2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank almighty GOD who has given this wonderful gift of life to
us. He is the one who is guiding us in right direction to follow noble path of humanity. In
my PROJECT it is a wonderful experience to be a part of it where I have opportunity to
work under brilliant minds. I owe my deep regards for the supporting and kind staff
authorities who are helping me in my lean patches during the making of my project. The
knowledge I am gaining throughout my studies have the practical implementation during
this period. I am grateful to all the staff of the company and for their timely support and
sharing of their experience with me. I would like to express my heartiest concern for able
guidance and for inspiring attitude, praiseworthy attitude and honest support.Last but not
the least I would express my utmost regards for the Electronics and Communication
Department of our Institute.
3. 3
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
1.1Brief Description of Project
Many times we need to monitor the person/people visiting some place like Seminar hall,
conference room or Shopping mall or temple. This project can be used to count and
display the number of visitors entering inside any conference room or seminar hall. This is
a bidirectional counter which means it works in a two way. That means counter will be
incremented if person enters the room and will be decremented if a person leaves the
room. Seven Segment displays this value which is placed outside the room.
This system is helpful for counting the number of people in an auditorium or halls for
seminar to avoid congestion. Moreover it can also be used to check the number of people
who have come to an event or a museum to watch a certain exhibit. Microcontroller is a
reliable circuit that takes over the task of counting the number of persons/ visitors in the
room very accurately. We will be showing bothe In count i.e. number of people entering
the room and Out count i.e. number of people exiting the room on a seven segment
display. An IR sensor is used to monitor the person entering and exiting the room.
Visitor counting is simply a measurement of the visitor traffic entering and exiting offices,
malls, sports venues, etc. Counting the visitors helps to maxi-mise the efficiency and
effectiveness of employees, floor area and
Sales potential of an organization.
1.2 Scope of Project:-
Visitor counting is not limited to the entry/exit point of a company but has a wide range of
applications that provide information to management on the volume and flow of people
throughout a location. A primary method for counting the visitors in-volves hiring human
auditors to stand and manually tally the number of visi-tors who pass by a certain location.
But human-based data collection comes at great expense.The main intention is to design a
system wherein the number of persons entering or leaving a room is displayed on a screen.
When a person enters the room, count would be increased, whereas on leaving, the count
would decrease. IR sensing mechanism is used to sense the presence of visitors and the
whole counting operation is done by a microcontroller.
1.3Applications:-
2. This circuit can be used domestically to get an indication of number of persons
entering a party
3. It can be used at official meetings. It can be used at homes and other places to keep a
check on the number of persons entering a secured place.
4. It can also be used as home automation system to ensure energy saving by switching
on the loads and fans only when needed.
4. 4
1.4 Future Scope
Lights can be turned ON/OFF according to the number of people in the room.
We can check the ambient light intensity and then decide if the light needs to be
turned ON or not.
Metal detector can be added for security rea
5. 5
CHAPTER 2:
PROJECT DETAILS
2.1 Detailed Description of the Project:-
It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of
software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller 89s52 continuously monitor the
Infrared Receivers. When any object pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays
falling on the receiver are obstructed, this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller.We
use the microcontroller AT89C51 which is an 8051 family microcontroller. The
microcontroller AT89C51 is interfaced to the IR sensor pairs at two ports pins – P1.0 and
P1.1 respectively. The 2-Digit 7 segment display is interfaced to the microcontroller at
ports P0 and P2.Another important aspect of the design involves designing the oscillator
circuit and the reset circuit. The oscillator circuit is designed by selecting a 12MHz quartz
crystal and two ceramic capacitors-each 15pF. The reset circuit is designed by selecting a
resistor of 10K and an electrolyte capacitor of 10uF to ensure a reset pulse width of 100ms
and reset pin voltage drop of 1.2V.The sensor circuit is designed by selecting appropriate
value of resistors for both the LED and the phototransistor. Since here the source voltage
is 5V and IR LED forward voltage drop is about 1.2V, the value of resistor (at on current
of 5mA) is calculated to be about 760 Ohms. The phototransistor used here is Silicon NPN
transistor QSC112 with maximum collector of 4mA. Since here we are using the
phototransistor in switching mode, the required collector resistor should be greater than
1.25K (Vcc/Ic = 5/4). Here we choose a 5K resistor
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1)MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051 DESCRIPTION
The IC 8051 is a low-power; high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4Kbytes
of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on
chipFlash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by aConventional
non volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel IC 8051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-
flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The IC 8051
provides the following standard features: 4K bytesFlash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines,
two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vectortwo-level interrupt architecture, full duplex serial
port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the IC 8051 is designed with static
logic for operation down to
6. 6
zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to
continue functioning.
PIN DESCRIPTION:-
VCC (Pin 40)
Provides voltage to the chip . +5V
GND (Pin 20)
Ground
XTAL1 (Pin 19) and XTAL2 (Pin 18)
Crystal Oscillator connected to pins 18, 19.Two capacitors of 30pF value. Time for one
machine cycle:11.0592/12=1.085 μ secs
RST (Pin 9)
RESET pin
1.Active high. On applying a high pulse to this pin, microcontroller will reset and
terminate all activities.
2.INPUT pin
3.Minimum 2 machine cycles required to make RESET
4.Value of registers after RESET
External Access: EA 31
•Connected to VCC for on chip ROM
•Connected to Ground for external ROM containing the code Input Pin
7. 7
Program Store Enable: PSEN 29
•Output Pin
•In case of external ROM with code it is connected to the OE pin of the ROM
Address Latch Enable: ALE 30
• Output Pin. Active high
•In case of external ROM ,ALE is used to de multiplex (PORT 0) the address and data bus
by connecting to the G pin of 74LS373 chip
I/O Port Pins and their Functions:
•Four ports P0,P1,P2,P3 with 8 pins each, making a total of 32 input/output pins
•On RESET all ports are configured as output. They need to be programmed to make them
function as inputs
PORT 0
•Pins 32-39
•Can be used as both Input or Output
•External pull up resistors of 10K need to be connected
•Dual role: 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins .AD0-AD7
•ALE is used to de multiplex data and address bus
PORT 1
•Pins 1 through 8
•Both input or output
•No dual function
•Internal pull up registers
•On RESET configured as output
PORT 2
•Pins 21 through 28
•No external pull up resistor required
•Both input or output
•Dual Function: Along with Port 0 used to provide the 16-Bit address for external
memory. It provides higher address A8-A16
PORT 3
•Pins 10 through 17
•No external pull up resistors required
a) Power Supply: For 12v power supply we can use 12 v step dow transformer,bridge
rectifier, 12 v regulator.
b) Switch: Any general-purpose switch can be used. Switch is used as circuit breaker.
c) L.D.R: (Light Depending Resistance) it is a special type of resistance whose
valuedepends on the brightness of light, which is falling on it. It has resistance of
8. 8
about1mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms
whenbrightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
d) L.E.D: A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It canbe
thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of this characteristic,dioded are
used to transform or rectify AC voltage into a DC voltage. Diodes havetwo connections,
an anode and a cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematicwith the point of the
triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the trianglepoints toward that cathode.
The anode is, of course, the opposite end. Current flowsfrom the anode to the cathode.
Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, differ from regulardiodes in that when a voltage is
applied, they emit light.This light can be red (most common), green, yellow, orange, blue
(not very common),or infa red. LEDs are used as indicators, transmitters, etc. Most likely,
a LED willnever burn out like a regular lamp will and requires many times less current.
BecauseLEDs act like regular diodes and will form a short if connected between + and -,
acurrent limiting resistor is used to prevent that very thing. LEDs may or may not bedrawn
with the circle surrounding them.
e) Variable resistance: (Potentiometer) Resistors are one of the most common
electronic components. A resistor is a device that limits, or resists current. The
currentlimiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms, represented by the Greek
symbolOmega. Variable resistors (also called potentiometers or just "pots") are resistors
that have a variable resistance. You adjust the resistance by turning a shaft. This
shaftmoves a wiper across the actual resistor element. By changing the amounts of
resistorbetween the wiper connection and the connection (s) to the resistor element, you
canchange the resistance. You will often see the resistance of resistors written with
K(kilohms) after the number value. This means that there are that many thousands ofohms.
For example, 1K is 1000 ohm, 2K is 2000 ohm, 3.3K is 3300 ohm, etc. Youmay also see
the suffix M (mega ohms). This simply means million. Resistors are alsorated by their
power handling capability. This is the amount of heat the resistor cantake
before it is destroyed. The power capability is measured in W
(watts).Common wattages for variable resistors are 1/8W, 1/4W, 1/2W and
1W. Anything ofa higher wattage is referred to as a rheostat.
f) P.C.B: (Printed Circuit Board) with the help of P.C.B it is easy to assemble
circuitwith neat and clean end products. P.C.B is made of bakelite with
surface pasted withcopper track-layout. For each components leg, hole is
made. Connection pin is passedthrough the hole and is soldered.
Power Supply
TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
anotherthrough inductively coupled conductors — the transformer's coils or "windings".
Exceptfor air-core transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single
iron-richcore, or around separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current in the
9. 9
first or"primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of
thetransformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF)
or"voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual induction
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-
waverectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired
asshown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.
REGULATOR IC (78XX)
It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current
intoregulated DC current.
10. 10
Resistors
The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. There are two classes
ofresistors; fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are also classified according
tothe material from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of either carbon
filmor metal film. There are other types as well, but these are the most common.
Theresistance value of the resistor is not the only thing to consider when selecting a
resistorfor use in a circuit. The "tolerance" and the electric power ratings of the resistor are
alsoimportant. The tolerance of a resistor denotes how close it is to the actual rated
resistence value. For example, a ±5% tolerance would indicate a resistor that is within
±5% of thespecified resistance value.
11. 11
Variable Resistors
There are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is the variableresistor
which value is easily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio. The other issemi-
fixed resistor that is not meant to be adjusted by anyone but a technician. It is usedto
adjust the operating condition of the circuit by the technician. Semi-fixed resistors areused
to compensate for the inaccuracies of the resistors, and to fine-tune a circuit. Therotation
angle of the variable resistor is usually about 300 degrees. Some variableresistors must be
turned many times to use the whole range of resistance they offer. Thisallows for very
precise adjustments of their value.
Capacitors
The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor
alsofunctions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current
(DC).This symbol ‘F’ is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram. The capacitor
isconstructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by an
insulator.When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on
12. 12
eachelectrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop
flowingwhen the capacitor has fully charged.
SEVEN SEGMENT
A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form of
electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more
complex dot matrix displays.Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks,
electronic meters, basic calculators, and other electronic devices that display numerical
information
2.1 Working principle:-
The circuit works on the principle of IR sensing. Two sets of IR sensors consisting of an
IR LED and photo transistor are placed at two ends. Output from each sensor is fed to the
13. 13
microcontroller. In normal operation, IR light from the LED would fall on the photo
transistor and the latter would conduct. The output from the sensor would be a logic low
signal in this case. In case of any interruption (due to any person crossing the path), the
photo transistor would cease to conduct or conduct less and the output from the sensor
would be a logic high signal. The transition from low to high, for each sensor pair is
detected by the microcontroller and accordingly the count would be increased or
decreased.
2.3 Explanation of functionality of circuit:-
FIG-1 Transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage
Fig. 1 shows the transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage along
with block diagram. Two similar sections detect interrup-tion of the IR beam and generate
clock pulse for the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls counting and displays the
14. 14
number of persons present inside the hall. Fig. 2 shows the circuit of the microcontroller-
based visitor coun-ter, wherein the transmitter and the receiver form the IR detection
circuit. Control logic is built around transis-tors, operational amplifier LM324 (IC1) and
flip-flop (IC2). When nobody is passing through the entry/exit point, the IR beam
continuously falls on phototransistor T1. Phototransistor T1 conducts and the high voltage
at its emitter drives transistor T3 into saturation, which makes pin 3 of comparator N1 low
and finally output pin 1 of comparator N1 is high.Now if someone enters the place, first
the IR beam from IR TX1 is inter-rupted and then the IR beam from IR TX2. When the
beam from IR TX1 is interrupted, phototransistor T1 and transistor T3 cut-off and pin 3 of
com-parator N1 goes high.The low output (pin 1) of compara-tor N1 provides negative
trigger pulse to pin 1 of J-K flip-flop IC2(A). At this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K
pins of flip-flop IC2(A) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at ‘J’
and ‘K’ pins of IC2(B) due to clock pin 1 of IC2(A) and ‘J’ input (pin 9) and ‘K’ input
(pin 12) of IC2(B) are connected to pin 1 of comparator N1. The negative-going pulse is
applied to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) when the person inter rupts the IR beam from IR TX2.
There is no change in the output of IC2(B) flip-flop. This triggers the external interrupt
INT0 (pin 12) of microcon troller AT89C52.
15. 15
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Chapter-3
METHODOLOGY
We created a circuit that enabled our robot to follow taped lines based on the light
reflected off the ground. The robot is capable of following the lines by comparing light on
either side of the different colored tape using light sensors. Through this experience we
have learned the basics of circuits, motors,sensors, comparators, and gears
Process followed (like PCB designing)
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer)
16. 16
3.1. Process Followed With The Help Of Block Diagram :
Component Placement
After the component and board have been cleaned, you are ready to place the components
onto the board. Unless my circuit is simple and only contains a few components, i will
probably not be placing all the components onto the board and soldering them at once.
Most likely i will be soldering a few components at a time before turning the board over
and placing more. In general it is best to start with the smallest and flattest components
(resistors, ICs, signal diodes, etc.) and then work up to the larger components (capacitors,
power transistors, transformers) after the small parts are done. This keeps the board
relatively flat, making it more stable during soldering. It is also best to save sensitive
components (MOSFETs, non-socketed ICs) until the end to lessen the chance of damaging
them during assembly of the rest of the circuit.
17. 17
Soldering
Soldering is defined as "the joining of metals by a fusion of alloys which have relatively
low melting points". In other words, you use a metal that has a low melting point to adhere
the surfaces to be soldered together. Consider that soldering is more like gluing with
molten metal, unlike welding where the base metals are actually melted and combined.
Soldering is also a must have skill for all sorts of electrical and electronics work. It is also
a skill that must be taught correctly and developed with practice.
Routing
In electronic design, wire routing, commonly called simply routing, is a step in the design
of printed circuit board(PCBs) and integrated circuits (ICs). It builds on a preceding step,
called placement which determines the location of each active element of an IC or
component on a PCB. After placement, the routing step adds wires needed to properly
connect the placed components while obeying all design rules for the IC.
Programing
For the programing I have used the software names as Keil. The Keil C51 C Compiler for
the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler in the world. It provides
more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today.The C51 Compiler allows
you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once compiled, have the
efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler
give you full access to all resources of the 8051.The C51 Compiler translates C source
files into relocatable object modules which contain full symbolic information for
debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In addition to the object
file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include symbol table and
cross reference information.
Testing
An Actual-size, single sided PCB of the microcontroller-based digital alarm clock is
shown in fig and its component layout. Use IC base for microcontroller AT89S52. Also
use a heat sink with voltage regulator 7805(IC2) to avoid any damage to the circuit. Check
continuity between respective connections using a multimeter. check Initially, by varying
present VR1, set the contrast level for proper wrok line flowing robot. for looser
connections or dry soldering joining.
18. 18
3.2.Programming:
Using Keil's "C51" C Compiler (µVision IDE)
These simple instructions will walk you through the process of configuring Keil's µVision
IDE and C51 C Compiler with settings that produce code that can be download and run on
the 8051 development board .PJRC does not provide technical support for use of Keil's
software. We can- -not provide any assistance should these instructions not apply to your
project's code or your µVision installation. However, these instructions were tested and
confirmed to work using "Hello World" example provided with Keil's C51 evaluation
software, version 7.06a.For further assistance with Keil's software, please refer to the
manual Keil’s provides, or contact Keil for technical support.
Step 1: Copy Startup Code To Your Project
Copy the file "startup.a51" from "c:keilc51lib" to "c:keilc51exampleshello", or the
equivilant pair of directories if you installed µVision in a different directory/drive
location.Add this new copy of "startup.a51" to your project.
Right click "source group 1"
Choose "Add Files to Group 'Source Group 1'
Set "Files of type" to "All files (*.*)"
and select "Startup.a51"
When "startup.a51" has been added to your project, the left side tree representing your
project will be updated, similar to Figure 1.
Step 2: Edit Startup and Other Code
Edit "startup.a51" file. Locate the line "CSEG AT 0" and change it to "CSEG AT
0x2000". Remember that this will only change the "startup.a51" that you copied to this
project. The global copy in "c:keilc51lib" will remain unchanged.Edit "hello.c", and
change the line that sets TH1. For 115200 baud, you should set this to 255.
Figure 1 shows both of these files opened in µVision, edited with these changes.
19. 19
Figure 1: Editing Source Code
(Optional): Define a New Target Name For This Board
In this example, the target named "Simulator" was modified to produce output compatible
with this board, which is the fastest and easiest approach.Perhaps a better approach would
be to create a new target, with a name such as "PJRC 8051 Development Board, Rev 5"
and apply these changes to that target rather than the "Simulator" target.
Step 3: Configure Build Target
Click on the "Project" menu, and select "Options for Target 'Simulator'". This will bring
up the Options for Target dialog box, where you must make several changes to configure
Keil's compiler to produce code that will work properly.
First, select the "Target" tab:
Enter 22.1184 in the "Xtal (Mhz)" field.
Uncheck "Use On-chip ROM".
Define "Off-chip Code memory" from 0x2000 to 0x3FFF.
Define "Off-chip Xdata memory" from 0x4000 to 0x7FFF.
For larger projects, you may need to change these settings to allocate the memory usage
according to your project's requirements. Such memory allocation planning is beyond the
scope of this simple example.
20. 20
Finally, select the "C51" tab. Check "Interrupt vectors at address:" and set the
corresponding value to 0x2000.
Figure 4: Options for Target Dialog, C51 Tab
Once all these changes have been made in all three tabs, click "OK" to commit your
changes to the build target.
Step 4: Compile and Download Intel-Hex Output
To compile the code, click on the "Project" menu and select "Build target". If there are no
errors, the compiler will finish and produce an intel-hex output file, which in this example
is "hello hex".Download the intel-hex file as described in the Using the 8051 Development
Board For the First Time page. To run your program using the "J" (Jump) command, and enter
2000 (which should be the default).To quit, press the board's RESET button to return to the
monitor. You may need to press the ENTER key to allow PAULMON2 to re-detect your
baud rate, if your program overwrites the 4 bytes that are used to store the previously
detected baud rate.
(Optional) Reconfigure For Flash ROM
Alternately, you could define the off-chip code memory from 8000 to F7FF and off-chip
Xdata memory from 2100 to 0x7FFF, set CSEG to 0x8000 in startup.a51, and set the
interrupt vectors at address 0x8000. This would configure the compiled code to run from
the Flash ROM, and you can use the autostart utility (on the LED blink example page) to
make it run automatically when the board boots.
Proteus:-
Proteus 8 is a best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller. It is
mainly popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is a handy
21. 21
tool to test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist. You can simulate
your programming of microcontroller in Proteus 8 Simulation Software.After Simulating
your circuit in Proteus 8 Software you can directly make PCB design with it so it could be
a all in one package for students and hobbyists. So I think now you have a little bit idea
about what is proteus software.If you have clear idea about what is proteus 8 simulation
software then you can start proteus 8 simulations at this point of time. I am sure that you
have your proteus 8. If you don’t have then download from above link. To learn Proteus 8
You can start with a series of video tutorials or you can download a Proteus 8 Software
Tutorial PDF. But main and most important thing with this software is hands on
experiments. the more you work the better you become There is no shortcut.After making
your Schematic you have to do PCB designing so here is the video tutorial which
describes Single layer auto routing. According to me this much information is enough for
what is proteus software. If you want to get more information on what is proteus software
then feel free to comment below with your difficulties about what is proteus software. We
will try our best to solve your difficulties related to what is proteus software.We have
a separate section on Proteus 8 Simulation Software which covers all simulations and
tutorials have a look at there.To know more and get latest updates on Proteus 8 Software
Subscribe to mail and we would be sending you all the updates related to Proteus 8
software
And after some time you will go to a upper part of aro. This aro colour is white . this aero
will go to isis.
Then proteus window is open
And after some time you will go to the library .and select the component . there are many
component Are available.and all are simulate the circuit.we are show this diagmram
22. 22
Then after simulate the circuit burn the program in the micro controller we are show the
this circuit diagram
When the program is burn in circuit then you will chek .this ckt is doing proper wrok or
not.
We show this diagram
24. 24
CHAPTER 4
TESTING AND VALIDATION OF RESULT
During soldering, many of the connection become short cktd. So we desolder the
connection and did soldering again.
A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be replaced.
LED`s get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the new
one.
TROUBLESHOOT
Care should be taken while soldering. There should be no shorting of joints.
Proper power supply should maintain.
Project should be handled with care since IC are delicate
Component change and check again circuit
25. 25
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS
Telecom
o Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers
o Automotive application
o Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units,and
Steer-by-wire systems.
Domestic application
o Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Videorecorders,
Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital
cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills
Robotic
o Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm
Aerospace application
o Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment System
Medical equipment
o Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug deliver ysystems,
MRI scanners
Defense system
o Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system Missi-eguidance
systems
Office automation
o Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Deb-
-itcard readers, Thermostats, Grain
26. 26
CHAPTER 6:
FUTURE SCOPE
This Project is useful in dveloping conturies & this project has abright future as it is being
used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This project helps us to control train
without a driver and the stations are shown on the seven segment so the passenger doesn’t
has any difficulty. This project will lead to increase in technological & this will help the
people in many ways.
27. 27
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The theme of the project when merged with certain established technologies can be quite
effective in number of countries like Germany, France & Japan etc. which control the train
. The project when used with an improved sensitivity. The train is programmed for the
specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train & distance
between the two stations ispredefined.The circuit diagram is shown in the figure. Here
seven segment display is connected with the P1 of the MC. Control lines are connected
with port 3 of the microcontroller. The contrast of the seven segment is controlled by 10K
variable resistor.
Advantages:
1. No need of human intervention.
2. Can work 24x7 without any problem.
3. Low cost and very easy to implement.
Disadvantages:
1. If there are multiple doors for the same room the project becomes quite complex.
2. IR sensor cannot detect if lots of people are entering at one time.
