This is quite a broad question. I will try to account all the important observations. 1.
Metal ions which do not have d-orbital electrons do not have color. (alkali, alkali-earth, Sc3+)
This is because of energy separation of s and p orbitals are not in the range of visible colors. 2.
Metal with fully-filled d orbitals do not have color. (Zn2+) This is because electrons in d-orbitals
cannot be excited to higher energy d-orbitals (all d-orbitals have the same energies, but when
influenced by other atom in complex, d-orbitals can split into different energy levels) 3. For ions
of the same metal, the ion with larger charge has a color of lower energy than the ion with
smaller charge. Example: Cr2+ (blue) and Cr3+ (green). This is because larger charge
contributes to larger split of the d-orbital. The more the orbitals split, the higher energy of light it
traps, allowing low-energy photon to enter our eyes. Note that you cannot be sure that the color
you see is a single color, not a combination of many colors. 4. For metals in the same column, a
metal ion which is below has a color of lower energy than an ion above. This can be explained
like no.3, larger ion causes more orbitals splitting. 5. Color of metal ions also depends on
\"ligands\" (complexing molecule/ion). e.g. Co2+ in water is pink [Co(H2O)6]2+, while Co2+ in
NH3 is blue [Co(NH3)4]2+. See \"spectrochemical series\" for more detail about this. 6. To find
\"exact\" color of metal ions, you need a supercomputer to do so. (I\'m not sure whether today
computer can calculate it). So, it\'s better to memorize the colors. Personally, I think you\'ll
understand about metal\'s color when you study transition metals, like Crystal Field Theory, and
Ligand Field Theory.
Solution
This is quite a broad question. I will try to account all the important observations. 1.
Metal ions which do not have d-orbital electrons do not have color. (alkali, alkali-earth, Sc3+)
This is because of energy separation of s and p orbitals are not in the range of visible colors. 2.
Metal with fully-filled d orbitals do not have color. (Zn2+) This is because electrons in d-orbitals
cannot be excited to higher energy d-orbitals (all d-orbitals have the same energies, but when
influenced by other atom in complex, d-orbitals can split into different energy levels) 3. For ions
of the same metal, the ion with larger charge has a color of lower energy than the ion with
smaller charge. Example: Cr2+ (blue) and Cr3+ (green). This is because larger charge
contributes to larger split of the d-orbital. The more the orbitals split, the higher energy of light it
traps, allowing low-energy photon to enter our eyes. Note that you cannot be sure that the color
you see is a single color, not a combination of many colors. 4. For metals in the same column, a
metal ion which is below has a color of lower energy than an ion above. This can be explained
like no.3, larger ion causes more orbitals splitting. 5. Color of metal ions also depends .
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This is quite a broad question. I will try to acc.pdf
1. This is quite a broad question. I will try to account all the important observations. 1.
Metal ions which do not have d-orbital electrons do not have color. (alkali, alkali-earth, Sc3+)
This is because of energy separation of s and p orbitals are not in the range of visible colors. 2.
Metal with fully-filled d orbitals do not have color. (Zn2+) This is because electrons in d-orbitals
cannot be excited to higher energy d-orbitals (all d-orbitals have the same energies, but when
influenced by other atom in complex, d-orbitals can split into different energy levels) 3. For ions
of the same metal, the ion with larger charge has a color of lower energy than the ion with
smaller charge. Example: Cr2+ (blue) and Cr3+ (green). This is because larger charge
contributes to larger split of the d-orbital. The more the orbitals split, the higher energy of light it
traps, allowing low-energy photon to enter our eyes. Note that you cannot be sure that the color
you see is a single color, not a combination of many colors. 4. For metals in the same column, a
metal ion which is below has a color of lower energy than an ion above. This can be explained
like no.3, larger ion causes more orbitals splitting. 5. Color of metal ions also depends on
"ligands" (complexing molecule/ion). e.g. Co2+ in water is pink [Co(H2O)6]2+, while Co2+ in
NH3 is blue [Co(NH3)4]2+. See "spectrochemical series" for more detail about this. 6. To find
"exact" color of metal ions, you need a supercomputer to do so. (I'm not sure whether today
computer can calculate it). So, it's better to memorize the colors. Personally, I think you'll
understand about metal's color when you study transition metals, like Crystal Field Theory, and
Ligand Field Theory.
Solution
This is quite a broad question. I will try to account all the important observations. 1.
Metal ions which do not have d-orbital electrons do not have color. (alkali, alkali-earth, Sc3+)
This is because of energy separation of s and p orbitals are not in the range of visible colors. 2.
Metal with fully-filled d orbitals do not have color. (Zn2+) This is because electrons in d-orbitals
cannot be excited to higher energy d-orbitals (all d-orbitals have the same energies, but when
influenced by other atom in complex, d-orbitals can split into different energy levels) 3. For ions
of the same metal, the ion with larger charge has a color of lower energy than the ion with
smaller charge. Example: Cr2+ (blue) and Cr3+ (green). This is because larger charge
contributes to larger split of the d-orbital. The more the orbitals split, the higher energy of light it
traps, allowing low-energy photon to enter our eyes. Note that you cannot be sure that the color
you see is a single color, not a combination of many colors. 4. For metals in the same column, a
metal ion which is below has a color of lower energy than an ion above. This can be explained
like no.3, larger ion causes more orbitals splitting. 5. Color of metal ions also depends on
"ligands" (complexing molecule/ion). e.g. Co2+ in water is pink [Co(H2O)6]2+, while Co2+ in
NH3 is blue [Co(NH3)4]2+. See "spectrochemical series" for more detail about this. 6. To find
2. "exact" color of metal ions, you need a supercomputer to do so. (I'm not sure whether today
computer can calculate it). So, it's better to memorize the colors. Personally, I think you'll
understand about metal's color when you study transition metals, like Crystal Field Theory, and
Ligand Field Theory.
![This is quite a broad question. I will try to account all the important observations. 1.
Metal ions which do not have d-orbital electrons do not have color. (alkali, alkali-earth, Sc3+)
This is because of energy separation of s and p orbitals are not in the range of visible colors. 2.
Metal with fully-filled d orbitals do not have color. (Zn2+) This is because electrons in d-orbitals
cannot be excited to higher energy d-orbitals (all d-orbitals have the same energies, but when
influenced by other atom in complex, d-orbitals can split into different energy levels) 3. For ions
of the same metal, the ion with larger charge has a color of lower energy than the ion with
smaller charge. Example: Cr2+ (blue) and Cr3+ (green). This is because larger charge
contributes to larger split of the d-orbital. The more the orbitals split, the higher energy of light it
traps, allowing low-energy photon to enter our eyes. Note that you cannot be sure that the color
you see is a single color, not a combination of many colors. 4. For metals in the same column, a
metal ion which is below has a color of lower energy than an ion above. This can be explained
like no.3, larger ion causes more orbitals splitting. 5. Color of metal ions also depends on
"ligands" (complexing molecule/ion). e.g. Co2+ in water is pink [Co(H2O)6]2+, while Co2+ in
NH3 is blue [Co(NH3)4]2+. See "spectrochemical series" for more detail about this. 6. To find
"exact" color of metal ions, you need a supercomputer to do so. (I'm not sure whether today
computer can calculate it). So, it's better to memorize the colors. Personally, I think you'll
understand about metal's color when you study transition metals, like Crystal Field Theory, and
Ligand Field Theory.
Solution
This is quite a broad question. I will try to account all the important observations. 1.
Metal ions which do not have d-orbital electrons do not have color. (alkali, alkali-earth, Sc3+)
This is because of energy separation of s and p orbitals are not in the range of visible colors. 2.
Metal with fully-filled d orbitals do not have color. (Zn2+) This is because electrons in d-orbitals
cannot be excited to higher energy d-orbitals (all d-orbitals have the same energies, but when
influenced by other atom in complex, d-orbitals can split into different energy levels) 3. For ions
of the same metal, the ion with larger charge has a color of lower energy than the ion with
smaller charge. Example: Cr2+ (blue) and Cr3+ (green). This is because larger charge
contributes to larger split of the d-orbital. The more the orbitals split, the higher energy of light it
traps, allowing low-energy photon to enter our eyes. Note that you cannot be sure that the color
you see is a single color, not a combination of many colors. 4. For metals in the same column, a
metal ion which is below has a color of lower energy than an ion above. This can be explained
like no.3, larger ion causes more orbitals splitting. 5. Color of metal ions also depends on
"ligands" (complexing molecule/ion). e.g. Co2+ in water is pink [Co(H2O)6]2+, while Co2+ in
NH3 is blue [Co(NH3)4]2+. See "spectrochemical series" for more detail about this. 6. To find](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thisisquiteabroadquestion-230412020910-4015e1d7/85/This-is-quite-a-broad-question-I-will-try-to-acc-pdf-1-320.jpg)
