1. TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION.
BY: KARA KUNSELMAN

2. STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION: (OCCURS IN THE
NUCLEUS.)
• 1. RNA polymerase causes the DNA to unwind and unzip.
• 2. RNA polymerase goes to the promoter region.
• 3. RNA Polymerase reads the DNA and creates mRNA.
• 4. RNA Polymerase hits the stop codon and lets the mRNA go.
• 5. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters into the cytoplasm.

3. A T
C G
A T
c G
A T
c G
Hydrogen Bonds
A T
c G
A T
c G
A T Sugar Phosphate Backbone
c G
Nucleus of the
A T cell
c G
A T
RNA polymerase getting
ready to separate the DNA DNA is in a double helix
shape

4. The promoter region
RNA Polymerase will bind tightly to this region.
A C T G A C T G A C
T G A C T G A C T G
RNA Polymerase getting ready to bond.

5. Coding Region :
RNA Polymerase will read the DNA and create
mRNA.
A C T G A C T G A C
RNA POLYMERASE
T G A C T G A C T G

6. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A C
RNA POLYMERASE
U

7. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A C
RNA POLYMERASE
U G

8. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A
RNA POLYMERASE
U G A

9. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A
RNA POLYMERASE
U G A C

10. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A
RNA POLYMERASE
U G A C U

11. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A
RNA POLYMERASE
U G A C U G

12. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A
RNA POLYMERASE
U G A C U G A

13. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A
RNA POLYMERASE
U G A C U G A C

14. Coding Region Continued:
A C T G A C T G A
RNA POLYMERASE
U G A C U G A C U

15. The mRNA Strand is created:
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
Starting Codon
Termination sequence

16. The mRNA strand will move through the Nuclear Pore:
A T
The mRNA strand. C G
A T
c G
A T
c G
A T
c G
A T
c G
A T
c G
A T
c G
A T
The Nuclear Pore

17. STEPS OF TRANSLATION: (OCCURS IN THE
CYTOPLASM.)
• 1. The rRNA will form ribosomes.
• 2. The mRNA will bind to a ribosome, and it will be read.
• 3. The tRNA will check the mRNA for any mistakes, and then it
will transfer the amino acids.
• 4. The amino acids that are attached to the tRNA will bind with
peptide bonds.
• 5. The ribosome will hit the stop codon and finish the protein.

18. Inside of the cytoplasm:
RNA
Ribosomes

19. Ribosome
mRNA binding to a ribosome:
tRNA anti-codon
Met Amino Acid
U A C
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
Start Codon
mRNA strand bases

20. Amino acids
Ribosome tRNA checking for mistakes and transferring the
amino acids:
tRNA anti-codon
Met Val
U A C C A G
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

21. tRNA checking for mistakes and transferring the amino
Amino acids acids continued: (The amino acids also start binding with the peptide bonds.)
Ribosome
Peptide bonds
tRNA anti-codon
Met Val Ser
U A C C A G U C A
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

22. The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds:
Amino acids
Ribosome
Peptide bonds
tRNA anti-codon
Met Val Ser Pro
U A C C A G U C A G G U
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

23. The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Amino acids
Ribosome
Peptide bonds
tRNA anti-codon
Met Val Ser Pro Leu
U A C C A G U C A G G U A A U
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

24. The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Amino acids
Ribosome
Peptide bonds
tRNA anti-codon
Met Val Ser Pro Leu Ala
U A C C A G U C A G G U A A U C G U
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

25. The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Amino acids
Ribosome
Peptide bonds
tRNA anti-codon
Met Val Ser Pro Leu Ala Asn
U A C C A G U C A G G U A A U C G U U U G
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

26. The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Amino acids Ribosome
Peptide bonds tRNA anti-codon
Met Val Ser Pro Leu Ala Asn Gi
U A C C A G U C A G G U A A U C G U n
U U G GU C
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

27. The amino acids binding with the peptide bonds continued:
Amino acids
Ribosome
Peptide bonds
tRNA anti-codon
Met Val Ser Pro Leu Ala Asn Gi Ser
U A C C A G U C A G G U A A U C G U n
U U G GU C A G A
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
mRNA strand bases

28. The ribosome will hit the stop codon and finish the protein:
Amino acids
Ribosome
Peptide bonds
tRNA anti-cod
Met Val Ser Pro Leu Ala Asn Gi Ser Stop
U A C C A G U C A G G U A A U C G U n
U U G GU C A G A A U U
AUG GUC AGU CCA UUA GCA AAC CAG UCU UAA
Stop Codon
mRNA strand bases

29. The ten amino acids:
Met Val Ser Pro Leu Ala Asn Gi Ser Stop
n

30. The completed protein:
Ser Pro
Leu
Val Peptide Bonds
Ala
Met Stop
Asn
Amino Acids
Ser
Gi
n

31. Steps of Translation and Transcription Summarized:
1. RNA polymerase causes the DNA to unwind and unzip.
2. RNA polymerase goes to the promoter region.
3. RNA Polymerase reads the DNA and creates mRNA.
4. RNA Polymerase hits the stop codon and lets the mRNA go.
5. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters into the
cytoplasm.
6. The rRNA will form ribosomes.
7. The mRNA will bind to a ribosome, and it will be read.
8. The tRNA will check the mRNA for any mistakes, and then it
will transfer the amino acids.
9. The amino acids that are attached to the tRNA will bind with
peptide bonds.
10. The ribosome will hit the stop codon and finish the protein.