2. Occurrence of fungi in poultry
feed with cultural and molecular
detection of their aflatoxigenic
activity
M.Sc. Student
Raed Najeeb Kadhim
Supervisors
Prof.Dr. Mohammed H.Khudor Prof.Dr.Basil A.Abbas
3. Mycotoxins
• Low-molecular-weight natural products produced as
secondary metabolites by fungi.
• Lack of visible appearance of fungus does not negate
presence of mycotoxins. Toxins can remain in the
organism after fungus has been removed.
• Mycotoxins greatly resist decomposition and even
temperature treatments, such as cooking and
freezing.
• Resistant to breakdown in an animal’s digestive
system.
5. Aspergillus
• Found in soil, plant debris, and indoor air environment
•Aspergillus flavus is The most important species which
cause aspergillosis in animals as well as in man and in
birds.
•Aspergillus flavus causes mycotic abortion in cattle
and sheep.Ingestion of high amounts of aflatoxin may
induce lethal effects, also cause sinusitis, cerebral
aspergillosis, meningitis, pulmonary aspergillosis,
cutaneous aspergillosis and hepatosplenic aspergillosis.
•Produces many toxins as aflatoxins (B1, B2, ,G1,G2,
M1, M2) Gliotoxin, Sterigmatocystin, and Methoxy
Sterigmatocystin.
6. Some important mycotoxins
Today 300 - 400 mycotoxins are known
Common
mycotoxins
AflatoxinAflatoxin DeoxynivalenolDeoxynivalenol ZearalenoneZearalenoneFumonisinFumonisinOchratoxinOchratoxin
7. Aflatoxins
• Produced by Aspergillus. flavus,
A.parasiticus and A. oryzae.
• There are types: aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and
B2(AFB2),G1(AFG1),G2(AFG2),M1(AFM1)
andM2(AFM2).
•Aflatoxin B1 occurs most frequently and is
most toxic and carcinogenic.
9. Collection of samples of poultry feed
Culturing on
PDA,MEA& SDA
Isolation
Identification
Morphological
by culture
Microscopically Molecular
Cultural
method (on
CAM medium
PCR UV NH4 Sol.Light
Microscope
A. flavus
Sequences
analysis
10. The Aim of Study
1Study the occurrence of mycoflora in poultry
feed.
Determination of aflatoxigenic A.flavus.
Compatible homology aflatoxigenic A.flavus
strains with other strains in the gene bank.
31. Figure(12): Agarose gel electrophoretic of PCR products obtained from
DNA of fungal isolates showing amplicons for aflR primer. Lanes: M-
100bp standard, Lanes1–7: A. flavus (aflatoxin producer) amplicon
corresponding to 798 bp.
35. Conclusions
1-There were contamination with aflatoxin in poultry
feed in farms and local markets in Basrah governorate.
2- There are several fungi in collected poultry feed .
3-Several identification and detection methods o
aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus were used , the most
specific , powerful and accurate methods were
molecular methods (PCR and sequences analysis)
.These two methods detect the specific gene and
genetic sequences which produce the aflatoxin.
36. 4- The sequences analysis revealed that the
poultry feed were contaminated with
aflatoxigenic A.flavus isolates , and these
isolates were compatible(100% and 99%) with
other A.flavus strains in gene bank.
Conclusions
37. Recommendations
1- Deep study should be done on mycotoxigenic
fungi and the amount of mycotoxin in several
farms storage and local markets in Basrah
governorate.
2- Control and prevent factors such as moister
and temperature which play important role in
fungal growth and mycotoxin production by
make them unsuitable .
38. 3- Bioassay is very important measurement in
this type of studies, so it is recommended to
held more deep studies to estimate the effect of
degradation residues on domestic animals
especially blood parameters and status.
4- Application of biocontrol agent as a powerful
control factor for aflatoxins especially the
aflatoxin B1( AFB1).
Recommendations
