cell biology and basic information about cell life and detailing of cell organelles and also a diagrammatical demonstration of arrangement of organelles

1. Rajkumari Lodhi
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
CELL BIOLOGY
Subject:-Pathophysiology
Semester:- II

2. 1. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies
the structure, function and behavior of cells.
2. All living organisms are made of cells.
3. A cell is the basic unit of life that responsible for living and functioning of organisms.
4. Cell biology is the study of structural and functional unit of cell.
5. A microscope is required to study cell structure.
6. Scientist Robert Hook First studied the cell structure in the year 1665 using a self designed
microscope.
7. A cell having following Structure and Function of cell Organelles.

4. Major Cell organelles are as follows
1.Cell Membrane
Cell membrane enclose the cell and regulates the in and out flow of substance. It is also known
as plasma membrane which form the covering of animal cell. It is elastic, living, double layer
and permeable membrane. It is made up of protein and lipid molecules.
Function
It regulated movement of molecules inside and outside the cell.
2. Protoplasm –The whole fluid present inside the plasma membrane is protoplasm.
Protoplasm is made up of various chemical substances like water , ions, salt, and organic
molecule.
Protoplasm is divided into two parts.
i) Cytoplasm – The fluid found outside the nuclear membrane.
ii) Nucleoplasm – The fluid found inside the nuclear membrane.

5. 3. Nucleus- It is the most important organelle of a cell and usually lies in the center. It may
lie in the periphery. Its basic function is cell division and multiplication. The nucleus has a
double layered covering called nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains chromosomes
.chromosome contain information for inheritance of features form parents to next
generation in the form of DNA ( DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) molecules.
Function- It controls all activity of cells. So it is also known as “control room “of cell.
5. Mitochondria– Discovered by Altman in the year 1886.these are cylindrical rod shaped
or spherical structure found in cytoplasm. It is surrounded by double layered membrane.
The fluid present inside mitochondria is called matrix, which contain many enzyme and
co-enzyme.
Function- Mitochondria is the respiratory site of cellular respiration. Mitochondria
synthesize energy rich compound ATP (Adenosine Triphopshate) ATP is known as the
energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria are known as the Powerhouse of the cell.

6. 6. Golgi Bodies-Golgi bodies are made up of group of tubes, vesicles. These are also called as
Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus discovered by scientist Camilo Golgi.
Function- It functions include the storage, processing modification and packaging of products in
vesicles. It also involved in the synthesis of cell wall, plasma membrane and lysosomes
7. Ribosome- Discovered by Palade. Small granules like structure found attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum or in Free State. It is made up of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Function- Ribosome helps in protein Synthesis.
8. Lysosomes – Lysosomes are like structure bounded by single membrane and contain
hydrolytic enzyme. These enzymes made by RER. Lysosomes discovered by De Duve.
Function- it helps in intercellular digestion. The enzyme found in lysosomes may digest the
entire ell. Therefore lysosomes also known as the “suicide bags “ of a cell.

7. 9. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large network of tubules like structure
found in cytoplasm .it is attached with the nucleus on one side and on other side it is joined with
plasma membrane .
There are two types of ER-
i ) Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- Rough endoplasmic reticulum looks rough under a microscope
because it has particles called ribosome attached to its surface.
Function- RER concerned with protein synthesis and transport. RER developed in protein exporting cells (ex.
pancreatic cells and Liver) .
ii ) Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum looks smooth under a
microscope because it has free ribosome particles .its surface.
Function- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum helps in synthesizes and transports lipids and steroids. Some kinds
of smooth E. R transport proteins from the rough E. R. And still other kinds break down energy rich glycogen
and fats.
Function- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) helps in the distribution of material. It forms supporting framework of
cell.

8. 10. Plastids- Plastids are present only in plant cells. There are three types of plastids-
i) Chromoplast (colored plastids) –It provides various colors to the plant.
ii) Chloroplasts– Plastids containing the pigment chlorophyll are known as chloroplast. Chloroplasts
are important for photosynthesis in plants. It is known as the “kitchen of the cell”.
iii) Leucoplast (white or colorless plastids) – Leucoplasts are primarily organelles. It stores the food
in the form of starch, fat and protein.
11. Centrosome– it is Located in the cytoplast adjacent to the nucleus and takes part in cell division.
12. Vacuoles- Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents .vacuoles are small-sized in animal
cells while plant cells have very large vacuoles.
Many substances of importance in the life of the plant cell are stored in vacuoles. These include amino
acids and some proteins.
Function- it helps in osmoregulation. It stores toxic metabolic waste.

9. THANK YOU