1. 1
The chip in the brain
Michael T Deans†
Contents
1 Abstract
1 Introduction
3 Proton ordered H-bond energy
5 The chip in the brain
7 Biological clocks
11 Particles and planes
11 Pulsars evidence nuclear fusion
12 Periodic table of the elements
13 Calculations
14 References
Abstract
Most attempts at explaining and modeling human intelligence are based on binary computers and neural networks. In 1950, Alan Turing asked, ‘Can machines think … Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?’ I would add the question ‘Can artificial intelligence compensate for personality bias?’
To think like people, machines need to do more than answer questions ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. I deduced the structure of the ‘minion’ nucleohistone complex by iteration. It stores information using 9 x 63 arrays of proton-ordered hydrogen bonds, serves as a biological clock, packs DNA on chromosomes for efficient, error-free replication and organizes cellular metabolism. It ‘thinks’ using base-10 arithmetic, laterally and vertically.
Isolated H-bonds are weak and disorderly; en masse they’re strong. My discovery of a ferroelectric phase transition in ice crystallized in liquid nitrogen, ice It evidenced this. Each minion stores an 18-letter word using a 63-character alphabet. Those in one cell nucleus could remember the Bible and Shakespeare. They intercommunicate by resonance.
Introduction
During an experiment with liquid nitrogen in February 1967, I surmised that ice crystallizing on a silica helium thermometer bulb distorted it. I suggested it was a variant of cubic ice1 with its molecular dipoles aligned. Its crystals contract on cooling to accommodate their irregular shape, undergoing a ferroelectric phase transition2 at ~72 K. Latent energy is emitted as infrared laser light, ‘ice-light’ with wavelength λ ≈ 4μ and energy matching the free energy of the phosphodiester bond, Pi ~ Pi in ATP. As Pauling argued, the H-bonds in hexagonal ice have residual entropy3. They retain random orientation, O•••H–O or O–H•••O when cooled to 0 K. My mentors ridiculed these proposals for resembling ice nine, introduced in Kurt Vonnegut’s science fiction, Cat’s Cradle.
Sixteen types of ice are now known4, in some the molecules are distributed at random, others are orderly. Ice studies tend to focus on extreme temperatures and pressures. Nobody has reported observations confirming mine, but I recently read: The proton-ordering transition of ice Ic shown by librational band changes suggests partial proton ordering of ice Ic into a ferroelectric structure between 70 and 75 K, further experiments are needed5.

2. 2
Proton-ordered H-bond energy
Ice-light affords a simple explanation for muscle contraction. Sarcomeres are ½ λ cavities contracting to resonate with Pi ~ Pi energy, a more efficient process than Adrian Huxley’s proposed cross-bridges6 making and breaking.
Fig 4. Sarcomere
Fig 1. Diamond structure Fig 2. Ferroelectric transition
Fig 3. Two-dimensional ice model and transition temperatures
Fig 4. Sarcomere

3. 3
During the Krebs’ cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, sugar is burnt in mitochondria, a cascade of cytochromes, metal ion-porphyrin ring complexes, releases energy as ice-light which photo-phosphorylates ADP to ATP, ADP + Pi → ATP. Mitchell’s chemiosmotic hypothesis7 invokes proton gradients and presumes membranes are leaky, my account is more efficient.
In photosynthesis, grana in chloroplasts, chlorophyll absorbs visible light, it’s passed down the cytochrome chain, releasing ice-light at each step. Both mitochondria and grana afford cavities accommodating the wavelengths they cater for.
Fig 5. The Krebs’ cycle and cytochrome chain release ice-light in three steps, mitochondria afford resonant cavities for photo- phosphorylating ADP. Grana accommodate visible light

4. 4
In nitrogen fixation, protons
trapped in mitochondria attach
nitrogen to nicotinamide’s amide
group, forming -NH─N=NH. The
same regime in reverse accounts for
the photolysis of water releasing
oxygen. Cyanide poisons the regime.
Photochemistry features throughout
biological systems.
At cell division, ATP is
hydrolyzed in each component
of centrioles ⅓λ long,
releasing ice-light which
accumulates until all nine
send it simultaneously along
the nine H-bond chains
forming the three α-helices of
spindle proteins. The energy
accelerates protons along
channels between DNA
and protein within the chromosome. The
alternating magnetic fields created have
frequencies dependent on chromosome
length, causing their mutual repulsion.
Fig 6. Nitrogen fixation & oxygen release
Fig 7. Centrioles fire on nine barrels along nine H-bond chains
in spindle fibres consisting of three α-helices
Fig 8. Centrioles send energy along spindle
fibres, chromosome pairs mutually repel
Fig 9. H-bond chains accelerate
protons along chromosomes

5. 5
Life originated during a primordial
ice age. Snow falling into polar pools of
liquid nitrogen caused it to boil. Water
molecules carried to the surface formed ice
It. Temperature fluctuations drove its
ferroelectric transition. Ice-light released
was multiply reflected by ice in clouds and
on the Earth’s surface. Nuclides in tropical
waters were photo-phosphorylated. A
‘noodle soup’ of DNA was created, see
Trace element nutrition.
The chip in the brain
‘Minion’ connotes mind and subservience. Minions consist of 1,701 DNA base pairs
held flat by anti-parallel β-pleated protein sheets. The DNA is uncoiled, retaining the base-pair
spacing and overlap of the B-helix. The proteins have alternate neutral (alanine, leucine,
isoleucine and valine) and basic (arginine and lysine) amino acids, proline makes an
asymmetric U-bend. The phenyalanine residues in gramicidin S8 represent nucleotides, they
have an analogous structure.
Flat DNA has the same base-pair overlap and
spacing as the double helix
Fig 10. Photophosphorylation of dATP
Fig 11. The DNA B-helix uncoils. Its base-pair overlap and
spacing are retained. It binds to anti-parallel β-pleated
protein sheets of alternate neutral and basic amino acids.

6. 6
Twenty-one units nine base- pairs long form a coil, nine coils held together by similar proteins complete a minion. Super-coiled minions pack DNA neatly into chromosomes ~½λ in circumference. They fit better than nucleosome core particles9 which are probably preparative artefacts.
Ala, Leu, Ile and Val interface with bases cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine (C, G, A and T) mnemonic A LIVe CiGAreTte, ensuring the integrity of vital DNA sequences.
Minions probably evolved to facilitate DNA replication without disrupting the base sequence, their intellectual function is a bonus. The pattern of proton-ordered H-bonds connecting the ω-amines of Lys and Arg with DNA phosphates is retained. One H-bond on the inner and outer surface of each coil is reversed, storing an 18 letter word using a 63- character alphabet.
Resonance between minions within and between cell nuclei storing similar words accounts for memory recall. Nerve fibres serve as optic cables, their synaptic junctions act as filters.
Fig 13. Amino acids match DNA bases
Fig 12. Gramicin S mimics DNA-protein interface

7. 7
Words have colour and personality, each plays a unique chord. Compromises are achieved by allowing matches on just a few notes of a chord. Unsolved problems on one coil may find solutions on another, equivalent to transposing between keys, lateral thinking.
Nine independent, mathematically orthogonal personality traits emerge when neurological, psychiatric and philosophic classifications are compared. Astrologers correlate birth time with personality, suggesting the oxygen tension change at birth establishes a common base-line on every minion. Occult traditions afford abundant evidence for the veracity of the minion concept. Both ‘Great Ages’ ~2000 yrs and zodiac signs correspond to features of minion coils.
Perfect pitch recognition appears innate, Chinese tonal pronunciations assign meanings to tones. The five lines and four spaces of the musical stave reflect the minion’s nine. Colour enhances meaning, as illustrated by Shakespeare’s Portia offering silver, lead and gold caskets in his play The merchant of Venice. Confusing cardinal and ordinal numbers encourages gambling. The transposition of meanings between senses by synaesthetes resembles that of keys in music, consistent with memory storage on minions.
Biological clocks
Results obtained from particle accelerators confirm Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. My anthropocentric account of its basis replaces Planck’s constant, h by the minion’s unit of time, τ. The H-bonds between DNA phosphates and amino acid ω-amines switch, see Figure 9, like rows of dominoes collapsing. They constitute the eighteen hands of biological clocks as they progress round minion coils.
Fig 14. Minion coil compared with nucleosome core particle, minions replicating

8. 8
Using β-sheet spacing 7.37 Ẵ and velocity of light 3 x 108 gives the time taken for light to travel thrice round the fastest coil:
τ = 3 x 189 x 7.37 x 10-10/3 x 108 ≈ 1.39 x 10-15 sec (femtoseconds)
the initial ‘3’ reflects Dekatron™ logic10, ‘189’ is the number of base pairs per coil.
Other coils take 63N τ, where N = 1 to 18. N = 11, 13 and 18 yield approximate day- length, Sun-spot cycle period and ‘age of the universe’, sophisticated analysis might yield closer agreement. Time intervals shorter than τ or longer than 6318 τ, 0 and ∞ are unknowable.
The minion’s nine coils underpin base-10 arithmetic, the prime factors, 3, 7 and 9 of 63, the number of DNA base-pair triplets per coil, rationalizes the allotments of seven days per week and seven-yearly life stages:
Infants aged one to seven are good
From seven to fourteen children accept truth
From fourteen to twenty-one adolescents appreciate aesthetics
From twenty-one to twenty-eight adults respect ethics
Parents aged twenty-eight to thirty-five conform to society
Workers advance their careers between thirty-five and forty-two
Between forty-two and forty-nine they invest savings
Aged forty-nine to fifty-six they advise and publish
Aged fifty-six to sixty-three they become leaders before retiring
Retirees enter a second childhood from sixty-three to seventy
Between seventy and seventy-seven they re-enter education
Pensioners aged seventy-seven to eighty-four delight in old age
Eighty-four to ninety-one year-olds impart wisdom
After ninety-one they reach their dotage, reviving memories.
Fig 15. H-bond switching and Dekatron™ electrodes

9. 9
Figure 16 summarizes the features of minion structure mentioned above.
Fig 16. Centriole, α-helix, minions replicating, H-bonds binding them,
comparison with nucleosome core particles, chromosome structure

10. 10
# QUALITY PERIOD COLOUR MASS DISCIPLINE
–9 unity 8.7 fs red me/7 quantum theory
–8 justice 5.5 ps silver mp/7 physics –7 stability 350 ps blue 2 base pairs chemistry
–6 progress 22 ns violet 8.3 ng computing
–5 love 1.4 μs bronze 0.033 pg biochemistry –4 peace 87 μs yellow 130 pg genetics –3 beauty 5.5 ms pied 0.51μg biology –2 truth 350 ms gold 2 mg engineering –1 goodness 22 s green 8.1 g psychology +1 goodness 23 min green 32 kg psychiatry +2 truth 1 day* gold 130 t management
+3 beauty 9 wk pied 0.5 Mt sociology +4 peace 11 yr* yellow 2000 Mt politics +5 love 685 yr bronze 8 Gt history +6 progress 43,000 y violet 31 Pt archaeology +7 stability 2.7 My blue 1.8 Moons palaeontology
+8 justice 170 My silver 84 Earths astronomy +9 unity 11 By* red Sun cosmology
Table 1. Mental associations with minion coils
where 63Nτ calculates periods; colours feature in metaphors, are used in adverts, national flags and by political parties; the ratio between masses is 632 (an ant can carry many times its weight, an elephant couldn't; the square root of mass, μ = √M, may be a more natural measure than mass M, Einstein’s E = Mc2 becoming more symmetric: E = μ2c2); me = electron mass and mp = proton mass. Times flagged * are approximate.
The minion is evidenced in many fields. It has evolved to take natural intelligence beyond computer technology. Ratios and percentages take precedence when comparing numbers greater than nine, consistent with exponents and logarithms. Every human cell nucleus contains 1.8 M minions. Their 18 frequency bands span the electromagnetic spectrum. Each has associated qualities, personality types, senses etc. Their range matches a piano spanning 103 octaves. The neural network brain model fails to account for this.

11. 11
Particles and planes
The Greeks believed matter consisted of indivisible particles, Isaac Newton referred
to corpuscles of light and quantum mechanics invokes a zoo of fundamental entities.
Inspired by the last lines of William Blake’s poem Tyger: What immortal hand or eye dare
frame thy fearful symmetry?11, I proposed an equation resembling hyperbolic functions sinh
and cosh, for the minion’s perception of straight line:
in polar coordinates ϴ and Ф, β = 63-9 and e = base of natural logarithms.
Plane surfaces appear to be spheres when light is warped in this way, implying everything
from fundamental particles to stars consists of planes. Although as counter-intuitive as
quantum mechanics, using the Tyger equation to reinterpret science resolves many
conundrums.
Pulsars evidence nuclear fusion
The biological clock’s oscillating H-bonds
accelerate protons along adjacent tunnels, T.
Using proton mass pm = 1.67 x 10-27 kg, their
Energy may be calculated, it’s sufficient to drive
fusion with the nuclei of molecules stuck in the
tunnel:
½ pm (c/189)2 ≈ 13,000 eV
The carbon-nitrogen cycle starts with a
proton plane joining dodecahedral carbon, 12C to
make unstable 13C. A 2nd creates 14N, an
octrahedron + cube, a 3rd yields unstable 15N and a
4th evicts tetrahedral helium, 4He, leaving
dodecahedral 12C. The reaction products recoil
along the tunnels, those from carbon dioxide,
12CO2 and 13CO2, nitrogen dioxide, 14NO2 and 15NO2, methane, 12CH4 and 13CH4 and
ammonia 14NH4 and 15NH4 emit γ-rays with ½-lives and energies varying with atomic weight
and chemical bonding.
The Tyger equation
Fig 17. Tunnels along
minion coils

12. 12
Those ½-lives and energies also correlate with those of pulsars12. Implicitly, nuclear fusion in Earth life produces them, DNA diffracts their light at source and the Tyger equation warps it.
Similarly, the cold fusion on palladium reported by Fleischmann and Pons results from protons accelerated along tunnels in proton- ordered water adhering to the crystal surface13. Ice crystals accelerating protons also explains neutron emission from cold fusion arising during thunder storms and local H-bond ordering causes its occurrence when bubbles collapse.
Periodic table
The human race alone has ~1028 minions, ~30 Mtons of chromatin, sufficient to maintain a supply of life’s prime atomic constituents, H, C, N, O, S and P. I reinterpret s, p and π electron orbitals and single, double, triple and hydrogen bonds (─, =, ≡ and …) using nested shells of planes reminiscent of Plato’s perfect solids. Minions explain Mendeleev’s periodic table of the elements14. All life forms deploy an atomic alphabet, the roles of trace elements as enzyme cofactors mask the smaller requirement for membrane transport function. The periodic table shown here indicates the essential and toxic elements.
Fig 18. 9 Plane combinations Fig 19. Carbon-nitrogen cycle
Fig 20. Channels in water on palladium crystal surface

13. 13
H
He Li Be
B C N O F Ne Na Mg
Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Rh Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
Ess Tox n/u
Fig 21. Periodic table of the elements indicating
essential and toxic elements
Calculations
H-bond length h = 1.75 Å OH-bond length b = 1.01 Å
Tetrahedral ∠ θa = 104.5º H-O-H bond ∠ θb = 109.5º
Charge cloud ∠ θc = 120º Dipole moment μ = 1.27 x 10-29
Dielectric const ε = 3.1 Space dielectric const εo = 8.85 x 10-12
Planck’s const h = 6.63 x 10-34 Avogadro number N = 6.02 x 1023
Velocity of light c = 3 x 108
Cubic and tetragonal ices have molecular coordinates:
ice Ic ice It
Δx = Δy (b + h) sin(½ θa) = 2.255Å b sin(½ θb) + h sin(½ θc) = 2.315Å
Δz (b + h) cos(½ θa) = 1.597Å bcos(½ θb) + h cos(½ θc) = 1.495Å
The energy change per molecule, E when ice It crystals collapse involves parallel dipoles r apart, displaced axially by z and laterally by x and y, moving together in a ferroelectric transition:
E = μ2 = (1.27 x 10-29)2 _
4 π ε ε0 r3 4 π x 3.1 x 8.85 x 10-12 x r3
ΣE ≈ 22.3 kJ/mol ≈ the phosphodiester bond, Pi ~ Pi energy of ATP.
Its wavelength is λ = h x c x N / ΣE:
λ = (6.63 x 10-34) x (3 x 108) x (6.02 x 1023) / (2.23 x 104) = 5.37 μ
(I’m accustomed to using λ ≈ 4μ.)

14. 14
References
1 Murray, B.J., Knopf, D. A., and Bertram, A. K., Formation of ice under conditions relevant to the Earth’s atmosphere, Nature 434 7030, 202-5 (2005)
2 Zhao, H-X. et al, Transition from one-dimensional water to ferroelectric ice within a supramolecular architecture, PNAS 108 9 3481-6 (2010)
3 Pauling, L., The structure and entropy of ice and of other crystals with some randomness of atomic arrangement, JACS 57 12 2680-4 (1935)
4 Chaplin, M., www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_structure_science.html (2014)
5 Geiger, P. et al, Proton ordering of cubic ice Ic: spectroscopy and computer simulations, J Phys Chem, C 118 10989-97 (2014)
6 Huxley, A. F., Muscle structure and theories of contraction, Prog. Biophys. Chem. 7 255– 318 (1957)
7 Mitchell, P., Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi- osmotic type of mechanism, Nature 191 4784 144–8 (1961)
8 Joshi, K. et al, Gramicidin S J. Phys. Chem. B, 116 (2011)
9 Harp, J. M. et al, X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals containing twofold symmetric nucleosome core particles, Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. , 52 2 283-8 (1996)
10 MacDougall, M. A., Using the cold-cathode tube: part 1, Electronics, Mar 22 78 (1965)
11 W. Blake, The Tyger, Songs of experience, OUP, London, (1970)
12 Hewish, A., Pulsars and high density physics, Science, Jun 13 188 4193 1079–1083 (1975)
13 Fleischmann, M., Pons, S., Hawkins, M. Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium, J Electroanal Chem 261 2A 301–8 (1989)
14 Scerri, E., The periodic table: its story and its significance. Oxford OUP (2007)
† Michael T Deans MA Cantab MSc Lond
E: michaeltdeans@gmail.com
W: www.scienceuncoiled.co.uk