Research Essay Structure

Dna Research Paper
The discovery of DNA began in 1928 when the British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith was
performing an experiment with mice based on pneumococcus, a bacterium that causes pneumonia in
humans. This bacterium has a capsule made of polysaccharides that has a shiny and smooth
appearance, called s–strain. There are mutants of s–strain that do not produce this capsule and form a
rough–looking colony called r–strain. Griffith discovered that this mutant did not kill the mice, but if
pneumococcus R was mixed with pneumococcus S, the mice would die; this shows that the s–strain
contained something capable of transforming R bacteria into pathogens.
Oswald Avery with his colleagues Collin Macleod and Maclin McCarty began to separate the S
bacteria...show more content...
At the 1950s Rosalind Franklin was the first woman to obtain an excellent DNA photography using
x–ray diffraction. With this photograph she was able to deduce the distribution and distance of the
atoms that make up the DNA. Then Janes Watson and Francis Crick had in mind several models of
the DNA molecule, but having no type of description they did not know which model was the
correct one; The photograph of Franklin was key for Watson and Crick to conclude that the DNA
model should have a double helix structure, they also calculated the exact distances between the
atoms and the chains that make up the DNA. This provided answers to many questions about genetics
background.
The DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid it's an acid of the nucleus of the cells, where the genetic
information is found, it is used in the development and functioning of any living organism and of
some viruses. This molecule is responsible for storing information, DNA can be compared as a
plan, a code or a recipe, because it contains the instructions needed to build cells and their
components, such as proteins and RNA molecules.
The DNA molecule is a double chain of nucleotides that can be divided into ВЁbytesВЁ of
information, that we call genes, and each of these genes come together to create a specific protein.
These proteins are those that
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Essay about Organizational Structures
Introduction
McShane and Von Glinow state that "the best organizational structure depends on the organization's
external environment, size, technology, and strategy" (409). To identify the best organizational
structure for ProtegГ© Engineering, I will first determine what 'Organizational Structure' means. In
a second step I will analyze its elements and carve out the important components for the considered
organization. Finally I will provide a conclusion and recommendation. Organizational Structures
In general, organizational structure is related to the way that an organization organizes employees
and jobs, so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. McShane and Von Glinow
define 'Organizational Structure' in...show more content...
We can admit that informal communication is necessary in no routine and ambiguous situations
because employees can exchange large volume of information through face–to–face communication
and other media–rich channels. Therefore informal communication is important for ProtegГ©
Engineering because their work involve new and novel situations when developing specific solutions
for each client. Even if informal communication is difficult in large firms it can be possible when
keeping each production site small (McShane and Von Glinow 388). Now, that we identified what
organizational structure means, and that informal communication is necessary for ProtegГ©
Engineering, we need some more information of how structures differ from each other. McShane and
Von Glinow state that "every company is configured in terms of four basic elements of
organizational structure"; namely: span of control, centralization, formalization, and
departmentalization (390). Further on, I will explain these four elements and carve out what this
means for ProtegГ© Engineering.
The span of control "refers to the number of people directly reporting to the next level hierarchy"
(McShane and Von Glinow 390). Today's research found out that a wider span of control (many
employee directly reporting to the management) is more appropriate especially for companies with
staff members that coordinate their work mainly through standardized skills and do not

Research Methods Essay
Quantitative and Qualitative are said to be systematic in different design. Both design have to follow
a process system that involved defining a principle of research.
General speaking, quantitative research is thought to be objective, however qualitative research
often involves a subjective element. There are differences designs in qualitative research in
comparison to quantitative research. Qualitative research involves words, pictures, or objects;
Quantitative involves data in the form of numbers and statistics.
However, the researcher uses in–depth interviews in qualitative research to find out how the subjects
view their world. In quantitative research the researcher uses precise measurement to predict
hypotheses. Whereas,...show more content...
Qualitative research is conducted in a natural setting and attempts to understand a human problem
by developing a holistic narrative and reporting detailed views of informants about the culture of a
problem. It forms a report with pictures and words. One of the most important distinctions that sets
qualitative research apart from more traditional types of research is that qualitative research is
holistic in that researchers study phenomena in their entirety rather than narrowing the focus to
specific defined variables" (p. 93). Similarly, Cresswell (1984) indicated that qualitative research
"is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a
holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a
natural setting" (p. 2). Cresswell's definition clearly delineates the major characteristics of qualitative
research. Pg. 50 (Smith & Davis, 2010). Pg. 51 (Smith & Davis, 2010). "How do researchers
evaluate trustworthiness?" Guba and Lincoln (1994) proposed that trustworthiness could be judged
by the following criteria: conformability, dependability, credibility, and transferability.
For Example, Qualitative researchers use conformability, dependability, credibility, and
transferability to evaluate the trustworthiness of a qualitative research report. In order to prevent
researcher bias they can have other researchers point out

Educational Research
"Educational research is a structured scientific inquiry into an educational question that provides an
answer contributing toward increasing the body of generalizable knowledge about educational
concerns" (Hopkins C. A., 1990, pp. 23–24) So when asked, why us educational research the answer
is clear. We need and do educational research to provide answers and to contribute more knowledge
about our educational concerns. Our text book for this class suggests six reasons for the importance
of educational research: Educators are constantly trying to understand educational processes and
must make professional decisions. Noneducational policy groups, such as state and federal
legislatures and courts, have increasingly mandated...show more content...
Also because it is public the types of questions and research done are limited. One must be careful,
depending on the community not to be offensive or invasive. Program Variability: We have a huge
variety of programs in education which makes it difficult to compare apples to oranges so to speak.
Diversity: The diversity in our population puts yet another constraint on educational research. We
have a diverse population in language, culture, religion, academic preparation and ties to the
homeland. Complexity of research problems: When we are doing educational research we have a
wide variety of variables. We have students, teachers, administrators, parents and other members of
the community. Methodological difficulties: Lastly, because educational research deals mainly with
human beings and we are very complex in our thinking as well as our problem solving skills it is
difficult to find a way to measure validly. Quantitative Research Designs: *Experimental research
*design: In an experimental design the researcher manipulates what the subjects will experience.
This means that the researcher has some control over what the subjects' experience. A true
experimental design is when there are random assignments of subjects to different groups. This
differs from quasi–experimental because in

Methodology of Research Essay examples
Methodology of Research
The method that I will be using to research my area of sociology will be a
structured questionnaire, it will be structured so that the candidates stick to the
questions that they are asked and do not write about irrelevant matters. I will first of
all produce a pilot questionnaire and send it round to a test group of people, and
hopefully see whether or not I am able to obtain the relevant information that I need
for my research with the questions that I have asked my targeted group of people. If
the questionnaire provides me with my needed information, I will the produce more
and send them out to a larger sample of people and obtain my...show more content...
Also using a questionnaire is a quick way to
obtain information and can cover a wide area of matters with just a few questions,
whereas if I had used an interview as my method it would of taken a much longer
amount of time and I might of not been able to get the answers that I needed out of
my candidates. Another bonus of using a questionnaire, would be that once I have
received all of the information I will be able to put my findings into the relevant
tables, and then I will be able to compare my findings to the secondary data that I
have gathered with and will be able to do this with ease.
Because I am establishing the role of women within working class households and the
effect that their roles have had on their families way of life. I need to be able to define
what I class as a working class household; which in my view is a family with either a
mum or a dad or both that goes out to work and then comes home to look after that

home and the family. Therefore I have asked questions to determine who in the
household goes out to work and the sort of jobs that they do around the home. By
asking these questions I feel that I will be able to differentiate between upper, lower
and middle class households and therefore gather the information that I

Structure and Agency Essay
Structure and agency are two theoretical terms used to explain the capacity at which we as people
are able to be individuals, and to what extent those influences limit our individuality. Structure refers
to the ways in which a society is organized. Agency refers to the behaviors and actions of the
individuals within the social structure. Agency is limited by the structure due to cultural barriers and
inequalities within the structure. In this essay, I will present an overview of why critical theorists
are concerned with those inequalities, and I will further identify the problems within the system
contributing to the unequal access to the public sphere, relating specifically to class and gender
inequalities. Society is highly...show more content...
As Habermas puts it "the relationship of the individual to the state has increasingly become one of
client or consumer services, rather than citizen" (Roberts & Crossley, 5). Due to the limited agency
(citizens' roles) within this sphere, we can conclude that the ongoing competition and negotiation
for a role in the public sphere ends with strictly dominant views. In such a monarchy, ordinary
citizens such as lower classes and women have limited input when debating politics among other
things. The ideal of a place where all opinions are counted, so to speak, fails to provide a sense of
individual identity. This is due to the fact that it is pre–destined by the state itself and then turned
back to the people– telling them what they will think about particular issues; shown especially
through the controlling lens of the media. According to Marx, those who have power over society
exert their control as a result of economic power and therefore determine the dominant ideologies
within the superstructure model. Being the greater economical and cultural barrier, the structure
provides the social world with norms, rules and beliefs pertaining to age, gender, class and one's
cultural identity. Within that structure it becomes apparent that inequalities restrict your agency in
terms of nationality, geographical location, class etc. In agreement with Marx, the dominant views
are generally the views of the superior class; the elite. One example

Sampling Methods Essay
Sampling is the framework on which any form of research is carried out. A suitable sample that
meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria of a research design must be chosen from a given
population to carry out studies. In this essay comparison is made between stratified random
sampling and convenience sampling. The population on which the researcher is interested in
carrying out his or her research may be too large, therefore a suitable sample which can represent the
population in correct proportion must be chosen. Restraints such as limitation of time, resources and
many other factors necessitate the selection of a sample for research purpose so that better quality
data is obtained from it and that the researcher can make statement about...show more content...
The methodological strength and weaknesses of this two sampling methods is discussed in terms of
identifying the samples for research, the representativeness it possesses to the general population, the
methods and the outcome. Stratified random sampling is a probability sampling where the selection
of sampling unit is left to a random process, all units in the sample has an equal and non–zero
chance of being selected on a probability ground or chance and not on the choice or judgement of
the researcher (Sim,J and Wright,C. 2000,). Convenience sampling is an example of non probability
sampling where the selection of the units is not by chance, rather it is dependent on the researcher's
judgement, the researcher decides the samples to be included in the study which may be subject to
availability, time, individual preferences etc. The probability of selection of a particular sampling
unit may or may not be known. Stratified random sampling is commonly done in quantitative
researches. When the samples reflect the characteristics of the target population in the same
proportion; assumptions can be made on generalizing the data acquired from these samples provided
it has been done correctly, since it is statistically representative (Sim,J and wright,C.,2000) but
sampling error

Research Paper On Pcos
Concept Essay Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome(PCOS) is a disease where cysts form on a woman's
ovaries. Many people don't know or understand what this disease is or how it affects its victims.
People need to get informed about this disease so they can understand the hardships women face
with PCOS. PCOS is a disease in which the hormones of a women's body are out of balance
because cysts form on the ovaries. So, when hormones are affected, the whole body is affected.
PCOS can cause problems with a women's period or make it difficult to get pregnant. PCOS may
also cause unwanted changes to the way these women look. If treated early it can prevent more
serious health conditions. Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome is not fully understood, doctors believe
genetics could play a role in it. Symptoms of PCOS begin gradually. Some of these symptoms
include Menstrual problems, hair loss on scalp or hair growth in uncommon places for women, acne,
oily skin, fertility problems, insulin...show more content...
These kinds of side effects really affect a woman's self–esteem. Hair loss usually occurs on the top
of the head and hair growth happens in many different areas. Hair can abnormally grow in the face,
the back, the toes, and thumbs. When these occur, women get very discouraged about their
appearance. This happens because the cells are secreting the wrong hormones. Instead of giving off
female hormones (estrogen) they are secreting more male hormones (testosterone) than a normal
female. To be a female and have more male hormones than usual is hard for victims. A woman
wants to feel feminine and cute, but that is rather hard with extra hair on your body and less hair on
their head. This is one of the main reasons women hide this fact about themselves. Again, not
everyone with PCOS has every symptom or side effect. Some women have worse symptoms than

Essay about Structuralism
Structuralism
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th–century social
sciences and humanities; it focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behaviour – it seeks to
analyse social relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures. Structuralism is
distinctly different from that applied to Radcliffe–Brown – it involves more the bio and
psychological aspect of human studies rather than social structures. Claude Levi–Strauss was the one
to pioneer structuralism; he suggested that cultural phenomena such as myths, art, kinship systems
and language display certain ordered patterns or structures. With these, he believed that the structure
of the human mind could be revealed. He reasoned...show more content...
All cultures think in to terms of opposites so as to classify–meaning we must be able to distinguish
between things. For example, life, death; spirit, body; black, white; red, green (stop and go) – these
words alone do not carry much significance; they have a meaning and that's it – basic facts. We take
the words as they are by use of external references from what society acknowledges to it to be. A pen
is not an eraser because society has accepted it to be a pen.
Levi–Strauss argued that culture is to be understood as a surface phenomenon which reveals the
universal human tendency to order and classify experiences and dynamics. He compared people's
language to the 'rules' that govern society, in that the governed are largely unconscious of what they
know. He compared speech – the use of sounds and rules, mainly in the form of sentences to the
ideas and behaviour that result from the application of largely unconscious social rules. Members
of a society are much more likely to be conscious of their actual ideas and behaviours than they are
of the deeply structured rules that make these ideas and behaviours possible, but the ideas and
behaviours of a given group of people, according to Strauss, can only be understood once the "deep"
structures in their minds can be discovered. He says that human responses are largely dissimilar, and
that the surface structure is what will consequently show different

Fundamentals of Research Essay
It has always been human nature to seek answers, find solutions to problems, observe, and bring
awareness of discoveries. This process of inquiry has become more sophisticated and daunting
throughout time. Nevertheless, curiosity and the need to progress remains the same. Many regard
research as gathering information and using facts to support findings (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, pg.
1–2). Nevertheless, Leedy and Ormrod (2010), define research as "a systematic process of collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting information (data) in order to increase our understanding of a
phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned" (Leedy & Ormond, 2010, pg. 2). Nunan's
definition (as cited in Mustafa, 2011), describes research as having a...show more content...
Beyer (1985) describes critical thinking as "evaluating information or arguments in terms of their
accuracy and worth" (as cited in Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, p. 31). For example, music teachers face
the challenge of managing large classes with a variety of learning and behavioral needs. Music
teachers do not have the proper training or resources to support students with disabilities and
depend on other curriculum to plan according to the various learning needs in the class. Another
challenge is optimizing time to plan appropriate music activities for various grade levels, and
musical events in a tight schedule. The research will be based on critical thinking skills that will
focus on the goal, thus finding alternative methods to improve and adapt the music curriculum
(Leedy &Orrod, 2010, pg. 32). Nevertheless, to attain the goal, the researcher needs to have and
design a plan.
The origin of the "subproblems" lead to possible hypotheses. Using class size as an example,
administrators have the freedom to create an instructional schedule in order to support the
instructional needs of the school. Based on the state assessment, schools receive a grade, thus
placing unnecessary stress on the students, teachers and administrators. As a result, schedules are
designed around the core subjects giving language arts and math teachers' instructional support and
common

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