This document provides information on masonry, specifically brick masonry. It discusses the manufacturing process of bricks, including definitions of key terminology used. The document outlines the four important qualities to consider when choosing bricks: the molding process, color from the firing process, size, and type/grade as specified by standards. It describes common brick molding processes of molded, extruded, and their differences. The firing process and how it affects brick color is also summarized. Key terminology used in brick masonry is defined.
2. MODULE #4
MASONRY
M A S O N RY
Definitions & History
Mortar
This lecture represents the intellectual property of Professor Brandi R.
Shepard. These materials are made available solely for the educational
purposes of Anne Arundel Community College and for students enrolled in
courses through the Department of Architecture and Interior Design. These
materials are protected by U.S. Copyright law and shall not be reproduced or
transmitted electronically, or altered or revised without the expressed written
permission of the author. No copies or printouts of this PowerPoint
presentation are available for use. Closed-caption of AACC presented
audio/video materials will be made available upon request.
ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
3. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
WHAT IS MASONRY?
The stacking of natural or manufactured fired
units to create a structural element.
Mortar joins these units
Acts in compression
Durable, fireproof
Suitable for all elements of the structural
Labor intensive; requires exact skill
Masonry is broken into units of brick, concrete,
stone
4. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
THE HISTORY of
MASONRY
Earliest type of masonry was native field
stones piled upon one another without mortar
to join them
Other types included sod or dried mud
Clay & silt were mixed with water & formed by
hand into bricks
The joints were packed with mud
Kept out wind & rain
Gave a level building surface
5. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
THE HISTORY of
MASONRY
Clay bricks placed in or next to a fire became
harder & more weather resistant
The invention of the “kiln” by the Romans
Masons turned limestone into lime and added
this to mud for mortar
6. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
THE HISTORY of
MASONRY
4000 B.C.
Mesopotamians built stone and sun-dried brick
buildings
3000 B.C.
Egyptians built temples and pyramids of cut stone
500 B.C.
Greeks used limestone and marble
100 A.D.
Babylonians refined arches over small openings
1100 A.D.
Romans perfected the arch and vault, built forum
building, theaters, baths, aqueducts & homes
12. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
MORTAR FUNCTIONS
Bind masonry units into an integral assembly (wall)
Seals against water and air infiltration
Provide a cushion and leveler between units
Seals between masonry units
Provide character & aesthetics to the masonry
assembly
Joint size & type
Color
Consists of:
Portland Cement (the “binder”)
Sand (the “filler”)
Water (the mixing agent)
Lime (improves workability)
13. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
LIME
MORTAR
CHARACTERISTICS
Workable when plastic
Cohesive & easy to spread
Water retention
Retain water without bleeding
Only enough water as needed
for absorption by units
Water tightness
Lime in mix provides
Ability to flex in hardened state,
reducing cracking and related
leaks
Strength
Compressive
Flexural tensile bond strength
Workability of mortar
Water rentivity of
mortar
Watertightness of
masonry wall
Strength of mortar and
the strength of
masonry wall,
particularly the wall’s
flexural tensile bond
strength
decreasesincreases
15. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
MORTAR
Mortar takes up 20%±
of wall area
Affects the color and
texture of masonry
wall
Mortar composition is
specified in testing
standard ASTM C-270
16. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
MORTAR TYPES
MaSoNwOrK used to label types (M, S, N, O, K)
Each type has
Specific proportion of ingredients
Specific uses based on performance characteristics
17. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
MORTAR TYPES
TYPES OF MORTAR: “MaSoNwOrK”
Type "M" (High): Strength (2500 psi)
High lateral and compressive loads & below grade uses
Type "S" (Medium-High): Strength (1800 psi)
High flexural and normal compressive loads (most common)
Type "N" (Medium): Strength (750 psi)
General above grade uses
Type "O" (Medium-Low): Strength (350 psi)
Non-Load bearing walls
Type "K" (Low): Strength (75 psi)
Non-Load bearing where permitted (only used in preservation work)
Refer to Table 22.1 on page
547 in textbook
22. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Includes:
Brick; Hollow clay tiles; Architectural terra-cotta
Composed of:
Pulverized clay & shale: oxides of silicon and
aluminum
Water
Minor components include metal oxides
Clays are highly malleable
Can be shaped and molded when mixed with water
Once formed or placed into molds, then they are
fired or kiln-dried
BRICK MASONRY
23. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Interior or exterior applications
Durable against freeze/thaw cycles
Durable against erosion by rainwater and wind
Strength 6,000 - 10,000 psi
Fire resistant
High thermal mass
Historic associations: permanence & stability
Generally used as a façade material
Non-loadbearing applications
BRICK MASONRY
24. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
GREEN MATERIALS:
BRICK
Brick can be recycled
Material is pulverized and recycled with newer
content
Recycled glass and other waste materials are
combined
Materials have reduced:
Firing times
Temperatures
Toxic emissions
Improve brick strength & durability
Waste into landfills
SOURCE: http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/brick-
manufacture-use-construction.html
25. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
GREEN MATERIALS:
BRICK
Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB’s)
Manufactured from soil that is more sand than
clay
High energy efficient using up to 15 times less
energy than a fired brick
Durable, ecological, economical
SOURCE: http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/brick-
manufacture-use-construction.html
26. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
GREEN MATERIALS:
BRICK
“Green Brick”
Made of fly-ash (by-product of coal-fired power
plants)
Takes 90% less energy to manufacture, which
produces 90% less carbon emissions per “brick”
Curing process with chemical catalysts vs. kiln firing
Can be any color or texture as a traditional clay
brick
Brick Industry Association does not recognize it as a
“brick”, but thinks it should be called a “fly-ash modular
unit”
SOURCE: http://www.greenharbor.org/2009/10/new-brick-coming-to-a-construction-site-
near-you/SOURCE:
http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/construction_and_property/
icle6870177.ece
28. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Course:
Continuous layer of
masonry units,
bonded with mortar.
One course is equal
to the thickness of
masonry unit plus
thickness of one
mortar joint
BRICK MASONRY
Terminology
29. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Wythe:
Continuous vertical
section of masonry
Single-wythe wall : In
section, wall one brick
wide
Double-wythe wall : In
section, wall two
bricks wide
BRICK MASONRY
Terminology
30. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Head Joint
Vertical mortar joint
between ends of
masonry units
Bed Joint
Horizontal layer of
mortar into which a
masonry unit is laid
BRICK MASONRY
Terminology
31. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Collar Joint
Interior longitudinal
vertical joint
between two wythes
of masonry
BRICK MASONRY
Terminology
33. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Header - Bonds two wythes together
Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick
Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel
Rowlock -
laid on face,
end visible
Stretcher - long dimension horizontal
& face parallel to the wall
BRICK MASONRY
34. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Corbel
Shelf or ledge formed by
projecting successive courses of
masonry out from the face of a
wall
BRICK MASONRY
Terminology
35. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Quion
Stone blocks
used to form
strong corners.
Now mostly used
for decorative
purposes (these
can be bricks,
concrete or stone)
BRICK MASONRY
Terminology
37. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
BRICK MASONRY
Manufacturing Process
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ar1Rh3yYyno
http://www.glengerybrick.com/about/manufacturing/index.html
Refer to Figures 22.13 – 22.18 on page 553 - 554 in textbook
39. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Four Important Qualities:
Molding process
Color (firing process)
Size
Type/Grade (specified by ASTM C-216)
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
40. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
“Molded” or “Handmade”
solid units
pressed into fiberglass or
steel molds
used to be by hand, now
machines
sand or water coated
molds to release bricks
usually rougher surface
and edges
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Molding Process
41. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
“Extruded” or “Wire Cut”
hollow core
formed into a column and cut
to size with wires
usually smoother surface
and finer edges
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Molding Process
44. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Soft Mud:
Oldest process
Moist clay pressed into molds (hand or machine)
20-30% water content
Dry Press:
Drying clay machine pressed into steel molds
10% water content
Used for molded bricks in steel molds by machine
Stiff Mud:
12-15% water content
Extruded through a rectangular die
Most common process used today
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Molding Process
45. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Types of Kilns:
PERIODIC:
Loaded w/ bricks, fired, cooled, &
unloaded
TUNNEL KILN:
Bricks loaded onto a palette on
rails, slowly moved thru oven
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Firing Process
46. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Brick Color dependent on:
Composition of the clay
Temperature & Chemistry of the kiln fire
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Firing Process
47. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
1st Stage: “Water Smoking/Dehydration”
Drives off remaining moisture in clay
2nd Stage: “Oxidation/Vitrification”
Clay is transformed into a ceramic material
(kiln temps of 2,400°)
3rd Stage: “Flashing” (optional)
Burners used to create color variations in the brick
4th Stage: “Cooling”
Slowly cooled under controlled conditions to avoid
thermal cracking
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Firing Process
48. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
No standard size
Normal coursing - 3 bricks = 8”
Larger sizes
Custom Shapes & Colors
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Size
50. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
MODULAR
STANDARD
THREE-INCH
OVERSIZE
ROMAN
NORMAN
SIX-INCH JUMBO
JUMBO UTILITY
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Size: vary due to scale, texture and design
51. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Specified dimension
Ideal final dimension of brick as specified by architect
There will always be some variation
Actual dimension
Actual size of each individual brick
Dimensional tolerance
Difference between specified dimension and actual dimension
Established by industry for each product
Nominal dimension
Includes specified dimension plus one mortar joint
Written with no inch labels
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Size: dimensions of masonry units
52. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Nominal 4 x 2-2/3 x 8
Specified 3-5/8 in x 2-1/4 in x 7-5/8 in
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Size: dimensions of masonry units
Example: nominal vs. specified
dimensions
Sequencing masonry unit
dimensions:
Width X Height X Length
53. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Size: dimensions of masonry units
Figures 22.22
on page 557;
commonly used
brick sizes.
54. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Facing brick (solid or cored)
Graded for dimensional tolerances & warpage, and
durability
Building brick (solid or cored)
Graded for durability and strength only
Used in brick walls later covered with a veneer
Exposed with dimensional tolerances and warpage acceptable
Paving brick (solid)
Graded for freeze/thaw resistance and abrasion
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Grade
55. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Weatherability: evaluates how the bricks will hold up to
weather exposure (freeze/thaw, rain, etc.)
MOST COMMON
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Grade
56. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Facing Bricks: evaluates the uniformity of shape,
dimension, texture & color
Considerations in Choosing
Brick
Four Important Qualities
Grade
57. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Cavity (Veneer) Walls
Running bond
BRICK BONDS
Running bond and arching action
in masonry walls
78. MODULE #4
MASONRY
2
Terminology: Concrete Masonry
Unit
Manufacturing
CMU Wall Construction &
Installation
CONCRETE
MASONRY
This lecture represents the intellectual property of Professor Brandi R.
Shepard. These materials are made available solely for the educational
purposes of Anne Arundel Community College and for students enrolled in
courses through the Department of Architecture and Interior Design. These
materials are protected by U.S. Copyright law and shall not be reproduced or
transmitted electronically, or altered or revised without the expressed written
permission of the author. No copies or printouts of this PowerPoint
presentation are available for use. Closed-caption of AACC presented
audio/video materials will be made available upon request.
ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
79. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Modular system
Larger unit than brick
Dimensions related to
modular brick
Wide variety of size and
color
Lower labor cost than brick
Also called concrete block
& cinder block
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
80. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Additional admixtures
Cinders
Pumice
Lightweight aggregates
Several shapes & forms
available
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
81. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Units that are precast from steel
molds
Portland cement
Fine aggregate
Crushed stone or gravel
Water
Types of CMU
Hollow concrete block
Solid concrete block
Concrete brick
Split-face block
84. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Nominal Size
8 inches high x 16 inches long
(standardized)
Only depth (thickness) changes
4”, 6”, 8” (most common), 10”, 12”
Actual size
3/8” less than nominal size in each
direction
HEIGHT - 7 5/8”; LENGTH 15 5/8
Compensating for mortar joint
HEIGHT - 8” = 3 COURSES OF BRICK
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
86. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Hollow Core CMU
Allow for insertion of reinforcing steel &
grout
Cores - conducive for reinforcement
Increases load bearing, resist cracking
Widely used in construction
Easily laid for wall construction
More economical
Larger size - less to lay for same area
Lay similar to brick
Used as a backup wythe for brick or
stone masonry
Accepts plaster, stucco, tile
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
TYPES
100. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Zero-slump (dry) concrete mix formed in molds
to desired shape
Mold removed immediately
Green units stacked and cured for 24 hours in
warm, supersaturated air
Stored in yard until shipped
102. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
DETAILED PROCESS:
Raw materials are delivered to plant
Materials are weighted and mixed
Batch is molded into units
Concrete is settled by vibration & pressure
1000 units produced per hour
Molded (green) units are placed on steel curing
racks
Done manually or with automated rack loader
Units are stable, but can be broken by hand
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
103. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Units are cured
Low-pressure Steam Curing
Done in a kiln
Rapid strength gain in units
Very common practice
High Pressure Steam Curing
Done under pressure 125 and 150 psi
Expensive, not widely used
Units are “cubed”, banded & delivered
Stacked 6 layers of 15 to 18 blocks
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
105. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Construction of a reinforced CMU wall laying block a two-handed operation
LAYING THE WALL
106. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Laying a masonry wall is same for
either brick or CMU, with some
differences.
Concrete masonry is often
reinforced
Increases bearing capacity
Resist to cracking under loading
Horizontal & vertical reinforcing
Cells are filled with grout
LAYING THE WALL
118. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
HISTORY OF STONE
The “original” building material
Used as tools in early times (before Black &
Decker)
One of the hardest minerals on the planet
Earliest stone masonry were chiseled and
cut to form uniform units
121. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
QUARRYING/MILLING OF
STONE
Cut into Blocks
CHAIN SAWS, BELT SAWS w/ DIAMOND BLADES
HARDER STONES (GRANITE) DRILL & BLAST
Sawn into Slabs (THICKNESS DEPENDS ON
STONE)
GRANITE - 3/8 to 3/4
MARBLE - 3/4 & UP
LIMESTONE - 2” & UP
Slabs fabricated to desired size and
finish
122. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
QUARRYING/MILLING OF
STONE
Cost-Varies ($35 -100/sf)
Lead Time
SELECT QUARRY & STONE BLOCKS
SHOP DRAWINGS
CUT, POLISH, etc.
SHIP & CUSTOMS
2-4 MONTHS
128. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
TYPES OF
ROCK
Igneous (Magmatic)
Rock deposited in a molted state & cooled
Strongest and most dense stone, weathers
slowly
Granular
Fusion of feldspar, quartz and mica
Color varies with composition of minerals
Takes a good polish
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTAR
Y
METAMORPHIC
129. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Sedimentary
Rock deposited by glacial action of water and
wind
Formed under water
Reacts with acids causing stains
Softer than marble or granite
Relatively easy to quarry, saw and shape
Reacts with acids causing stains
Does not take a polished finish
TYPES OF
ROCKIGNEOUS
SEDIMENTAR
Y
METAMORPHIC
130. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Metamorphic
Igneous or sedimentary rock that has been
transformed by heat & pressure
Softer, more wear & breakage
Stronger and denser than limestone, weaker than
granite
Varied surface appearance: veiny, mottled or
without pattern
Vulnerable to acid attack
TYPES OF
ROCKIGNEOUS
SEDIMENTAR
Y
METAMORPHIC
131. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Composed of mica,
feldspar & quartz
Very hard (strongest
among common stones)
Non-porous, strong,
durable
Colors in black, gray,
purple, blue, green & red
Quarried in VT, VA, NY &
PA
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCK
GRANITE
132. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Surface Textures
POLISHED TO ROUGH
Sources
US - East and Upper
Midwest, Texas
EUROPE (Italy & Spain),
Other
COST (thickness, size, finish)
Primary Uses
EXTERIOR BUILDING
CLADDING
DECORATIVE WALLS &
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCK
GRANITE
143. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
World Financial Center, New YorkGranite & Glass
Cladding
Examples of Stone Masonry
Buildings
144. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Porous: contains
ground water “quartz
sap” that must be
dried out
Can not accept a
polish
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE,
TRAVERTINE
145. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Sandstone
mostly calcium &
magnesium
Brownstone & Bluestone
Quarried in NY, OH, PA
Travertine
looks like marble but is richly
pattern limestone
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE,
TRAVERTINE
146. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Limestone
Composed of calcium &
magnesium
(calcium carbonate)
Porous, relatively weak
absorbs water
cut in thicker slabs
Fine grain
Sometimes possesses
fossil materials (little
shells)
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE,
TRAVERTINE
147. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Color Range
WHITE TO GRAY
BUFF TO IRON OXIDE
WHITE TO GRAY
BUFF TO IRON OXIDE
Surface Textures
ROUGH
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE,
TRAVERTINE
Sources
MISSOURI
INDIANA
EUROPE
Primary Uses
EXTERIOR CLADDING
DECORATIVE WALLS
(NOT FLOORS)
153. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Examples of Stone Masonry
BuildingsEast Wing of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC limestone
154. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Examples of Stone Masonry
BuildingsEast Wing of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC limestone
155. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
The Getty Center Museum, Los
Angeles
Split-face travertine
Examples of Stone Masonry
Buildings
156. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Re-crystallized form of
limestone
Easily carved and polished
Colors in white, black
Quarried in AL, TN, VT,
GA, MO & Canada
TYPES OF METAMOPHIC
ROCK
MARBLE, SLATE
157. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Granular aggregate of crystals
Calcite and dolomite
The “veins” are a product of sediment differences
in color and size of the crystals
Can be polished to a high gloss
Comes in several different color combinations
Quarried in the Mediterranean basin
Italy, Greece, Turkey and Spain
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCK
MARBLE
162. Exterior Application: Marble
Intricate exterior marble and mosaic stone archway outside of Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco.
Marble columns supporting the pediment of the Memorial Amphitheater, Arlington National Cemetery
163. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Fine-grained and flakey stone
But very tough and dense
Weather tolerant
Is not effected by changing freeze-thaw temps; will not warp or
delaminate
Color is commonly muted grays and greens
quarried in England and Wales
Reds and purple slates are unusual colors
Mined in Slate Valley in Vermont & New York
Most common applications are floors and roofs
Also used for countertops, stair treads, fireplace surround & wall
cladding
Exterior applications include signs, plates, memorials, pavers
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCK
SLATE
170. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Bond Patterns in Stone
Masonry
RUBBLE
Random non-rectilinear shapes
Rounded, river-washed stones
Laid like brick, mason must carefully select stone
pieces
Can be laid RANDOM
171. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Bond Patterns in Stone
Masonry
RUBBLE
Random non-rectilinear shapes
Rounded, river-washed stones
Laid like brick, mason must carefully select stone
pieces
Can be laid RANDOM
or COURSED
173. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Bond Patterns in Stone
Masonry
ASHLAR
Rectilinear shapes with continuous horizontal mortar joints
Rounded, river-washed stones
Very similar to brickwork
Mortar joints are raked to prevent uneven settlement
Can be laid RANDOM
174. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Bond Patterns in Stone
Masonry
ASHLAR
Rectilinear shapes with continuous horizontal mortar joints
Rounded, river-washed stones
Very similar to brickwork
Mortar joints are raked to prevent uneven settlement
Can be laid RANDOMor COURSED
175. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Similarities:
Both stacked
Mortar Joints
Differences:
Shape:
Brick is molded
Stone is Cut and Carved
Physical Properties:
Brick is made/controlled
Stone is provided by nature
INSTALLATION
STONE vs BRICK
176. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Laid in Mortar
(like bricks)
OR
Mechanically
fastened in large
sheets to a support
system
INSTALLATION
STONE vs BRICK
179. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
SUSTAINABILITY of
MASONRY MATERIALS
Local production
Reusability
Recyclability
No VOC emissions
Thermal mass can be used to conserve
energy
Mining raw materials causes soil erosion
and habitat loss
Quarry pits can be reclaimed as lakes
180. ACH 122-Construction Technology 2
Resources
Stone Sampler
By: Studio Marmo (Text by Marco Campagna)
Publisher: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003
Stone Style
By: Michael Reis and Jennifer Adams
Publisher: Gibbs Smith, 2002
In Chapter 25, review section on Glass Masonry Units
(GMU)
Editor's Notes
Provides for “full” bearing MASONRY UNITS IRREGULAR “ CUSHIONS” FULL BEARING Seals between masonry units WATER WIND Adheres / bonds masonry units STRUCTURAL BOND Aesthetics USUALLY 20% OF SURFACE IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION GENERALY “ MOCKUP” ARCHITECT / OWNER APP’L PRIOR TO THE START OF MASONRY
Pre-packaged COMES IN BAGS MIX WITH SAND AND WATER Color range ALMOST ANY COLOR GREYS MOST COMMON Testing / Specifications ASTM - SPECIFIES Curing CURES BY HYDRATION - CHEMICAL REACTION NOT “DRYING” “ Shelf” life MIX AS NEEDED < 90 MINIUTE - CAN RETEMPER > 2 1/2 HOURS - DISCARD
REFER TO PAGE 269 Course HORIZONTAL LAYER OF MASONRY UNITS Head & Bed Joints Wythe VERTICAL LAYER OF UNITS - ONE UNIT THICK Stretcher FACE PARALLEL TO WALL LONG DIMENSION HORIZONTAL Header LAID TO BOND TWO WYTHES TOGETHER Soldier LAID ON ITS END FACE PARALLEL TO WALL USES- VISUAL EFFECT Rowlock LAID ON ITS FACE END VISIBLE USES - CAPS, SILLS SLIDE 4280-3
Molding process EXTRUSION PRESSED MOLDED (HAND OR MACHINE) Color BASED ON CLAY COMPOSITION ADDITIVES / CHEMICALS FIRING PROCESS Size APPEARANCE, COST TO INSTALL Grade RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING THREE GRADES Type BASED ON THE DEGREE OF UNIFORMITY OF SHAPE DIMENSION TEXTURE COLOR HIGH UNIFORMITY TO NON-UNIFORM
No “standard” size SOME “COMMON” BRICK SIZES “ Normal” coursing - 3 bricks = 8” MATCH CMU COURSING Larger sizes MORE ECONOMICAL TO LAY HIGHER STRENGTH BUT - CHANGE WALL APPEARANCE Custom Shapes & Colors AVAILABLE - BUT LEAD TIME COST
Structural Bonds USE “HEADER” TO TIE WALL TOGETHER Cavity (Veneer) Walls BRICK DOES NOT PROVIDE STUCTURAL SUPPORT BRICK IS FOR Appearance & EXTERIOR Barrier DON’T NEED HEADERS - INFACT WOULD BE IN THE WAY OF CAVITY HEREFORE Commonly USE - Running bond Stacked bond
Structural Bonds USE “HEADER” TO TIE WALL TOGETHER Cavity (Veneer) Walls BRICK DOES NOT PROVIDE STUCTURAL SUPPORT BRICK IS FOR Appearance & EXTERIOR Barrier DON’T NEED HEADERS - INFACT WOULD BE IN THE WAY OF CAVITY HEREFORE Commonly USE - Running bond Stacked bond
Layout & Leads ESTABLISH “LINE” & “ELEVATION” LEADS - ESTABLISH WALL PLANE & COURSE HEIGHT OFTEN - CORNERS Line LITERALLY - STRETCH A LINE & LAY BRICK / BLOCK TO IT Staging HEAVY MATERIAL Difficult to USE LADDERS - NEED STAGING ESTABLISHING A WORK PLATFORM” SCAFOLD BUILT IN PLACE, ADJUSTABLE SCAFOLD, AUTOMATED SCAFOLDING Cutting Masonry HAMMER, DIAMOND BLADE (H2O COOLED) EXPENSIVE, - DESIGN ATTEMPTS TO Minimize Cleaning Masonry BRUSHED & ACID CLEANED (PROTECTION OF OTHER SURFACES)