German Nationalism

German Nationalism
How the works of Romantic artists and writers did inspire German Nationalism in the 1800s–
1850s?
By Pamela D Silva
History
Revis
Word Count: 2248
Abstract This essay investigates the question, "how the works of Romantic artists and writers did
inspire German Nationalism in the 1800s– 1850s?" The introduction follows with the explanation of
what and how German Nationalism came to be in the country of Germany briefly between the 1800s
and 1850s and how Romanticism came to become a considerable part of the influence in the works
of the German writers and artists who helped shaped German Nationalism. Then the essay continues
in several separated sections: German Nationalism Romantic period, Napoleonic Era, and Post
Napoleonic Era. First ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not until of those who rose up against the negatives and sought of strength and identity for their
country with the assistance of romantic influences. The upbringing of German Nationalism in
Germany during the period of the 1800s and 1850s was brought up by the inspiration from the
Romantic Movement which was procured by the Napoleonic Era that in turn led into Germany.
German philosophers such as Herder held a considerable influence by romantic ideas that his
speeches and works helped inspire his readers felt pride in their country and general German artists
felt free to roam and to pave a way for new inspirations in their own German culture. This sense of
German identity was conjured over the course years and
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The Principles And History Of Phrenology
The Principles and History of Phrenology
Emily Ryhal
Palo Alto University
Abstract
Franz Joseph Gall created the main principles of phrenology, which was the first scientific theory of
brain localization. His theories were based entirely on observation and natural philosophy.
Phrenology was the study of associating an individual's personality characteristics and mental
abilities based on the shape of their skull. It was incomparably influential throughout the first half of
the 19th century thanks to Gall and his many successors. Some of the main tenants of phrenology
were later confirmed by scientific experiments and technology.
The Principles and History of Phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall created the first comprehensive theory of brain localization in 1796. Phrenology
is a pseudoscientific theory that asserts an individual's personality and mental capacities can be
determined by the shape of their skull (Cooter, 1984). "Organology" was the original term that Gall
used to describe his science; it was Gall's follower, T.I.M Forster, who coined the term phrenology
(Van Wyhe, 1999). Gall's contemporary, Joseph Franz Spurzheim, was responsible for the
dissemination of Gall's ideas to the United Kingdom and the United States (Selby, 1993). Gall
inspired many "egotistical" men to promulgate phrenology, and it "attracted such men because of its
promise of superlative intellectual authority with minimal effort" (Van Wyhe, 1999). Phrenology

“Modernity Was an Abstract Belief System, Rooted in the...
The European Enlightenment is the well known era in Western society. The Enlightenment was a
study conducted by the philosopher Immanuel Kant in 1784. Kant's essay addressed the causes of a
lack of enlightenment and the conditions that were necessary to make it possible for people to
enlighten themselves. Kant held it necessary that all church and state to be abolished and people be
given the freedom to use their own intellect. Hobbesian social control theory was a ideological
invention that came about during the pre 1750s. The social control theory is a view that a person's
moral and political obligations are dependent upon a 'contract' or an agreement among that to form a
society in which they live in. However, social contract theory is ... Show more content on
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German philosopher Johann Gottfried von Herder developed an idea of organising organic
nationalism, a form an ethnic nationalism in which states stop its political legitimacy from historical
or hereditary groups. The underlying assumption is that every ethnicity should be politically distinct.
Herder separated people depending on their language. For example, people who spoke the French
language were therefore French people, people who spoke in English language were then known as
English people. Herder is regarded as being the 'father of nationalism'. Fascism is a governmental
system led by a dictator having complete power, and forcefully suppressing opposition and
criticism, and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism. An example of a Fascism
situation is when Hitler came into power in 1933. He rose to power promising jobs for unemployed
citizens in the war–torn country. He blamed Jews for Germany's economic issues. This lead to his
slaughter of 6 million Jews in concentration camps. His invasion of Poland also sparked WWII in
which millions more were killed in the conflict which lasted from 1939–1945. The symbolic
interaction theory is a major framework of sociological theory. This perspective relies on the
symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction. Although
symbolic interactions trace its origins to Max Weber's assertion that individuals act according to
their interpretation of the meaning of

Essay on Nationalism in German Music During the Early...
Nationalism in German Music During the Early Romantic Period
Until the nineteenth century, music was generally regarded as an international language. Folk music
had always been in place and linked directly with particular regions. On a larger scale though,
European music was a device for expression through the application of Italian techniques and styles.
In other words, its technical vocabulary was Italian, and from the time of the early baroque,
European music, in general, had evolved its styles and technical devices from the developments of
Italian composers. Furthermore, court opera was nearly always performed in Italian, whether in
Dresden or in London, no matter who composed it or where it was performed. For example, ... Show
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Sonatas written a few years later are designated for the Hammerklavier and not for the pianoforte,
Italian for piano. Such subtle changes in traditional composition direction foreshadowed ever–
increasing tendencies toward German nationalistic ideas in music. As Henry Raynor puts it, "the
Napoleonic invasions which turned Beethoven from a simple revolutionary into a patriotic Austrian
revolutionary seem to have made him feel that his own language was a perfectly satisfactory way of
telling pianists how he wanted his music played." These early feelings of nationalism, if not just for
Beethoven, stemmed from the years of unity under the auspices of Napoleon's Empire, which gave a
considerable portion of central Europe reason to realize their collective similarities. This large area
shared a common language and historical legacy. Traditions were similar as were aspirations.
Indeed, "...the complex that was to become the German Empire presented a more or less
homogeneous state, united by language and culture but forced by political organization into political
disunity..." Nonetheless, the idea of German unity had surfaced years earlier, long before the
revolutionary borders of Central Europe were rationalized by Napoleon and before Beethoven's use
of German vocabulary for instruction in his music. The prominent German Enlightenment thinkers
Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann Gottlieb Fichte had espoused that

Causes And Effects Of The Haitian Revolution And The...
The Haitian Revolution, Nationalism, and the Industrial Revolution
A
There were many causes and effects of the Haitian Revolution. One of the main causes was that
most of Haiti's citizens were enslaved Africans. Most of these slaves worked in harsh conditions on
a sugar plantation where the death rate was high. The Haitian slaves were subjected to
dehumanization and severe violence. (Acrobatiq, 2017)
The Haitian Revolution began as a branch of the French Revolution. The beginning of the Haitian
Revolution was started by the Bourgeoisie–or petit blancs and gens de couleur– who were
advocating for political rights and equality from the grand blancs or aristocrats after the Estate
General in 1789 France. The French National Assembly granted political rights to the gens de
couleur or people of color, which in turn made the grand blancs and white middle class oppose the
decision, which convinced the free mixed people and Africans to rebel. The torturous murder of a
free man of color, Vincent Oge in 1791, caused the National Assembly to grant rights to a little
group of free people of color which was met by opposition from whites. (Acrobatiq, 2017)
There were many effects of the Haitian Revolution. Slaves of the French colonies were declared free
by the National Convention in 1791, and men were declared equal by law. Under the new Republic,
slave owners wanted compensation for their financial burden of losing slaves. This Revolution
ended the plantation complex as it was in the early modern world. The Haitians were able to form
the black republic and get out from underneath France's control. After the Haitian Revolution, many
nations were slave–free and investors considered imperialism rather than slaves in hope of getting
control of foreign markets and laborers. The freedom that the Haitians won made slave–owners in
the United States worried about losing control of their slaves. (Acrobatiq, 2017)
B
Nationalism is a political ideology, where the people within a nation are loyal and devoted to that
nation. This can mean that the residents share a common language, religion, culture, and possibly
ethnic and racial backgrounds. Nationalism demanded a love for the nation and loyalty that
surpassed the love and

Tupac
There are many conspiracy theories concerning the life and death of Tupac Shakur. Tupac Amaru
Shakur was an American rapper and actor. Tupac was born New York, New York, United States on
16 June 1971. His birth name was Lesane Parish Crooks. Tupac was killed on September 13, 1996,
in Las Vegas, Nevada. There have been many different stories about his death. People say he is still
alive and then people said he is dead. There have also been people saying his death was caused
because of his music and the Illuminati killed him. Various conspiracy theorists throughout the
public believe that the Illuminati killed Tupac because he was exposing them and also not promoting
the ideals that they desired. The ways Tupac exposed the Illuminati was ... Show more content on
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(Illuminati History) Originally Weishaupt had planned the order to be named the "Perfectibilists".
The group has also been called the Bavarian Illuminati and its ideology has been called
"Illuminism". Many influential intellectuals and progressive politicians counted themselves as
members, including Ferdinand of Brunswick and the diplomat Xavier von Zwack, the second–in–
command of the order. The order had branches in most European countries: it reportedly had around
2,000 members over the span of ten years. It attracted literary men such as Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe and Johann Gottfried Herder and the reigning dukes of Gotha and Weimar. In 1777 Karl
Theodor became ruler of Bavaria. He was a proponent of Enlightened Despotism and his
government banned all secret societies including the Illuminati. Internal rupture and panic over
succession preceded its downfall, which was affected by the Secular Edict made by the Bavarian
government.] The March 2, 1785 edict "seems to have been deathblow to the Illuminati in Bavaria."
Weishaupt had fled and documents and internal correspondences, seized in 1786 and 1787, were
subsequently published by the government in 1787. Von Zwack's home was searched to disclose
much of the group's literature. There are also theories about Tupac faking his death, and he is still
alive. The 7 Day Theory is an idea

Essays on Vehicular Pollution
Romanticism If the Enlightenment was a movement which started among a tiny elite and slowly
spread to make its influence felt throughout society, Romanticism was more widespread both in its
origins and influence. No other intellectual/artistic movement has had comparable variety, reach,
and staying power since the end of the Middle Ages. Beginning in Germany and England in the
1770s, by the 1820s it had swept through Europe, conquering at last even its most stubborn foe, the
French. It traveled quickly to the Western Hemisphere, and in its musical form has triumphed
around the globe, so that from London to Boston to Mexico City to Tokyo to Vladivostok to Oslo,
the most popular orchestral music in the world is that of the romantic era. ... Show more content on
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It is not clear that we have gained so much by prizing in our modern literature attitudes of cynicism,
detachment, and ruthlessness. Of all the emotions celebrated by the Romantics, the most popular
was love. Although the great Romantic works often center on terror or rage, the motive force behind
these passions is most often a relationship between a pair of lovers. In the classical world love had
been more or less identical with sex, the Romans treating it in a particularly cynical manner. The
Medieval troubadours had celebrated courtly adultery according to a highly artificial code that little
reflected the lives of real men and women while agreeing with physicians that romantic passion was
a potentially fatal disease. It was the romantics who first celebrated romantic love as the natural
birthright of every human being, the most exalted of human sentiments, and the necessary
foundation of a successful marriage. Whether or not one agrees that this change of attitude was a
wise one, it must be admitted to have been one of the most influential in the history of the world.
This is not the place to trace the long and complex history of how the transcendent, irrational, self–
destructive passion of a Romeo and Juliet came to be considered the birthright of every European
citizen; but this conviction which continues to shape much of our thinking about relationships,
marriage, and the family found its mature form during the Romantic age. So thoroughly has love
become

Characters In Der Erlk�nig
Der Erlkönig
Franz Schubert's Der Erlkönig is the most famous adaptation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's
poem. The story of the Erlkönig is based on the traditional Danish medieval ballad Elveskud,
Goethe's version was inspired by a translation done by Johann Gottfried Herder (1778). The
characterization in the Lied has been subject to criticism and research from the moment it came to
be. The song has been analyzed in a variety of ways including: harmonic, emotional, and
psychological. The Art Song "Der Erlkönig" was known to have four characters, when in reality, it
has five characters: horse, narrator, father, child, and the Elf–king. The title of the poem was said to
be a mistranslation of the Danish ellerknoge, but it was Herder who invented the word and set it in
his Erlkönigs Tochter (1779). Through careful combination of music and poetry, we can see how
Schubert uses emotions within the characters in Der Erlkönig. Der Erlkönig follows the narrator
telling the story of a father with his child, who are traveling to a safe place, because the child is sick
and dying. In his delirium, the child sees the Elf–king who usually takes dying children, teasing the
child into going with him to the afterlife. The child in fear tells the father what he sees, to which his
father dismisses until the end. At the end, the Elf–king takes the child and when the father gets to the
safe place, he finds his child has passed away. The poem goes as follows (with translation):
N– Narrator

Exclusion As A Form Of Control
Exclusion as a form of control is contingent upon the belief what you are excluding is the problem.
Usually however, what is being excluded, like a criminal, is the symptom of a much bigger problem
(a failing education system, poverty...etc). Additionally, the idea that a human can be "fixed" in a
psychiatric facility is also contingent on there being one source and one problem that can be
identified and dealt with. Humans are complex, and we can't assume to know how effecting one part
will effect the whole. Again, complexity is disregarded for the sake of the image that is at stake. The
image in this case, is a safe and civilized community. Criminals threaten to disrupt the boundaries
we have put in place in society. By breaking laws or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is obviously unrealistic, but that doesn't stop us from trying. Disease is part of nature, and on an
environmental level it is a natural form of population control. There is a sort of ignorant arrogance
that comes with being a human in society. We don't try and live in harmony with nature, and accept
death from disease as a natural process, rather we fight nature and do our best to outsmart it through
inventions like antibiotics. We use nature to our advantage when it is convenient, but we disregard it
when it threatens our structures and rules. In contrast, it is worth noting that war, which also
contributes to premature death and goes against society's ideals is not nearly as obsessed upon.
There is no "war awareness month" like there is a "breast cancer awareness month." The reason for
this is because war is much more complex and a product of our own boundaries. Yes, we say things
like "war is bad" or "terrorists are evil" but it is exactly that kind of dichotomous thinking that
perpetuates the violence. Actually eliminating war would mean shifting the way we interact with
each other in the world. It would mean not simplifying people to good and bad, but accepting
everyone with their differences. We created war, and it's a product of the divisive boundaries we set
for ourselves in society. Instead of eliminating the boundary we act in ways that give

The Middle Ages : The Beginning Of The Renaissance And...
Middle Ages o The Middle Ages, also known as the Medieval Period, lasted from the 5th century to
the 15th. The Middle Ages began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the
Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is divided into three different groups:
early, high and late middle ages. In the Early Middle Ages, around the 5th century, emperors were
often controlled by military. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled
the politics that was left empty by the Roman government. A rise of Islam also came about in the
Early Middle Ages. Migrations and invasion of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted the trade
networks the surrounded the Mediterranean. Goods from long–range trade was replaced with local
products, which was a trend throughout old Rome. During the High Middle Ages, there was a huge
expansion of the population. The estimated population went from 35 to 80 million. While the high
Middle Ages were good, the first few years if the Late Middle Ages were marked by famines,
including the Great Famine of 1315–17.
Italian Renaissance o The Italian Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement
in Italy, beginning in the 14th century and ending in the 17th. Northern Italy and upper Central Italy
were divide into a number of warring city–states. The beginning of the Renaissance saw nearly
constant warfare on land and sea. The Italian Renaissance had a great affect, yet as a cultural
movement,

Essay On Comparative Literature
Even though Comparative literature is established as a discipline very recently, we could trace its
origin from time immemorial. It is almost impossible to speak about a text without mentioning
another. In The Preface to Shakespeare, as Dr. Johnson expresses "without the knowledge of many
mountains, and many rivers; so in the productions of genius, nothing can be styled excellent till it
has been compared with other works of the same kind." Comparative literature deals with all the
elements with which the literary text interacts without any confinement. It studies the interactions of
a literary text with other texts from other cultures, from other national literatures, from other times,
from other spaces. In this respect, it is open and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, we, first start reading the text and then we arrive at comparison. We start comparing that
text with another that has similarities and dissimilarities. Comparative Literature which included the
consideration of more than one literature was in circulation in Europe in the nineteenth century.
Comparative Literature is different from national literature, general literature and world literature. It
was begun as "Literature Compare" in 1860 in Germany. And Comparative literature got recognition
as a study in 1897. In 1848, Matthew Arnold had used this term "Comparative Literature "for the
first time in English. He defines this term. He

Nationalism : Romanticism And Outcomes Of The French...
The nineteenth century was heavily influenced by the outcomes of the French Revolution.
Romanticism being one of the outcomes of the revolution helped construct and reorganize four of
the main political movements of the nineteenth century. Romanticism is defined as, "reaction against
Classicism and the Enlightenment (doesn't think in terms of rationality, balance, or order, does think
in terms of the individual having both agency and spiritual weight)." Romanticism heavily
influenced nationalism and contributed some aspects to socialism in the reconstruction of Europe's
social framework. Romanticism played a substantial role in nationalism in that it focused on the
people, their culture and not on what was dictated by the Congress of Vienna. Nationalism is defined
by Dr. Menninger as, "new way of thinking about identity of countries and individuals." Correlating
with romanticism in that it believed in the rights of the individual, and nationalism defined the
whole country as one identity. As shown, "The desire to express that uniqueness in independence
and national sovereignty was linked to the Romantic emphasis on personal expression." Nationalism
peered back in time and extracted the culture of one's ancestors and placed them in the nineteenth
century. For example, "Each separate nation, he [Johann Gottfried von Herder] argued, had its own
distinct personality, its Volksgeist, or "folk spirit," and its own pattern of growth." Which became
the whole basis for

The Age Of Enlightenment That The Universe
Opposing the core idea of the Age of Enlightenment that the universe is a mechanism in which man
is just its cog, Romanticism envisioned humans as part of divine creation. German philosophers and
writers such as Goethe and Schiller, and other members of the German literary movement of the
18th century, Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress), focused on human emotions, senses, and
intuition in their poetry and prose, thus forming the foundation of a new aesthetic and philosophic
movement. As a continuation of this new approach to the world, Romanticism developed a theme of
the sublime – a complex idea that envisages God and nature as equal facets of creation. Although its
manifestation is inconceivable for a mind, its grandeur and power affects soul with awe and terror.
Edmund Burke (1729–1797) pioneered the development of the sublime as a concept in his "A
Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1756)." Burke
identified the effects of beauty as an aesthetic pleasure. Sublime is different from beauty, he argued,
because it provokes passion, fear, power, obscurity, pain, suddenness, and danger as effects. Burke
pointed to specific components of the sublime such as vastness, infinity, and the magnitude of
buildings. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), in analyzing Burke's concept, argued that an object or
phenomenon cannot be sublime. "The wide ocean disturbed by the storm cannot be sublime. Its
aspect is horrible." According to Kant,

Nationalism In Australia Essay
Nationalism can be both positively and negatively influential when shaping a view of the world. It
excludes and includes, builds and tears down nations and creates and breaks relations with other
nations. Nationalism is a constant issue throughout history and is more identifiable today than
previously. The most common examples of Nationalism generally refer to the negative
representations such as demonstrations against immigration or politicians arguing for the removal or
prevention of immigrants entering into the country. Nationalism whether it is positive or negative is
still relevant in both national and international politics.
Nationalism has existed as long as the idea of a nation has existed. A broad definition of Nationalism
was introduced during the Nineteenth century explained nationalism in which the nation was formed
through "political ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a particular issue at the moment due to the Syrian refugee crisis in Europe and the Asylum
seekers attempting to enter Australia. In particular groups such as the United Patriots Front, Rise Up
Australia party and the One Nation Party all believe in refusing 'illegal immigrants' from entering
Australia, the removal of Multiculturalism, and removal of Islam from Australia. Many of their
protests and movements have resulted in violence or hateful speech in public areas, which they
deemed to be at risk.
An event similar to the goal of these parties to remove Islam from Australia was the 2005 Cronulla
riots, which involved several spouts of violence and mass protest against non–Caucasians in the city
of Cronulla. During the two–day race riot, twenty–six people had been injured as a result. Suring the
riot many slogans were displayed on the shirts of rioters such as "No Lebs" and "Wogs out of
Nulla." The national anthem was sung as a rally cry for the rioters. Several arrests and charges were
made as a result of the

Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin with intent to help spread the harsh realities
and injustices of the institution of slavery in America. One of Stowe's chief arguments in her novel
is that slavery treats blacks unjustly. She considers slavery an evil and immoral practice that it
should be immediately abolished and is calling for blacks to participate in ending their own
enslavement. However, she appears to be proposing that the blacks should not revolt but instead
should continue to be compliant to their masters and focus their attention into being devout
Christians. Stowe portrays this stance through Tom who knows that through a peaceful submission
to his masters and an unbreakable faith, he will ultimately achieve ... Show more content on
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Frederick Douglass reported that the first edition of 5,000 was gone in four days and that in one year
Uncle Tom's Cabin sold more than 300,000 copies" (Yarborough 45). While Stowe has been praised
for her novel, it has also been surrounded in a great deal of controversy. William Lloyd Garrison, a
well–known abolitionist of her time, wrote a negative review of her novel in his paper the Liberator.
Garrison argued that her position on slavery presented a racial double standard. While Stowe's novel
does clearly contain racial double standards, they aided in the novel achieving recognition from the
nineteenth century northern white audience. Garrison highlight's Stowe's double standards when he
asks in his review: "We are curious to know whether Mrs. Stowe is a believer in the duty of non–
resistance for the white man, under all possible outrage and peril as well as for the black man"
(Garrison). Here, he is asking her if she would still be supporting a passive, faith–based approach if
white people were to become slaves and be treated in the same ways that the blacks were being
treated. He points out that the reason he thinks that she proposes this method is simply because they
are black and that this can then be translated into ideas of racial superiority. A large

Le Verrier Controversy
This was only the start of this international debate, Le Verrier had contacted the London Guardian, a
local news group, about the accusations and stated that, "When he scrupled not to put into print that
my calculations were not sufficient to command his confidence, did he not perceive that he was
bringing discredit on his own scientific penetration, when he attacked a calculation ... Among men
of science of different countries, there ought to remain only that friendly rivalry, which, as leading to
the benefit of science, so far from hindering, does but cement, the frank and brotherly friendship of
those who cultivate it." (Le Verrier, 1846a). To this, Herschel had responded saying that, "The prize
(the discovery of Neptune) was by all rules accredited to Le Verrier since his research was
documented and brought to light before Adams discovery". Almost seeming to assure the people of
France that Le Verrier was sure to be given credit to the discovery, however Herschel meant nothing
of the sort. He himself wrote directly to the editor of The Guardian stating, "These Frenchmen fly at
one like wildcats." (Herschel, 1846a). Adams was often harassed by editors of newspapers about
how he shouldn't be accredited, in any amount, with the discovery of this new planet. Adams had
tried to explain that he had communicated all of his research to James Challis, the director of the
Cambridge Observatory, sometimes during mid–September but the method of delivery wasn't able
to be verified. He

The Fourth Chapter Of Machiavelli's Prince
In the fourth chapter of Machiavelli's Prince, he doesn't tell his readers the right or wrong ways to
conquer a country, instead he spells out both options for leaders and their advantages and
disadvantages. Machiavelli uses examples that were world famous. They are empires that shaped the
world his readers lived in, and still shape the world modern readers live in. He uses names that
would have been household names, Darius, Alexander the Great, the Turks etc. Machiavelli uses
approachable language, and he doesn't put himself above the reader. In the fifth chapter, Machiavelli
uses much of the same tactics. However the difference in the two chapters is that in the fourth,
Machiavelli does not state his opinion, he present the options, and tells the reader why both are
equally viable options, and where each would work. But in the following chapter, though he
provided two options, Machiavelli states that one is the best, it is the only one that works throughout
history. Again, he uses examples of empires that are so powerful, they are not able to be disputed as
successful. Machiavelli didn't need to explain to his readers that one way is better than the other,
because the examples explain for themselves. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He views courses of events as politically driven and that comes through in his historical writing.
Machiavelli didn't believe that humans and culture were unique. Morals were not important to
Machiavelli's writing, evident when he "For in truth, there is no sure way of holding other than by
destroying, and whoever becomes master of a City accustomed to live in freedom and does not
destroy it, may recon on being destroyed by

Rock And Roll Ambiguity
The idea of musical genres seems to play an important role in the realm of popular music. People
tend to categorise different kinds of popular music through the various names and labelling which
are presumably formed based on the different styles and characteristics that could be found in
popular music. For instance, if someone is being asked about their favourite music, usually they will
most likely to mention several musical genres instead of describing the stylistic features of the kind
of music that they are fond of. Moreover, people often grouped themselves in terms of their musical
preferences based on the existing musical genres. Nevertheless, apparently musical genres do not
always represent the distinction of musical features and styles. ... Show more content on
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That could be seen, for instance, in the emergence of both 'folk music' and 'rock and roll' as musical
genres. The folk music was mainly shaped by the personal values and purposes of the folklorists
which in a broad sense, they could be either aiming to preserve the authenticity of the folk or
gaining commercial profits out of it. Similarly, the rock and roll emerged as a genre through the
promotion of radio DJs, talent scouts, producers, and record labels which actually referred to the
same kind of music which is rhythm and blues. In both cases, the genres were then became
racialised and they were no longer categorised based on the differences in their musical features but
rather as a product of a racially segregated society, in which the whites were dominating the

Individualism: Transcendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson
Romanticism was a rising art theme in the 1700s to the mid–1800s; this was especially prominent in
painting than in sculpture or architecture. Romanticism seemed to have a less rational, more
intuitive, and more in touch with the senses way of thinking. However, transcendentalists believed
that one could "transcend", or go beyond, what an individual can see, hear, taste, touch, or feel.
Individualism was also an important topic; the philosophy focused on the individual and its
importance rather than a whole group's significance. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau,
Herman Melville, Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow are
some noteworthy transcendentalists.
In the late 18th century, the theme of romanticism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Dial, however, was planned and produced by the Transcendentalists themselves. Margaret
Fuller served as magazine's first editor, and Emerson succeeded her for the last two years. The Dial's
writing was unequal, but it did publish Fuller's "The Great Lawsuit" and review of Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe's works; prose and poetry written by Emerson; "Orphic Sayings" by Alcott; and
Thoreau's first publications. When Emerson was editor, the "Ethnical Scriptures" series was
published; this was a series of philosophical works that were translated from Chinese and Indian.
After the two years of Emerson being editor, The Dial failed in

The British National Party
Adam Walker, with his hands stuffed in his pockets, announces that the British National Party
(BNP) is the 'last line of defence and only hope' for the people of Great Britain, in the distant hope
that they will believe his party can reinforce the unification of their country. Whilst his vaguely
rousing voice resonates through the laptops of BNPTV viewers, a question is sprung to mind – is the
BNP unifying, dividing or both, the nation we call home?
The British National Party is one of the many global nationalist political parties that are frequently
found in the middle of controversy due to their arguably unethical beliefs. Whether they are
snatching headlines for claiming Russia will save Europe or claiming to evict all Muslims from the
U.K, it is easy to be spun into the thick fog of BNP policies and solely witness the seemingly two
dimensional fascism and racism. However, there is a deeper layer underneath – right at the core of
all BNP policies, is the one of the most integral political and social forces in history – Nationalism.
Although the roots of Nationalism began to spring when groups of people started to hold loyalty for
a religion or leader (for instance, the ancient Hebrews, who named themselves 'the chosen people'
with the belief they were superior to all others and bound together by the same cultural history), the
real exposure of nationalism wasn't until 18th century England. Since global tribalism, it is common
practice for people to identify themselves

Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection
Summary
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
According to history, Charles Darwin is the first scientist to frame the theory of evolution by natural
selection. It was publish in his book title "On the Origin of Species 1859". Darwin express the
theory of evolution by natural selection as a process by which species change over a period of time.
This change take place because of the changes in genetic and behavioral traits. The ability of the
organisms to change over time or adjust to fit environmental factors is due to the ancestral trait. The
evolutional theory was supported by great body of evidence from various scientific disciplines.
Natural selection is the main fundamental tool used in the theory of evolutional change. Natural
selection in evolutional theory is the process responsible for the evolution of adaptive behaviors.
Without the knowledge of natural selection in evolution, it will be very difficult to understand how
organism display their diversity and their tough behavior to adapt and survive in an environment.
The theory of evolution by natural selection has two main points:
 All life on Earth are connected and are related to each other, and this variety of life is said to be a
product of changes of species by natural selection in which some traits are favored by environment
factors over other species.
 Natural selection depends on the ability of an organism to attract a mate. An example of this
process is the peacock's colorful fluff and a male deer

Stereotypes In Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin with intent to help spread the harsh realities
and injustices of the institution of slavery in America. One of Stowe's chief arguments in her novel
is that slavery treats blacks unjustly. She considers slavery an evil and immoral practice that it
should be immediately abolished and is calling for blacks to participate in ending their own
enslavement. However, she appears to be proposing that the blacks should not revolt but instead
should continue to be compliant to their masters and focus their attention into being devout
Christians. Stowe portrays this stance through Tom who knows that through a peaceful submission
to his masters and an unbreakable faith, he will ultimately achieve eternal ... Show more content on
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As a white woman from the north who had hardly any interaction with slaves, it could be surmised
that her text is heavily based on conjecture, and cannot truly represent an accurate illustration of
slavery. This has led many critics to often see Uncle Tom's Cabin as simply a novel by a white
woman who knew nothing about the subject in which she was writing about: "Although Stowe
unquestionably sympathized with the slaves, her commitment to challenging the claim of black
inferiority was frequently undermined by her own endorsement of racial stereotypes" (Yarborough
47). As a result, Stowe relies on popular stereotypes about blacks when depicting her characters.
While there is a clear racial double standard in her novel, I feel that Stowe needed to create
characters that catered to her nineteenth century audience in order to spread her abolitionist agenda.
Tom's character represents humanity for the black race. Stowe wanted her story to inspire a white
Christian audience to see blacks as humans with souls and ultimately to abolish slavery. Her
objective is written in the book's

The Relationship Between Revolution, State Reform, And...
The relationships between revolution, state reform, and industrialization came in a succession form.
The ideas that were brought to light during the revolutions later defined how the states were
reformed. The reformed states would later take on industrialization. During the American and
French Revolutions some ideas were brought up that later defined the state formations. The idea of
popular sovereignty allowed for states to become more democratic. This idea to allow the people to
have some authority over the sovereign was brought about by John Locke. People wanted freedom,
individual freedom to be exact. In terms of political and legal equality, the idea was that all
individuals would be equal under the law. State reformation began through acquiring independence.
Independence was acquired by means of war and conflict. There was later American, Haitian,
Brazilian, and Mexican independence. For the Haitian Revolution, a slave revolt broke out and was
led by a man named Toussaint L'Ouverture. Mexico became independent due to Napoleon invading
Spain and weakening the royal control of the colonies and the independence movement led by
Simón Bolivar. Pedro the King's son agreed to an independent Brazil. Industrialization began
through new inventions and use of material. Coal replaced the use of wood. Some of the new
inventions included the fluttering shuttle, spinning mule, water driven power loom, steam power,
and different modes of transportation. Social classes were formed,

Romanticism Response To The Industrial Revolution
Romanticism was a response towards the industrial revolution. The movement rejected the idea of
reason that gripped the educational masses of earlier 18th century Europe. Romaticism idolized the
unknown and the idea of personification. As romanticism started to dwindle in the mid 1800's
innovative ideas formed. The new movements that evolved from Romanticism are Nationalism,
Liberalism, and Conservatism. Liberalism didn't start out as a reactionary or branch off from the
romanticism period, instead it has roots throughout the ages. For example, in 1789 after revolutions
in France, France passed the document Declaration of Rights and Man, which proclaimed men are
born free and equal in rights, the free communication and opinions is one of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Romantics reacting towards and rejecting the enlightenment, single–handily brought both the
protestant and the catholic church back into the limelight. Conservatives would soon pick up on this
and believing that all humans are not intrinsically good, believed in the stronger control of the
church to maintain virtuous behavior, in both the citizen and in the state . In France and Austria,
conservatism was the most prevalent with strong ties to the Catholic Pope. Conservatism would
ensure peace during the Vienna congress. As romanticism dwelled in the unknown and the
personification. Nationalism became a popular movement by dwelling in the bonds of certain
cultures by location, religion, and even language. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) a German
philosopher, would argue that each nation had its own distinctive spirit, or a volksgiest, and would
continue to argue that each spirit was discovered, not invented. Eugene Delacroix (1798–1863) a
French painter, and Francisco Goya (1746–1828) a Spanish painter, would soon put paintings into
nationalism limelight. Delacroix interpretation of the revolution of 1830 in the painting Liberty
Leading the People would soon be a rallying cry with the personification of Marianne, or the spirt of
liberty to France, leading the charge and holding the tricolor

Biography on Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller, German philosopher, poet, and dramatist was born in
Marbach, Württemberg in 1759. From a young age Schiller proved to be very successful in
Academia, and began writing plays while still attending military academy. Although talented,
Schiller did not aspire to be a dramatist, in some of his personal memoirs he mentioned "I wanted
only to be a clergyman–and have never got beyond the theatre!"(Pilling, 2005). In 1782 he was
appointed theatre poet at the Mannheim Court Theatre, it was here where he produced the
revolutionary Sturm und Drang drama The Robbers. Sturm und Drang was a period of German
Literature that sprung up after the Enlightenment and before Weimar Classism; typically the works
from this period revolve around a protagonist who is driven by revenge or material possessions, not
by nobility and good motives, and achieves what he wants through aggressive action. This
movement also rejected Enlightenment principles of rationality to support emotion and motivation
of the human spirit. "The movement was distinguished also by the intensity with which it developed
the theme of youthful genius in rebellion against accepted standards, by its enthusiasm for nature,
and by its rejection of the rules of 18th–century neoclassical style" (Thomas, 1901). It is an almost
sort of reckless attitude or view towards the established orders. These were young men who wanted
to "overthrow the 'reasonable' compromises, the caution of the realists,

Folklore In Fairy Tales
Folklore by definition is: "traditional customs, tales, sayings, dances or art forms preserved among a
people. 2) an often unsupported notion, story or saying that is widely circulated" (Merriam Webster
Dictionary www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/folklore). We use folklore in our daily lives
without much thought. Every time we tell a joke, pass long an urban legend, repeat a saying or
proverb you've heard, as well as every time you read a fairy tale to a child you are using verbal
folklore.
Oral traditions and oral lore is passed down through generations, in poetry, tales, jokes, legends,
proverbs and songs. In addition, verbal folklore has repetitive patterns that quickly identify the type
of lore you are about to hear. For example: "a man walks into a bar" you immediately know you are
about to hear a joke, additionally "Once upon a time" identifies a fairy tale. "Old MacDonald Had a
Farm" a child's song is folklore in action, it teaches the different types of farm animals and the
sounds they make.
"Folklore began to distinguish itself as an autonomous discipline during the period of Romantic
Nationalism in Europe." https://www.revolvy.com/main/index,php?s=Folklore&item_ type=topic.
Johann Gottfried Herder, a literary critic as well as a philosopher in the1770's was a significant
contributor in this development. His writings "presented oral traditions as organic processes
grounded in locale" https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Folklore&item_type=topic
The term

Essays on Vehicular Pollution
Romanticism If the Enlightenment was a movement which started among a tiny elite and slowly
spread to make its influence felt throughout society, Romanticism was more widespread both in its
origins and influence. No other intellectual/artistic movement has had comparable variety, reach,
and staying power since the end of the Middle Ages. Beginning in Germany and England in the
1770s, by the 1820s it had swept through Europe, conquering at last even its most stubborn foe, the
French. It traveled quickly to the Western Hemisphere, and in its musical form has triumphed
around the globe, so that from London to Boston to Mexico City to Tokyo to Vladivostok to Oslo,
the most popular orchestral music in the world is that of the romantic era. ... Show more content on
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This influence was to spread far beyond the Gothic romance to all artistic forms in Europe, and lives
on in the popular fantasy novels of today. Fairies, witches, angels––all the fantastic creatures of the
Medieval popular imagination came flooding back into the European arts in the Romantic period
(and all are present in Faust). The longing for "simpler" eras not freighted with the weight of the
Classical world gave rise to a new form: the historical novel. Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) was by
far its most successful practitioner. Although credit for writing the first historical novel should
probably go to Madame de Lafayette for her La Princess de Clèves (1678), Scott is generally
considered to have developed the form as we know it today. Almost forgotten now, his novels like
The Bride of Lammermoor and Ivanhoe nevertheless inspired writers, painters, and composers in
Germany, France, Italy, Russia and many other lands. Emotion The other influential characteristic of
the Gothic romance was its evocation of strong, irrational emotions––particularly horror. Whereas
Voltaire and his comrades had abhorred "enthusiasm" and strove to dispel the mists of superstition;
the Gothic writers evoked all manner of irrational scenes designed to horrify and amaze. Romantic
writers generally also prized the

Romanticism During The Romantic Period
The Romantic Period
Romanticism (1820–1900) in music was brought to the world during the early nineteenth century.
This music stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism. The Romantic period was about
freedom of expression and breaking away from time–honored conventions.
This period in time had influenced many, or even all of the arts. Painters used bolder and more
brilliant colors in their works. Also, they had preferred dynamic motion to gracefully balanced
poses. Poetry was also changed during the Romantic Period. Emotional subjectivity was a basic
quality in every type of art during this time. Many artists had become "romantics" and had become
drawn to the realm of fantasy: the unconscious, the irrational, and the world of dreams. Romantics
were fascinated with the Middle Ages, the time of chivalry and romance. What neoclassicists had
thought of to be the "dark ages", the romantics had cherished.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
None of these were entirely to replace the Romantic impulse. Hard–bitten naturalism in fiction and
film coexists today with sweeping romanticism; there are large audiences for both. The
contemporary vogue for "Victorian" designs is just one of many examples of the frequent revivals of
Romantic tastes and styles that have recurred throughout the twentieth century.
Looking back over the list of characteristics discussed above one can readily see that despite the fact
that Romanticism was not nearly as coherent a movement as the Enlightenment, and lacked the sort
of programmatic aims the latter professed, it was even more successful in changing history––
changing the definition of what it means to be human.
Romanticism
The romantic period emphasised the self, creativity, imagination and the value of art. This is in
contrast to the Enlightenment emphasis on Rationalism and

Johann Goethe Research Paper
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Human nature is perhaps one of the most familiar and simultaneously
baffling things known to man. A writer who dared to explore the complications of humanity and,
even more admirably, managed to make some sense of them was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. His
literary talent and combination of romantic and classical writings brought him fame and success
during his lifetime. After having written The Sorrows of Young Werther he was even noticed by the
Duke of Weimar and made an adviser in his court (Columbia Electronic). College educated Goethe
contributed greatly to the shifting of literary movements underway in his time by creating his
famous introspective narratives. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born in Frankfurt ... Show more
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He was buried beside Schiller in Weimar (Vivian). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe accomplished
much during his lifetime. His plays and poetry set the bar high for those that came after him. He had
a heavy influence on writers Heinrich Heine, Eduard Mörike, Friedrich Hölderlin, Hugo von
Hofmannsthal, Stefan George, and Rainer Maria Rilke. Goethe is one of the few writers who truly
explored the spirit of man, and he will be remembered for generations to come (Bangerter).
Goethe is famous for his philosophical, thought–provoking writing and the impact he had on
modern literature. He was well educated and lived a full life. His books were wildly successful and
he was a well respected public figure. Goethe's use of romanticism and classicism has inspired
countless writers that have come after him. His exceptional works and philosophical meditations
make him one of the best authors of his

Causes Of The Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution was a very successful anti–slavery and anti–colonial against French colonial
rule in Saint Domingue, or present day Haiti, by self motivated colored slaves. This French colony
of Saint Domingue was well known for their production of sugar which provided a great percentage
of France's income, but in return France was always replacing these "workers" due to Saint
Domingue high death rate. Many slaves rarely lasted longer than ten years once arrived on the
island. These slaves came from Kongo a region of West–Central Africa and also a very few were
free people with a mixed and African heritage, these people were often referred to as "gens de
couleur" or people of color. The people of color were often wealthy and educated but the whites of
the island often humiliated them. The island was ran by wealthy planters who lived in their "own
little worlds" of lavish parties, leisure society, and games. The Haitian Revolution began as a sub
part of the French Revolution but quickly became the most successful slave rebellion of all time.
During the time of the Haitian Revolution about one–third of French foreign trade was from sugar
and sugar byproducts from Saint Domingue. The beginning of the revolution in Saint Domingue
began when the petits blancs and gens de couleur began to fight for political rights and equalities
following the calling of the Estates–General. The French National Assembly finally granted political
rights to the gens de couleur, but the

Illluminati Impact On Society
Secret societies are organizations within a society that have meetings, rituals, and purposes unknown
to the public. Secret societies have been around for centuries and they continue to form. One of the
oldest secret societies with a notable history and mysticism is the Illuminati. The Illuminati formed
during the 17th century and has a strong legacy, although it was not a long–standing organization.
Also, many believe the Illuminati is active today and is controlling society. Although the Illuminati
has become widely fictitious and conspiracies often surface media today, the organization in fact had
a real history that is a lot less outrageous than the media leads people to believe. The formation of
the Illuminati is suspected to have begun during the Enlightenment period. Before this time, the
Catholic church controlled every part of society and there were often consequences to anyone who
went against the Church's agenda. However, many humanistic thinkers began to question the
Church's authority and began to seek knowledge beyond the Church's walls during the
Enlightenment period. One of these humanistic thinkers was Adam Weishaupt, a professor of canon
law at Ingolstadt university in Bavaria (Isobout). Many people believe Weishaupt was against
religion, however that was not the case. Weishaupt believed that humankind can be perfected
through reason and that humans could reach a state of perfection, much like the divine (Isobout).
Moreover, many of the humanistic

German Nationalism

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