACKING………………………………………………….. ….21
b. GUIDANCE………………………………………………………21
c. FLIGHT…………………………………………………………...21
7. ADVANTAGES ………………………………………………………………….23
8. DISADVANTAGES………………………………………………………………24
9. REFRENCES……………………………………………………………………...25

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1. INTRODUCTION
The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally meaning "to send".
They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes only.
Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-
selected target.
Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering destructive force (usually in the
form of an explosive warhead) upon a target.
Aside from explosives, other possible types of destructive missile payloads are various forms
of chemical or biological agents, nuclear warheads, or simple kinetic energy (where the
missile destroys the target by the force of striking it at high speed).

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2. HISTORY OF MISSILES
Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD) but its first practical use for
serious purpose took place in 1232 AD by the Chinese against the Mongols. There
after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south India) perfected the
rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively using it in war against British
colonial armies. At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792, Indian soldiers launched a
huge barrage of rockets against British troops, followed by a huge massacre of British
forces.
Portrait of Tipu Sultan of Mysore, present day Karnataka,
India
Unlike contemporary rockets whose combustion chamber was made of wood
(bamboo), Tipu's rockets (weighing between 2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron cylinder casings
that allowed greater pressure, thrust and range (1.5 to 2.5 Km). The British were
greatly impressed by the Mysorean rockets using iron tubes.

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3. MISSILES IN MODERN INDIA
After regaining independence in 1947, India focused all its energy in nation
building, primarily on economic and industrial development fully understanding the
key role of science and technology. Indian rocketry was reborn, thanks to the
farsighted technological vision of Prime Minister Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru. Professor
Vikram Sarabhai took the challenge of realizing this dream. Hon. President of India
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam played a key engineering role in realizing both the Indian
SLV-3 space launcher as well as the Prithvi and Agni missiles. Initial missile
programs like Project Devil (a theatre ballistic missile) and Project Valiant (an
intercontinental ballistic missile) were scattered and stymied by many issues. But the
success of all our missile programs including BRAHMOS makes up for the shelved
old projects.

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4. TYPES OF MISSILE
Missiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range, Propulsion;
Warhead Missiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range
Propulsion, and Warhead and Guidance Systems.
Type:
Cruise Missile
Ballistic Missile
Launch Mode:
Surface to Surface Missile
Surface to Air Missile
Surface (Coast) to Sea Missile
Air to Air Missile
Air to Surface Missile
Sea to Sea Missile
Sea to Surface (Coast) Missile
Anti-Tank Missile
Range:
Short Range Missile
Medium Range Missile
Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Propulsion:
Solid Propulsion
Liquid Propulsion
Hybrid Propulsion
Ramjet
Scramjet
Cryogenic
Warhead:
Conventional
Strategic
Guidance Systems:
Wire Guidance
Command Guidance
Terrain Comparison Guidance
Terrestrial Guidance

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Inertial Guidance
Beam Rider Guidance
Laser Guidance
RF and GPS Reference
On the basis of Type:
(i) Cruise Missile: A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled
(till the time of impact) guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most
of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a
target. They fly within the earth’s atmosphere and use jet engine technology. These vehicles
vary greatly in their speed and ability to penetrate defences.Cruise missiles can be
categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), range and whether launched from land,
air, surface of ship or submarine.
Depending upon the speedsuch missiles are classified as:
1) Subsonic cruise missile
2) Supersonic cruise missile
3) Hypersonic cruise missile
1. Subsonic cruise missile flies at a speed lesser than that of sound. It travels at a speed of
around 0.8 Mach.The well-known subsonic missile is the American Tomahawk cruise
missile. Some other examples are Harpoon of USA and Exocet of France.
2. Supersonic cruise missile travels at a speed of around23 Mach i.e.; It travels a kilometer
approximately in a second. The modular design of the missile and its capability of being
launched at different orientations enable it to be integrated with a wide spectrum of platforms
like warships, submarines, different types of aircraft, mobile autonomous launchers and silos.
The combination of supersonic speed and warhead mass provides high kinetic energy
ensuring tremendous lethal effect. BRAHMOS is the only known versatile supersonic cruise
missile system which is in service.
3. Hypersonic cruise missile travels at a speed of more than 5 Mach. Many countries are
working to develop hypersonic cruise missiles. BrahMos Aerospace is also in the process of
developing a hypersonic cruise missile, BRAHMOSII, which would fly at a speed greater
than 5 Mach.
(ii) Ballistic Missile: A ballistic missile is a missile that has a ballistic trajectory over most of
its flight path, regardless of whether or not it is a weapon delivery vehicle. Ballistic missiles
are categorized according to their range, maximum distance measured along the surface of
earth's ellipsoid from the point of launch to the point of impact of the last element of their
payload. The missile carries a huge payload. The carriage of a deadly warhead is justified by
the distance the missile travels. Ballistic missiles can be launched from ships and land based
facilities. For example, Prithvi I, Prithvi II, Agni I, Agni II and Dhanush ballistic missiles are
currently operational in the Indian defense forces.

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On the basis of Launch Mode:
(I) Surface to Surface Missile: A surface to surface missile is a guided projectile launched
from a handheld, vehicle mounted, trailer mounted or fixed installation. It is often powered
by a rocket motor or sometimes fired by an explosive charge since the launch platform is
stationary.
(II) Surface to Air Missile: A surface to air missile is designed for launch from the ground to
destroy aerial targets like aircrafts, helicopters and even ballistic missiles. These missiles are
generally called air defense systems as they defend any aerial attacks by the enemy.
(III) Surface (Coast) to Sea Missile: A surface (coast) to sea missile is designed to be
launched from land to ship in the sea as targets.
(IV) Air to Air Missile: An air to air missile is launched from an aircraft to destroy the enemy
aircraft. The missile flies at a speed of 4 Mach.
(V) Air to Surface Missile: An air to surface missile is designed for launch from military
aircraft and strikes ground targets on land, at sea or both. The missiles are basically guided
via laser guidance, infrared guidance and optical guidance or via GPS signals. The type of
guidance depends on the type of target.
(VI) Sea to Sea Missile: A sea to sea missile is designed for launch from one ship to another
ship.
Anti-Satellite
Missile
Anti-Ship
Missile

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(VII) Sea to Surface (Coast) Missile: A sea to surface missile is designed for launch from
ship to land based targets.
(VIII) Anti-Tank Missile: An antitank missile is a guided missile primarily designed to hit
and destroy heavily-armoured tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. Antitank missiles
could be launched from aircraft, helicopters, and tanks and also from shoulder mounted
launcher.
On the basis of Range:
This type of classification is based on maximum range achieved by the missiles. The basic
classification is as follows:
(i) Short Range Missile
(ii) Medium Range Missile
(iii) Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
(iv.) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
On the basis of Propulsion:
(i) Solid Propulsion: Solid fuel is used in solid propulsion. Generally, the fuel is aluminium
powder. Solid propulsion has the advantage of being easily stored and can be handled in
fuelled condition. It can reach very high speeds quickly. Its simplicity also makes it a good
choice whenever large amount of thrust is needed.
(ii) Liquid Propulsion: The liquid propulsion technology uses liquid as fuel. The fuels are
hydrocarbons. The storage of missile with liquid fuel is difficult and complex. In addition,
preparation of missile takes considerable time. In liquid propulsion, propulsion can be
controlled easily by restricting the fuel flow by using valves and it can also be controlled
even under emergency conditions. Basically, liquid fuel gives high specific impulse as
compared to solid fuel.
(ii) Hybrid Propulsion: There are two stages in hybrid propulsion solid propulsion and liquid
propulsion. This kind of propulsion compensates the disadvantages of both propulsion
systems and has the combined advantages of the two propulsion systems.
(iii) Ramjet: A ramjet engine does not have any turbines unlike turbojet engines. It achieves
compression of intake air just by the forward speed of the air vehicle. The fuel is injected and
Anti-tank
guided missile

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ignited. The expansion of hot gases after fuel injection and combustion accelerates the
exhaust air to a velocity higher than that at the inlet and creates positive push. However, the
air entering the engine should be at supersonic speeds. So, the aerial vehicle must be moving
in supersonic speeds. Ramjet engines cannot propel an aerial vehicle from zero to supersonic
speeds.
(iv.) Scramjet: Scramjet is an acronym for Supersonic Combustion Ramjet. The difference
between scramjet and ramjet is that the combustion takes place at supersonic air velocities
through the engine. It is mechanically simple, but vastly more complex aerodynamically than
a jet engine. Hydrogen is normally the fuel used.
(v) Cryogenic: Cryogenic propellants are liquefied gases stored at very low temperatures,
most frequently liquid hydrogen as the fuel and liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. Cryogenic
propellants require special insulated containers and vents which allow gas to escape from the
evaporating liquids. The liquid fuel and oxidizer are pumped from the storage tanks to an
expansion chamber and injected into the combustion chamber where they are mixed and
ignited by a flame or spark. The fuel expands as it burns and the hot exhaust gases are
directed out of the nozzle to provide thrust.
On the basis of Warhead:
(i) Conventional Warhead: A conventional warhead contains high energy explosives. It is
filled with a chemical explosive and relies on the detonation of the explosive and the
resulting metal casing fragmentation as kill mechanisms.
(ii) Strategic Warhead: In a strategic warhead, radio-active materials are present and when
triggered they exhibit huge radio activity that can wipe out even cities. They are generally
designed for mass annihilation.
On the basis of Guidance Systems:
(i) Wire Guidance: This system is broadly similar to radio command, but is less susceptible to
electronic counter measures. The command signals are passed along a wire (or wires)
dispensed from the missile after launch.

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(ii) Command Guidance: Command guidance involves tracking the projectile from the launch
site or platform and transmitting commands by radio, radar, or laser impulses or along thin
wires or optical fibers. Tracking might be accomplished by radar or optical instruments from
the launch site or by radar or television imagery relayed from the missile.
(iii) Terrain Comparison Guidance: Terrain Comparison (TERCOM) is used invariably by
cruise missiles. The system uses sensitive altimeters to measure the profile of the ground
directly below and checks the result against stored information.
(IV) Terrestrial Guidance: This system constantly measures star angles and compares them
with the preprogrammed angles expected on the missile’s intended trajectory. The guidance
system directs the control system whenever an alteration to trajectory is required.
(v) Inertial Guidance: This system is totally contained within the missile and is programmed
prior to launch. Three accelerometers, mounted on a platform spacestabilised by gyros,
measure accelerations along three mutually perpendicular axes; These accelerations are then
integrated twice, the first integration giving velocity and the second giving position. The
system then directs the control system to preserve the preprogrammed trajectory. These
systems are used in the surface to surface missiles and in cruise missiles.
(VI) Beam Rider Guidance: The beam rider concept relies on an external ground or ship
based radar station that transmits a beam of radar energy towards the target. The surface radar
tracks the target and also transmits a guidance beam that adjusts its angle as the target moves
across the sky.
(vii) Laser Guidance: In laser guidance, a laser beam is focused on the target and the laser
beam reflects off the target and gets scattered. The missile has a laser seeker that can detect
even miniscule amount of radiation. The seeker provides the direction of the laser scatters to
the guidance system. The missile is launched towards the target, the seeker looks out for the
laser reflections and the guidance system steers the missile towards the source of laser
reflections that is ultimately the target.
(viii) RF and GPS Reference: RF (Radio Frequency) and GPS (Global Positioning System)
are examples of technologies that are used in missile guidance systems. A missile uses GPS
signal to determine the location of the target. Over the course of its flight, the weapon uses
this information to send commands to control surfaces and adjusts its trajectory. In a RF
reference, the missile uses RF waves to locate the target.

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5. MISSILE COMPONENTS
Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major sections
are carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the complete missile
assembly.
The major components of a missile are:
 WARHEAD
 FUSING
 GUIDANCE SYSTEM
 PROPULSION SYSTEM
 FINS
(A.)WARHEAD
A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy
vehicles or buildings. Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile, rocket or
torpedo. It consists of the explosive material, and a detonator.
Types of warhead:-
Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage
surrounding areas with a shockwave.
Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to
injure or kill human beings.
Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to
sicken and kill humans.

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Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy
release.
Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or
injury.
B. FUSING
It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to
function in proper relation to the target. There are two general types of
fuzzes used in guided missiles proximity fuzzes and contact fuzzes. Some
common methods of fusing are:-
(a.) Radio frequency sensing
The shell contains a micro transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and
emits a continuous wave of roughly 180–220 MHz
Fig. - A NUCLEAR
WARHEAD

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As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created.
This causes a small oscillation of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator
supply current of about 200–800 Hz, the Doppler frequency. This signal is sent
through a band pass filter, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds
given amplitude.
(b.) Optical sensing
 Based on the use of petoscope which is an optoelectronic device for detecting small,
distant objects such as flying aircraft.
 Modern air-to-air missiles use lasers. They project narrow beams of laser light
perpendicular to the flight of the missile.
(c.) Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as
ships. It is used in mines and torpedoes. Fuzzes of this type can be defeated
by degaussing; using non-metal hulls for ships (especially minesweepers) or
by magnetic induction loops fitted to aircraft or towed buoys.
(d.) Acoustic sensing
 Used a microphone in a missile.
 The characteristic frequency of an aircraft engine is filtered and triggers the
detonation.
 Naval mines can also use acoustic sensing, with modern versions able to be
programmed to "listen" for the signature of a specific ship.
(e.) Pressure wave sensing
 Some naval mines are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing overhead
(C.)GUIDANCE SYSTEM
Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some
form of radiation, such as infrared, lasers or radio waves, to guide the missile onto its
target.
There are two types of guidance system
One is fire-and-forget & another method is to use a TV camera—using either visible light
or infra-red—in order to see the target.
Some methods of target detection are:-
a. Laser Guidance - A laser designator device calculates relative
position to a highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of
the technology on Laser-guided bomb. The space shuttle crew leverages a
hand held device to feed information into rendezvous planning. The
primary limitation on this device is that it requires a line of sight between
the target and the designator.

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b. Terrain contour matching (TERCOM) - This method uses a ground
scanning radar to "match" topography against digital map data to fix current position.
Used by cruise missiles such as the BGM-109 Tomahawk.
C. Infrared homing: This form of guidance is used exclusively for military
munitions, specifically air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. The missile’s seeker head
homes in on the infrared (heat) signature from the target’s engines (hence the term
“heat-seeking missile”).

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d. Celestial navigation- It is a position fixing technique that was designed to
help sailors. The Sun is most often measured. Skilled navigators can use the Moon,
planets or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated in nautical
almanacs.

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Long-range Navigation (LORAN): This was the predecessor of
GPS and was (and to an extent still is) used primarily in commercial sea transportation. The
system works by triangulating the ship's position based on directional reference to
known transmitters.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPS was designed by the US military. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military and a
commercial. GPS is a system of 24 satellites orbiting in unique planes 10.9-14.4
Nautical miles above the earth. The Satellites are in well-defined orbits and transmit
highly accurate time information which can be used to triangulate position.

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D. PROPULSION SYSTEM
Guided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion.
ATMOSPHERIC JET PROPULSIONSYSTEM.—There are
three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systems—the turbojet, pulsejet, and ramjet
engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is currently being used in
Navy air-launched missiles.
The various methods are as follows:-
TURBOJET –
 The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air breathing jet engine.
 Compared to turbofans, turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below about Mach
2 and are very noisy.
 As a result, most modern aircraft use turbofans instead for economic reasons,
although turbojets are still common in medium range cruise missiles, due to their high
exhaust speed, low frontal area, and relative simplicity.

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RAMJET –
 A ramjet uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary
compressor.
 Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an aircraft
from a standstill.
 Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3. This type of
engine can operate up to speeds of Mach 6.
 Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple
mechanism for high-speed use, such as missiles or artillery shells.
 They have also been used successfully, though not efficiently, as tip jets on the end
of helicopter rotors.
 Ramjets employ a continuous combustion process.
ROCKET— Thermal jets include solid propellant, liquid propellant, and combined
propellant systems.
Liquid Propellant - Liquid fuel is used in space vehicles and satellites and that this
fuel is put into the tanks of the space vehicles immediately before launching. A
missile cannot wait to be fueled when it is needed for defense or offense-it must be
ready. That is one of the reasons why solid propellants have replaced liquid
propellants in most of our missiles.
Fig.-RAMJET

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Solid Propellant Engines- The combustion chamber of a solid propellant rocket
contains the charge of solid propellant. Solid propellant charges are of two basic
types: restricted burning and unrestricted burning.
HYBRID PROPULSION –
A hybrid engine combines the use of liquid and solid propellants. The liquid is the
oxidizer and the solid is the propellant. Ignition is usually hypergolic, that is,
spontaneous ignition takes place upon contact of the oxidizer with the propellant. The
combustion chamber is within the solid grain, as in a solid-fuel rocket; the liquid
portion is in a tank with pumping equipment as in a liquid-fuel rocket. Combustion
takes place on the inside surface of the solid fuel, after the liquid fuel is injected, and
the combustion products are exhausted through the nozzle to produce the thrust as in
other rockets.
Liquid Propellant + Solid Propellant Engines = HYBRID PROPULSION

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6. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
TRACKING: To target the missile by knowing the location of the target, and using
a guidance system such as inertial navigation system (INS), TERCOM or GPS. This job
can also be performed somewhat crudely by a human operator who can see the target and
the missile, and guides it using either cable or radio based remote-control, or by
an automatic system that can simultaneously track the target and the missile.
GUIDANCE: – It involves guiding the missile to the target.
FLIGHT:-
The working of a missile is based on the Newton’s Third Law i.e. Action and reaction are
equal and opposite the propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It
produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant. The hot gases are
produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical reactions. The
propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the rocket to
move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law). Flight system contains Vectored Thrust
(For missiles that are powered throughout the guidance phase of their flight) and
Aerodynamic Maneuvering (wings, fins, canards, etc.)

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Aerodynamic Maneuvering
Guided missiles launched from surface ships have their flight
paths within the earth's atmosphere, so it is important that you
understand some basic aerodynamic principles. Aerodynamics may
be defined as the science that deals with the motion of air and other
gases, and with the forces acting on bodies moving through these
gases

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ADVANTAGES OF GUIDED MISSILES
 Missile combat employment is completely autonomous (“fire and forget”)
 Missile flexible flight trajectories
 High supersonic speed at a whole trajectory
 High effectiveness in case of strong electronic and fire counter measures
 High level of mobility
 Minimal crew

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DISADVANTAGES OF GUIDED MISSILES
 Missiles can be destroyed in flight (either with Defender missiles or with a well-timed
smart bomb detonation)
 Missiles have to rely on the ground-based radar for guidance.
 Nuclear missiles make plants, soil and rain radioactive.

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9. REFRENCES
1. www.google.com
2. www.brahmos.com
3. http://en.wikipedia.org
4. www.mikalac.com/mis/missile.html
5. GUIDED MISSILES , by - T V Karthikeyan & A K Kapoor , Scientists Defense
Research &- Development Laboratory, Hyderabad , Defense Scientific Information &
Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) , Ministry of Defense, DRDO.