2. Adenine A T Thymine
T A
Cytosine C G Guanine
A T
G C
Phosphate
Hydrogen Bonds
Deoxiribose
C G (sugar)
A T
- Here is the
G C DNA as it is
twisted
A T
3. To start the replication, the
enzyme helicase has to unwrap
A T
and “unzip” the DNA. This is
done by it splitting the hydrogen
bonds. T A
C G
A T
G C
C G
A T
G C
A T
4. To start the replication, the
enzyme helicase has to unwrap
A T
and “unzip” the DNA. This is
done by it splitting the hydrogen
bonds. T A
C G
A T
G C
C G
A T
T
5. To start the replication, the
enzyme helicase has to unwrap A T
and “unzip” the DNA. This is
done by it splitting the hydrogen
bonds. T A
C G
A T
G C
C G
6. To start the replication, the
enzyme helicase has to unwrap
A T
and “unzip” the DNA. This is
done by it splitting the hydrogen
bonds. T A
C G
T
G
C
G
7. To start the replication, the
enzyme helicase has to unwrap A
and “unzip” the DNA. This is
done by it splitting the hydrogen
bonds.
C G
T
G
G
8. To start the replication, the
enzyme helicase has to unwrap A
and “unzip” the DNA. This is
done by it splitting the hydrogen
bonds.
C G
T
G
G
9. To start the replication, the
enzyme helicase has to unwrap A
and “unzip” the DNA. This is
done by it splitting the hydrogen
bonds.
C G Leading strand
Lagging T
strand
G
G
10. A
Now, DNA polymerase comes.
It synthesizes the leading
C
strand. It is a 5 prime to 3
prime and goes continuously
in one direction. It copies the
code of nitrogen bases and replicates
them.
11. For the complementary strand, or lagging strand,
It is a 3 prime to 5 prime.
This has series of replication
Steps. It can only add new
deoxyribonucleotides to a free
3 prime OH.
Lagging strand 5’
12. It starts by using an RNA primase to attach a
free 3’ OH starting point on the lagging strand
Puts down an to synthesize a short RNA primer.
RNA primer
Lagging strand 5’
13. DNA polymerase III will then add the
Deoxyribonucleotides
to the 3’ end of the RNA primer
5’
The added 3’
Deoxi- DNA
Ribonucleotides Polymerase
From the DNA III
Polymerase III.
5’
Lagging strand
14. DNA polymerase comes in and removes
the RNA primer and puts DNA in there.
5’
3’
DNA
polymerase
5’
Lagging strand
15. Lastly, the DNA ligase comes in and forms
an ester bond of Okazaki fragments between the 3’ and
5’ the 5’ of the growing strand and the phosphate
infront of it.
3’
5’
DNA 3’
ligase
5’
Lagging strand
16. - Okazaki fragment
5’
Lastly, the DNA ligase comes in and forms
an ester bond of Okazaki fragments between the 3’ and
3’ the 5’ of the growing strand and the phosphate
infront of it.
DNA
ligase
3’
Lagging strand 5’
17. A
A
C
C
Both strands were
Replicated, and
Are identical.
18. • Telomeres - The end of a chromosome.
• Okazaki fragments – Short, newly synthesized parts of DNA on
the lagging strand.
• DNA ligase – an enzyme that seals the part between 3' OH and 5’
on the same strand by creating an ester bond.
• Telomerase – an enzyme that adds the sequence of the nitrogen
bases.
• Cancer – unregulated rapid cell growth that can lead to death.
• Transplanted Cells – transfer of cells within an individual,
between individuals of the same species, or between individuals
of different species.
• Cloning – Create an identical cell or copy of something
• Aging – the decrease in cell’s ability replicate with the passing of
time.
