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Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
• What is biodiversity ?

•What is biodiversity ?

•Why is biodiversity important?

•Where is biodiversity greatest ?
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Three types of biodiversity
•Species diversity

•Genetic diversity

•Ecosystem (habitat) diversity
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Species Diversity:
The variety of species per unit area.
This includes both the number of
species present and their relative
abundance.
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Species Diversity:
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Species Diversity:
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:
The range of genetic material present in a
gene pool or population of a species.
Domestication and plant breeding lead to a
loss of genetic variety, hence the
importance of “gene banks”
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:   Problems facing cheetahs:
                     • Habitat loss and human
                      encroachment
                     • Competition with other predators and
                      predation by lions and hyenas in
                      protected areas
                     • Continued trapping and killing of
                      cheetahs on farmlands
                     • Low genetic variation
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:   Problems facing cheetahs:
                     • Habitat loss and human
                      encroachment
                     • Competition with other predators and
                      predation by lions and hyenas in
                      protected areas
                     • Continued trapping and killing of
                      cheetahs on farmlands
                     • Low genetic variation
                     • Abnormal reproductive traits
                     • Increased disease susceptibility
                     • Poor reproductive performance in
                      captivity
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Genetic Diversity:   Domestication and plant breeding
                     lead to a loss of genetic variety.
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Habitat Diversity
The range of different habitats in an
ecosystem, community or biome
associated with the variety of niches that
may be exploited by different species.
Conservation of habitat diversity usually
leads to the conservation of species and
genetic diversity.
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Habitat Diversity
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Habitat Diversity
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Habitat Diversity
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Natural selection and new species
Naturals election is the driving force of
speciation.

Isolation can lead to different species
Option C: Biodiversity in
 Ecosystems
 Natural selection and new species
Darwins Finches
Option C: Biodiversity in
 Ecosystems
 Natural selection and new species
Darwins Finches
Option C: Biodiversity in
 Ecosystems
 Natural selection and new species
An analogy ?
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Diversity naturally changes because of ?
• Early stages: simple      Succession
  habitat - low diversity

• Later stages: more
  complexity - higher
  diversity

• Why?
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Diversity naturally changes because of ?
• More niche
  opportunities

• Higher stability

• Higher genetic and
  species diversity
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Diversity naturally changes because of ?
• More complex
  nutrient and energy
  pathways
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Diversity naturally changes because of ?
• More complex
  nutrient and energy
  pathways
Option C: Biodiversity in
Ecosystems
Threats to succession = Threats to diversity
• Man
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What factors lead to diversity loss
• Natural hazards
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What factors lead to diversity loss
• Global Catastrophe
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What factors lead to diversity loss
• Habitat degradation,
  fragmentation and
  loss
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What factors lead to diversity loss
• Introduction of non-
  native species,
  genetically modified
  species and
  monocultures
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What factors lead to diversity loss
• Pollution
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What factors lead to diversity loss
• Hunting, collecting
  and harvesting
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Loss of biodiversity at a species level leads
to:
Extinction
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What makes a species prone to extinction:
    Small population
    Specialised habitat
    Restricted food source
    Low reproductive potential
    Accumulation of toxins
    A prominent predator so killed by farmers
    Migrates long distances
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What makes a species prone to extinction:
    Polar bears are large and
    conspicuous
    population size is shrinking
    tasty meat and warm fur
    huge home range
    low reproductive potential
    top of the food chain
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What makes a species prone to extinction:
LIVING ON AN ISLAND

    High degree of endemism
    Small populations on islands
    Lower genetic diversity
    Vulnerable to introduced
    predators
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

What makes a species prone to extinction:
LIVING ON AN ISLAND
Does something have to be
surrounded by water to be an
island?
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

The Dodo
 Mauritius, Indian Ocean
 lived undisturbed
 for so long that it
 lost its need and ability to fly
 lived and nested on the ground
 ate fruits that had fallen from trees
 no mammals on the island
 high diversity of bird species lived in the dense forests.
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

The Dodo
  Later Dutch used island as a penal
  colony
  pigs & monkeys brought to the island
  along with the convicts
  rats on ships
  within 100 years the once abundant
  dodo was rare
   last one killed in 1681
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

The Dodo
   Many other bird species were
   lost in the 19th century
   Mauritian forests were converted
   into tea and sugar plantations.
   Of the 45 bird species originally
   found on Mauritius, only 21 have
   managed to survive.
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Measuring Extinction
Very difficult:

How can we know an organism has gone?

1. First you need to know it was there

2. Then somebody needs to actually care
   enough to count it
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Measuring Extinction
Big, showy, visible

Small, discrete, hidden

The “oooooooohhhhh” factor
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Measuring Extinction
Mammals, Birds even Reptiles
are relatively well described

Fish, Amphibians,Invertebrates
and even plants are relatively
poorly described
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Extinction Rate
Past extinctions based on mainly
fossil evidence:

But has every organism that has
existed been fossilised and have
fossils been found that definitely
cover the entire time that organism
existed
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Extinction Rate
Red Data List

Published by the IUCN

Attempts to survey and quantify the
state of the planets “at risk” species

Has weaknesses - probably
underestimates the problems
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Extinction Rate
Red Data List

Some taxa much better surveyed than others
e.g. mammals quite well surveyed,
arthropods badly surveyed
Option C: Conservation
and Biodiversity
C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability

Extinction Rate
Red Data List

Lists a set of criteria by which the
endangered status of organisms is defined
as a category

A species is listed as threatened if it falls
in the Critically Endangered, Endangered
or Vulnerable categories

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Biodiversity in Ecosystems

  • 1. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems • What is biodiversity ? •What is biodiversity ? •Why is biodiversity important? •Where is biodiversity greatest ?
  • 2. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Three types of biodiversity •Species diversity •Genetic diversity •Ecosystem (habitat) diversity
  • 3. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Species Diversity: The variety of species per unit area. This includes both the number of species present and their relative abundance.
  • 4. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Species Diversity:
  • 5. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Species Diversity:
  • 6. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity: The range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species. Domestication and plant breeding lead to a loss of genetic variety, hence the importance of “gene banks”
  • 7. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity:
  • 8. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity:
  • 9. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity:
  • 10. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity: Problems facing cheetahs: • Habitat loss and human encroachment • Competition with other predators and predation by lions and hyenas in protected areas • Continued trapping and killing of cheetahs on farmlands • Low genetic variation
  • 11. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity: Problems facing cheetahs: • Habitat loss and human encroachment • Competition with other predators and predation by lions and hyenas in protected areas • Continued trapping and killing of cheetahs on farmlands • Low genetic variation • Abnormal reproductive traits • Increased disease susceptibility • Poor reproductive performance in captivity
  • 12. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity:
  • 13. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Genetic Diversity: Domestication and plant breeding lead to a loss of genetic variety.
  • 14. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Habitat Diversity The range of different habitats in an ecosystem, community or biome associated with the variety of niches that may be exploited by different species. Conservation of habitat diversity usually leads to the conservation of species and genetic diversity.
  • 15. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Habitat Diversity
  • 16. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Habitat Diversity
  • 17. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Habitat Diversity
  • 18. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Natural selection and new species Naturals election is the driving force of speciation. Isolation can lead to different species
  • 19. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Natural selection and new species Darwins Finches
  • 20. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Natural selection and new species Darwins Finches
  • 21. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Natural selection and new species An analogy ?
  • 22. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Diversity naturally changes because of ? • Early stages: simple Succession habitat - low diversity • Later stages: more complexity - higher diversity • Why?
  • 23. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Diversity naturally changes because of ? • More niche opportunities • Higher stability • Higher genetic and species diversity
  • 24. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Diversity naturally changes because of ? • More complex nutrient and energy pathways
  • 25. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Diversity naturally changes because of ? • More complex nutrient and energy pathways
  • 26. Option C: Biodiversity in Ecosystems Threats to succession = Threats to diversity • Man
  • 27. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What factors lead to diversity loss • Natural hazards
  • 28. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What factors lead to diversity loss • Global Catastrophe
  • 29. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What factors lead to diversity loss • Habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss
  • 30. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What factors lead to diversity loss • Introduction of non- native species, genetically modified species and monocultures
  • 31. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What factors lead to diversity loss • Pollution
  • 32. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What factors lead to diversity loss • Hunting, collecting and harvesting
  • 33. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Loss of biodiversity at a species level leads to: Extinction
  • 34. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What makes a species prone to extinction: Small population Specialised habitat Restricted food source Low reproductive potential Accumulation of toxins A prominent predator so killed by farmers Migrates long distances
  • 35. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What makes a species prone to extinction: Polar bears are large and conspicuous population size is shrinking tasty meat and warm fur huge home range low reproductive potential top of the food chain
  • 36. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What makes a species prone to extinction: LIVING ON AN ISLAND High degree of endemism Small populations on islands Lower genetic diversity Vulnerable to introduced predators
  • 37. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability What makes a species prone to extinction: LIVING ON AN ISLAND Does something have to be surrounded by water to be an island?
  • 38. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability The Dodo Mauritius, Indian Ocean lived undisturbed for so long that it lost its need and ability to fly lived and nested on the ground ate fruits that had fallen from trees no mammals on the island high diversity of bird species lived in the dense forests.
  • 39. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability The Dodo Later Dutch used island as a penal colony pigs & monkeys brought to the island along with the convicts rats on ships within 100 years the once abundant dodo was rare last one killed in 1681
  • 40. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability The Dodo Many other bird species were lost in the 19th century Mauritian forests were converted into tea and sugar plantations. Of the 45 bird species originally found on Mauritius, only 21 have managed to survive.
  • 41. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Measuring Extinction Very difficult: How can we know an organism has gone? 1. First you need to know it was there 2. Then somebody needs to actually care enough to count it
  • 42. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Measuring Extinction Big, showy, visible Small, discrete, hidden The “oooooooohhhhh” factor
  • 43. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Measuring Extinction Mammals, Birds even Reptiles are relatively well described Fish, Amphibians,Invertebrates and even plants are relatively poorly described
  • 44. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Extinction Rate Past extinctions based on mainly fossil evidence: But has every organism that has existed been fossilised and have fossils been found that definitely cover the entire time that organism existed
  • 45. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Extinction Rate Red Data List Published by the IUCN Attempts to survey and quantify the state of the planets “at risk” species Has weaknesses - probably underestimates the problems
  • 46. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Extinction Rate Red Data List Some taxa much better surveyed than others e.g. mammals quite well surveyed, arthropods badly surveyed
  • 47. Option C: Conservation and Biodiversity C.2: Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability Extinction Rate Red Data List Lists a set of criteria by which the endangered status of organisms is defined as a category A species is listed as threatened if it falls in the Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories