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If memory is required over a short interval, which type of
practice is superior?
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If memory is required over a short interval, which type of practice is superior?
Question 1 options:
Spaced practice
Massed practice
Intermittent practice
Rehearsal practice
SaveQuestion 2 (1 point)
Where long-term retention is concerned, which type of practice is superior?
Question 2 options:
Spaced practice
Massed practice
Intermittent practice
Rehearsal practice
One theory explaining why the distributed-processing effect works states that
the spacing between repetitions facilitates memory by increasing the likelihood
that each occurrence of a repeated item is stored in a different way in memory.
This is called
Question 3 options:

Study-Phase Retrieval Accounts
Deficient-Processing Accounts
Encoding-Variability Accounts
Multiprocess Accounts
Most mnemonic procedures utilize three memory processes. Which of the
follow is NOT one of these?
Question 4 options:
Imaging
Symbolizing
Organizing
Associating
What types of mnemonics are designed to help remember rules, principles, and
procedures?
Question 5 options:
Keyword mnemonics
Peg word mnemonics
Link mnemonics
Process mnemonics

When information comes into one sensory system (e.g., audition) and produces
an effect in another sensory system (e.g., vision), this is called
Question 6 options:
Schizophrenia
The “S mnemonic”
Cross-modal transfer
Synesthesia
According to Ericsson and his colleagues, which of the following is NOT one of
the three general principles for exceptional memory?
Question 7 options:
Source memory encoding
Meaningful encoding
Retrieval structure
Speedup
If a person cannot recall a word, but is able to retrieve some information about
the word (e.g., the first letter, the number of syllables, etc.), this is called the
_____ phenomenon.
Question 8 options:
Pseudo-amnesia
Tip-of-the-tongue

Edge-of-consciousness
Nearly-known
The paradigm wherein a person is asked to judge whether two visually
presented stimuli (e.g., letters or three-dimensional shapes) are identical or
mirror reflections of each other is called
Question 9 options:
Mental scanning
Mental rotation
Imagery effect
Picture superiority effect
The hypothesized existence of separate but interconnected verbal and imaginal
systems is termed
Question 10 options:
Verbal-imagery hypothesis
Memory-retrieval hypothesis
Multiple-processing hypothesis
Dual-coding hypothesis
Pavio’s Dual Coding theory is consistent with which of the following theories?

Baddley and Hitch’s working memory theory
Skinner’s behavioral theory
Craik and Tulvings levels theory
Miller’s magic number theory
Sometimes people get lost when returning from a destination. The environment
looks different coming and going. This can be explained by
Euclidean memory
Survey memory
Orientation dependence
Spatial reference systems
Spatial knowledge is stored in the brain
Hierarchically
Neuronally
Spatially
Intrinsically

Speakers of Western languages tend to preserve _____ spatial relationships
when reproducing a pattern from the opposite side.
Egocentric
Environmental
Isotonic
Bilateral
Recent experiments have shown that _____ perform better than ____ on tasks
that require memory of the locations and identities of objects
Males; females
Females; males
Dogs; cats
Cats; dogs
Recent experiments have shown that _____ perform better than _____ on tasks
that require keeping track of orientation in large-scale environments.
Males; females
Females; males
Dogs; cats

Cats; dogs
When you walk into a classroom and see chairs, desks, and a computer at the
front of the classroom, chances are you will go sit in a chair and face the front
of the classroom while waiting for the class to start, even though you have never
seen this particular classroom. The reason you do this is because you have a
_____ of a classroom.
Category
Concept
Representation
Image
Categories are not as neat and obvious as they seem. Many items are thought to
be either barely part of, or barely not part of, category. These borderline items
illustrate the concept of
Psychological Categories
Almost-there Categories
Borderline Categories
Fuzzy Categories

A category prototype is a(n) _____ member of a category.
Borderline
Incidental
Typical
Atypical
The family resemblance theory would predict that which of the following would
be called to mind most quickly when the category “bird” is primed?
Penguin
Ostrich
Ostrich
Robin
In terms of categorization, people generally have a preference for the _____
level when referring to an object.
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
Nominal

_____ categories are especially difficult for young children to fully acquire.
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
Nominal
Experts in a field often prefer using _____ categories.
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
Nominal
The theory that states that concepts are represented as a set of weighted features
is the
Representativeness theory
Exemplar theory

Prototype theory
Weighted features theory
The theory that states that concepts are represented by many examples is the
Representativeness theory
Exemplar theory
Prototype theory
Weighted features theory
Psychological essentialism tends NOT to apply to which of the following
Animals
Artifacts
Minerals
Plants
Which of the following is an example of the birth of a new language, created by
children?

Haitian Sign Language
Nicaraguan Sign Language
Columbian Sign Language
American Sign Language
When interlocutors share a set of knowledge, this is referred to as
Common ground
Typical features
General knowledge
Common knowledge
More than 90% of conversations occur in groups of ____ individuals or fewer.
6
5
4
3

In language, when one concept reminds us of another related concept, this is
called
Priming
Associating
Relating
Connecting
When naturally occurring conversations are observed, about _____ % turns out
to be gossip.
20
40
60
80
Stereotypes are part of the _____ people share.
Common ground
Typical features
General knowledge
Common knowledge

Lyubomirsky, Sousa, and Dickerhoof (2006) found that when people write and
talk about negative past life events, their psychological well-being _____; when
thinking about negative past events, their psychological well-being _____.
Increased; increased
Decreased; decreased
Increased; decreased
Decreased; increased
Language _____ thought.
Determines
Influences
Predicts
Belies
Cultures that often drop the pronoun in sentences tend to be more _____ in
nature.
Pre-lingual

Indigenous
Individualistic
Collectivist
The ability to draw upon several sources of information and use all of these
sources of information to analyze a concept is known as ______.
Working memory
Cognition
Executive function
Information processing
Many things influence our cognitive processes. For example, it has been found
that a person’s _____ influences his/her assessment of his/her medical
symptoms.
Location
Age
Mood
IQ

The way that information is acquired, stored, and analyzed depends on the
content of that information. This is referred to as
Domain specificity
Content specificity
Spatial specificity
Local specificity
People with damage to the ______ cortex often show impaired judgment in the
form of terrible decisions (e.g., bad financial decisions).
Temporal
Occipital
Prefrontal
Parietal
Most IQ tests include a number of different items designed to test distinct
intellectual abilities. Which of the following is not likely to be on an IQ test?
Items testing verbal ability
Items testing visual ability
Items testing auditory abilities
Items testing working memory

IQ tests are a good predictor of
Work performance
Military performance
School performance
Conversational ability
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Sternberg’s “triarchic” theory of
intelligence?
IQ
Analytic
Creative
Practical
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences proposes that there are at least _____
separate abilities.
8

6
4
2
Intelligence is largely determined by ______.
Environment
Genetic makeup
Both environment and genetic makeup
Unknown factors
Human beings try to make rational decisions, but our cognitive limitations
prevent us from being fully rational. This is called
Constraints on rationality
Irrationality
Limited rationality
Bounded rationality
Biases wherein we rely on rules of thumb to make decisions are called

Alternative decisions
Heuristics
Biased Decisions
Flawed reasoning processes
We are influenced by the way a question is worded. This is called
Anchoring
Availability
Representativeness
Framing
Stanovich and West believe that the way we can fix our biases is to use _____
when making big decisions.
System 1
System 2
System 3
System 4

Young babies actively choose to attend more to some things and less to others.
For example, one-month-old babies have a preference for looking at
Women’s faces
Their mother’s face
A breast
Scenery (e.g., mountains)
When cognitive growth in childhood involves qualitative changes, we say that
development is
Continuous
Discontinuous
Orderly
Progressive
When cognitive growth in childhood involves quantitative changes, we say that
development is
Continuous
Discontinuous
Orderly

Progressive
Piaget’s theory was one of _____ change.
Continuous
Discontinuous
Orderly
Progressive
Piaget contended that children _____ months of age and under would not reach
for an object that has been taken away and hidden, because the child does not
remember that the object continues to exist.
11
9
7
5
Children only focus on one dimension of an object (such as only its height,
disregarding its width) when they are in the

Formal operations stage
Concrete operations stage
Preoperational stage
Sensorimotor stage
What is the most probable explanation of the fact that children from low-income
backgrounds lag far behind children from more affluent backgrounds in
mathematical knowledge before kindergarten?
Genetic differences
Lack of nutrition
Lack of exposure to numerical games
Lack of interest in numbers
The theories of aging that highlight the effects of social expectations and the
normative timing of life events and social roles is called
Inter-individual theories
Longitudinal theories
Life span theories
Life course theories

As people age, their _____ fares better than their _____.
Working memory; processing speed
Processing speed; working memory
Recall memory; recognition memory
Recognition memory; recall memory
Older workers tend to develop more efficient strategies and rely on _____ to
compensate for cognitive decline.
Expertise
Friends and relatives
Technology
Working memory
An individual’s perception and evaluation of his/her own aging and
identification with an age group is called
Subjective aging
Age identity
Objective aging

Perceived aging
The idea that the social connections that people accumulate are held together
by exchanges in social support (e.g., tangible and emotional) is called the
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Convoy Model of Social Relations
Social Exchange Theory
Meaningful Connections Theory
Research suggests that global well-being is highest in _____ and _____
adulthood.
Adolescence; Early
Early; middle
Middle; late
Early; late
Evidence from twin studies suggests that genes account for about ____% of the
variance in human life spans.

25
50
75
90

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