Essay On Negative Reinforcement

Essay On Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement is when something negative or unpleasant is removed after the situation to reinforce a future behavior. Contrary to
reinforcement is punishment. Positive punishment is when an unpleasant event is added to a situation following a behavior (e.g. unpleasant scolding).
Negative punishment is when something pleasant is removed from the situation following a behavior (e.g. losing privileges). The alternative to
reinforcing or punishing is ignoring a behavior. This is known as extinction (Sigelman & Rider, 2009). Although behaviorism acknowledges a close
relation between environment and organism and emphasize active learning (Wilson & Meyers, 2000), action is ultimately determined by environment
rather than by self (Taetle & Cutietta, 2002).
The emergence of social learning theories along with cognitive psychology also supports teacher–centered learning. While teacher–centered practices
continue to reinforce and/or punish behaviors, cognitive processes have been considered to depict a more holistic view of an independent learner.
Bandura's social cognitive theory (1986, 2000, 2006) views people as cognitive beings, actively processing information in their own learning, behavior,
and development. For example, individuals may reinforce or punish themselves with self–talk. In a study on flow, Custodero (2005) observed a
teacher–directed, practice–based violin lesson where the teacher was the focus of attention. "Awareness of interactions between teacher and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

A Failing Education System: Korean Education
A Failing Education System: Korean Education Korea has experienced an astonishing rate of growth in the past five decades. Many people attribute
this growth to Korean education. In some aspects, the education mindset of Korea has been successful in helping Korea grow to what it is today.
However, times have changed. The current educational philosophy in Korea does not reflect the ever–changing world today. The Korean education
system limits students' creativity by focusing on rote memorization which causes harmful and unnecessary stress to students, while also being an unfair
system in which the rich have an advantage over the poor. The education system in Korea puts too much weight on memorization. This type of learning
emphasizes on knowing facts, rather than applying them. The Korean school focuses on rote memorization instead of creative thinking (One–Shot).
Rote memorization has discouraged critical thinking and creative responses (Sistek). Both the teaching method and the test that are requires students to
memorize facts and formulas (Branigin). This does not stimulate any innovative thinking that is needed in the world today. In the Korean education
system, high school students take 12 compulsory subjects, a daunting number compared to those of other countries (Society). Most students receive
some form of private education. Many high school students, as well as middle school students, study over 12 hours a day. Korea has the highest number
of average hours

The Importance Of Echidna Making In Early Education
It is crucial within the context of early education that children have some ownership over their learning, with educators taking into consideration
children's interests instead of being dictated to by their supposed stage of development (Scott, 2003). Having an emergent curriculum (Queensland
study authority, 2013) gives educators the flexibility to alter learning experiences according to what interests the children have, enabling children to be
more engaged and content in their learning (Swinburne Online, 2015). Just as educators need to plan for anticipated possibilities, they also need to be
prepared to respond to unprompted events in a flexible way (Scott, 2003). The above spontaneous activity of echidna making will assist the educator in
supporting Mitchell's and the remainder of the group's interest in the topic whilst also incorporating the intended math lesson. The children will feel
their input is being respected, their interests are being valued and they are a part of the learning process, all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Implementing the multiple intelligences theory will support the children in the scenario by catering to the children's interests and abilities at the time,
consequently engaging the children and causing fewer distractions in the classroom (Whitebread & Coltman, 2008). The EYLF states that when
educators are responsive to a child's strength, ability, needs, and interests, they build on the child's skills and knowledge (DEEWR, 2009). This forms
an important basis for curriculum decision making and allows the use of spontaneous teaching moments to scaffold children's learning (DEEWR,
2009). This interactive approach is effective because it allows for social, emotional and physical growth alongside intellectual development to occur
(Scott,

Engaged Pedagogy Research Paper
Engaged pedagogy focused on rethinking teaching practices and "is more demanding than conventional critical or feminist pedagogy" (15) meaning
there is no one correct strategy to teach a class because freedom in learning build students' interests in the subject differently and focus on the welfare
of pupils. I would like to add that engaged pedagogy is the framework of teaching to stimulate learners how to participate in collaborative learning and
acquire critical consciousness. Collaboration in the classroom makes learning environment more relaxing and exciting for students to participate. When
students feel safe in their learning environment, they become comfortable to participate with their peers and trust their instructor. Critics have ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hook challenged the rote learning approach and banking system because she feels pupils would not be liberated in their learning process. Rote learning
approach and banking system might succeed in mainstream classroom but it won't succeed for students with disabilities. Students with disabilities will
struggle in their learning process because teacher teaches the same for all students. Hook (1995)'s conscientization theory became inspired from
Friere's theory where education became the practice of freedom. Consccientization theory is a strategy to include all pupils to become an active
participant in their critical thinking and class discussions. Hook's (Hook) theory aligns with Friere's work because they confirmed that education "can
only be liberatory when everyone claims knowledge as a field in which we all labor" (14). Engaged pedagogy placed value on students' participation
and demonstrate their own interpretation of their skill at reading comprehension and analyzing texts instead of only taking down notes from their
instructor. Students become an active participator in their learn process ad contribute in their classroom. Hook (1994) emulated and employed most of
teaching concepts of literacy and consciousness from Friere. Hook (1994) aimed to diffused hierarchy in the classroom and created a place of liberating
to expand learning for both instructor and pupils to work together in partnership. Hook's ideas about praxis have resonated with me about critical
awareness and how literacy growth instilled writers' empowerment rather than advocating one's authority. Throughoutschool years, my weakest point is
writing but I understood the context and yet, I struggled to express in words. I learned writing through authoritarian forms of education, but her thought
on praxis, an inventive way to encourage free, creative reflection to change society to

Standalize Test
How do teachers help children understand concepts and ideas instead of focusing on rote memorization? How do they make learning active and
multimodal?
I notice in my observation that teachers try to make sure students gain a good understanding of the concepts so they can apply it. Teachers try to
activate student prior knowledge and build upon the knowledge, which can help in understanding the concepts. I think standalize test are a type of rote
memorization since it focuses on students just knowing the materials in a way they just to pass instead of understanding and applying it. Also
standalize test does not give enough time to teach the concept. Teachers try for students to practice what they learn several of times. For example, the
teacher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teachers ask question to active prior knowledge and then build upon that knowledge. For, example teachers use a lot of KWL charts to ask student
what they know, which helps them understand their background knowledge and guide them towards their lesson.
How do teachers encourage students to brainstorm, plan and produce ideas and materials as they learn? I notice that teachers encourage students to
brainstorm, plan and produce ideas and materials by first allowing them work on a simple exercise before they actually can start to something more
complex. I have observed that teachers encourage them by providing examples. Teachers tries to guide students to solving the problems by giving them
hints that enables them to think about the problem.
How do teachers deepen children's learning?
Teachers help deepen children's learning by proving hand on activities and real life experiences that students can applied to the real world. Provide
students multiples ways of learning, visual, kinestic, tactile and auditory. Teachers try to engage children in active participation and provide multiple
modalities. One important thing I notice as a teacher is that to deepen children's learning you must first learn about their backgrounds, Interest and

High-Stakes Testing In Schools
In Chapter 4, Assessing Students and Texts, the topics associated with assessments were covered. The text discussed two major assessment approaches:
formal and informal. The chapter also focused on policy influence, implementation strategies, and the history of assessment. Other areas in the reading
mentioned the process of how to determine readability of texts and how complexity is influenced.
Before even starting the chapter, the title lead me to recall assessments and how they have impacted my life. Tests have been a part of myeducation
since I can remember, but to be more specific on the assessment type, I know high–stakes testing a little too well. When I started school, the No Child
Left Behind Act of 2002 was new and at the center ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I really had no prior experience for what to expect, but my sister would make sure to fill me in with all the details she could about hers. Aside from
what my sister told me and what my teacher would constantly strain of its importance, I only knew that the one test I was taking held the key to
determining if I would be able to call myself a fourth grader next year. The pressure of having to pass the test took a toll on me every following
school year. I ended up developing the mentality that I was not able to enjoy school or derail off my education for a single moment, until the TAKS
tests were over with. Once testing season was done, the feeling of suffocation would dissipate from my system. The severity of the matter was most
evident when I entered my junior year of high school. Since sixth grade, I had been taking advance courses and was doing exceptionally well. But for
my junior year, when the TAKS test determined if I would graduate from high school, I took a major step back and enrolled in courses below my
level. I felt it was the adequate thing to do since those classes would cover what was on the test. I believed I was not capable of succeeding without
that rote memorization practice every day. I cheated myself from enlightening my evolving knowledge. Honestly looking back, it is calamitous that I
doubted my abilities for so long due to a mandated test with no merit to my authentic academic

Joseph W. Gilkey: Article Analysis
Professionals in the fields of education and psychology are in the constant search to discover and comprehend more effective approaches to improve
learning. For this it is vital the study of the brain, from its different functions to the conditions that facilitates learning. This short paper aims to
summarize the article by Joseph William Gilkey (Brain and learning). Additionally, central brain areas involved in the learning process of the human
being is briefly discussed. The paper ends discussing how educational theories influence learning methods.
Summary of Gilkey's article In the article of Joseph W. Gilkey (2014) it is highlighted that from a very young age, the individual eek to find meaning
for almost everything in their environment. As it gets older, the inquiry for more complicated concepts takes place. The acquisition of that information
would help in the development of his/her intellect. Educators are a vital part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is more, former students are entering the workplace lacking basic educational skills. For instance, in most occurrences the behaviorism approach
of education does not provide meaning and understanding of consequences. Moreover, punishments and rewards hinder the quality of the learning
process. On the other hand, memorization can lead to taxon memory which refers to the poor label and storage of information in isolated brain areas
difficult to recall later. This type of memory is also resistant to be modified. Instead of using the some of the aforementioned learning approaches,
research studies are showing that educators should encourage their students to produce answers by their own. A simple way to implement this is by
pausing sporadically and asks questions that would challenge students to critically

Three Characteristics Of Sanders And Rivers
Chapter Six – Teaching
Assignment VI
Complete the following discussion questions.
1.Summarize the findings of Sanders and Rivers. Sanders and Rivers found that if students have three consecutive years in a class, under highly
effective teachers in math, they scored much higher on achievement test. They also determined that low achieving students greatly profited from good
teaching. However, they also found that the contrary was true, if the students had less effective teachers, their score dropped significantly. Sanders and
Rivers also determined that good quality teaching in the later grades could help to better scores. They also summarized that these gains were increasing
and lasting. (Hoy, 2013)
2.What are some good teaching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is limited to lower–level objectives; it is based on traditional teaching methods; it ignores innovative models; it discourages students' independent
thinking; it may also cause the students to take a passive approach to learning instead of actively seeking to learn. (Hoy, 2013)
6.What are the 3 characteristics of effective teachers?
The first characteristic of effective teachers is clarity. Clarity is the clear presentation and explanation of materials in a manner in which the students
can grasp the concept easily. The second characteristic of effective teaching is enthusiasm. Enthusiasm is the ability to capture and hold the students
attention, which in turn aids learning. The third characteristic of effective teachers is warmth. Warmth is the teacher's ability to project to the students
a friendly, understanding, and caring attitude so as to create a positive learning relationship. (Hoy, 2013) 7.Complete the following phrase (as per the
textbook) "...planning influences..."
"... what students will learn because planning transforms the available time and curriculum materials into activities, assignments, and tasks for
students." (Hoy, 2013, pg.

The Problem Statement Of The Scope Of Work
SCOPE OF WORK
The Scope of Work (SOW) is the area in an agreement where the work to be performed is described. The SOW should contain any milestones,
reports, deliverables, and end products that are expected to be provided by the performing party. The SOW should also contain a time line for all
deliverables. The problem with most Scopes of Work is a lack of specificity. The best way to avoid this problem is to avoid any and all ambiguity.
A Scope of Work consists of the following components:
1. Glossary
2. Problem Statement
3. Goals and Objectives
1. GLOSSARY
SOW stands for Scope of Work. Scope means an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control. Whereas, work means activity
directed toward making or doing something. This together makes Scope Of Work which means The division of work to be performed under a contract
or subcontract in the completion of a project, typically broken out into specific tasks with deadlines. It clearly documents the project requirements,
milestones, deliverables, end products, documents and reports that are expected to be provided by the vendor. It is necessary to include glossary
because think about the document from the perspective of someone who does not work in the particular industry or discipline. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
PROBLEM STATEMENT
"Problems faced by the Social Education Institutions these days in Southern Asia". In this Term Report, we will talk about the Social Education
Institutions. For this we have taken 4 major Case Studies: Barefoot College, The Citizen's Foundation, Pratham and Khan Academy. Along with this
we interviewed two persons: one from The Citizen's Foundation and one from an owner of a local school to shed some light on the local educational
problems as

Blooms Taxonomy Research Paper
Bloom's taxonomy is a classification of different levels of learning and questioning. It is divided up in to 3 different domains of learning where
different levels are established. Each level must be reached by mastering the previous level. The three different domains are cognitive, affective and
psychomotor. These levels in each domain often depicted in a pyramid structure with the base being the most fundamental aspect and the top of the
pyramid being the highest level of learning and questioning. If the base is not soundly established then the pyramid will not stand and one will not
advance into higher levels. Essentially Bloom's taxonomy is a way to look at learning and how learning is evaluated. The base level learning is just
basic knowledge. An example of this would be learning basic facts. The highest level in the cognitive domain is evaluation. In this level, one would
take the basic facts they know and use them to evaluate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lesson plans are designed to engage students in the higher levels of Blooms taxonomy while test questions are written based off of the different
levels. Students are no longer asked to regurgitate facts but apply them to new scenarios. For this class, an example would be instead of asking us
the facts of the Great Depression, our questions will focus more on what affects did the Depression have on society at the time or even asking us to
predict how society would be today had the Great Depression not occurred. These latter questions require a lot higher level thinking. As a student I
would still have to know the basic facts to answer the question but a successful answer would show that I not only knew the facts but I knew how
they fit together in the bigger picture. It would also force me to develop new, sound ideas based off of these facts. In essence, Bloom's taxonomy will
help show a mastery of the content rather than

Math 201 Research Paper
Math 201 has taught me a variety of mathematical concepts that will be useful in my teaching career. This course was very interactive and for that
reason have a better understanding of how to teach math to children. Before taking this course, my primary approach to teaching math was rote
memorization as I was taught this way. After taking math 201, I have come to understand that this approach is not highly effective at all; that children
who are taught this way end u missing out on important concepts. I have learned the theory behind memorizing by repetition is the more you go over
a particular bit of information, the easier it is to recall. But create weaknesses as children work their way though school, they may be memorizing
information

Study Smart: Difference Between Recognition And Recollection
Study Smart by Studying Less
Study Smart, help with the difference between recognition and recollection and how very different they really are. Highlighting improves recognition;
yes, you remember that you studied about that! The real test is, can you answer the question correctly?
How long do you think that the typical individual can study a textbook, lecture notes or watch an educational video and retain information effectively?
Some of you may be thinking 5 minutes, others 25 minutes and others still, as long as an hour or two. Back in 2009 a study was conducted at the
University of Michigan, sophomores and incoming freshmen were asked to record the time they started to study and mark down the point where they
thought, I am not getting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, it is a brain numbing 59 minutes long, take a 5 minute break at 25 minutes in and finish watching. You will not regret taking the time, to listen to
Professor Lobdell's lecture on how to study smart.
Professor Lobdell explains the difference between recognition and recollection and how to bridge the gap. Understanding is essential to long term
memory imbedding. What is the difference between knowing the facts or rote memorization and understanding the concepts? One will allow you to
say yes, I have seen that before and the other will allow you to explain in your own terms its meaning.
Where you choose to do most of your learning outside of the classroom matters. Professor Lobdell relates the key components for improving the quality
of the time spent studying. Environmental ques effect our brains ability to focus.
Learning changes as we mature. Professor Lobdell explains how to understand where you are within your learning journey to get the most out of your
efforts. Facts or rote memorization vs Conceptual conditioning or understanding the details of a

In Vietnamese Culture, What Should Be Considered as Rites...
"Maturity begins to grow when you can sense your concern for others overweighing your concern for yourself " – John Mac Naughton once said. It is
particularly true in Vietnam where men who can not be regarded as a mature person until he gets his first baby, even though they might have already
got a well–paid job and married a good woman. In my opinion, having the first child is the most important event marking the maturity of a people in
both financial and spiritual terms. In this essay, I would like to present three explanations to clarify my point of view. People should first recognize that
the typical characteristic of maturity is good financial management. Admittedly, financial pressure encountered by the people who first... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vietnam, where the subjects witness low divorcing rate due to the strong sense of individual responsibility, could be taken as an salient example of this.
Ignoring the contribution of the baby in growing up a mature person is thereby a grave mistake. What is also worth noticing is that spiritual maturity is
greatly fostered through educating children. It is undeniable that the prerequisite for adults to encourage children moral awareness development is
being the paragon of virtue. As a result, they always self–consciously conduct themself in parental position, which means the childish spontaneity in
their speech and action yields to mature deliberation. In addition, having a kid, people profoundly penetrate the moral lessons in the university. These
lessons, which took them a long time to learn by rote, now become a useful tool for them to teach etiquette to their child. In this case, parents put
themselves at the place of teacher to thoroughly understand moral philosophy and deliver it in the simplest word which is suitable for an innocent
thought. Consequently, practice ethical thought everyday will lead parents to higher level of maturity. All reliable evidences point out to one saying,
that is having the first child should be constituted as a Vietnamese rite of passage of a mature person. In spite of having a strong desire for a child, a
minority of married couples is unluckily

Using A Similar Deign And Mcdermott 's False Memory...
The current experiment used a similar deign as Roediger and McDermott's (1995) false memory experiment. In this 2x2 mixed factorial designed
experiment, memory was tested using a word list that was either blocked by five critical words on a particular subject or randomized. Participants
were university college students who participated for course credit. There was a significant difference in false memory when the blocked vs. random
lists were compared to examine which had more words remembered. The participants who were randomly assigned to the blocked list recalled more
words to include actual words and the critical words when compared to those randomly placed in the random word condition. The results revealed that
using the blocked lists better facilitated the actual memory and recalled more critical words/false memories.
Memory has been a subject of study to see if what we remember is a true memory or a false memory. Some of the studies conducted on this have used
sentences, prose, films and slides to test the memory and find out if the individual can recall the actual story or have false memories about what they
experienced (Roediger III & McDermott, 1995, p. 803). The problem arises when eyewitnesses recall information about an event but proves to be false.
Roediger, Jacoby and McDermott state that when you test the memory you are not just testing the retention of that event, you are also changing how
the individual retains that particular event in the future.

Essay On Flipped Classroom
Summary of Study: The "flipped classroom" is a learning model in which content attainment is shifted forward to outside of class, then followed by
instructor–facilitated concept application activities in class.
Summary of the Methodology: The first three phases (engage, explore, and explain) are used to facilitate content attainment. The elaborate phase is the
one in which students apply the concepts they have constructed through the content attainment stage, that is, the concept application phase. The
non–flipped condition was taught such that engage, explore, and explain took place during the 50–min class period, and elaborate and evaluate took
place online as a homework assignment. The flipped condition was taught using the same materials, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could simply be due to the more frequent review of content demanded by the structured approach.
In the study, attitudes toward the course did differ somewhat between treatments. First, students in the flipped classroom had a more negative opinion
of the use of technology. While some of this sentiment may arise from the current platform used by the university, technology acting as a barrier to
student learning and/or satisfaction is not new in the literature.
How can this study benefit the educational field in Malaysia : In Malaysia we still follow the study pattern that our ancestors set decades ago. Rote
learning is still prominent in Malaysia. We only consider UPSR,.......... As scorecards and we relate our performances solely based on these marks. We
have to engage in active learning and outside the classroom learning as well. Students have to learn to analyze situations outside the classroom and then
take help from their instructor in the classroom. This constructive approach will surely motivate our students do better in their studies.
What have you learned from reading this

Fireman Swot Analysis
Strengths Progress made towards previous goals: Goal 1: Alex will improve his play skills by demonstrating a pretend action on an object/toy
given a variety of different activities (i.e., push the buttons on the microwave, pound nails with a hammer, talk on the phone, etc). We will know
he has new skills when he engages in pretend actions on objects in at least three different centers in 3 out of 4 recorded occurrences over the course
of 6 weeks. Progress Made: Alex continues to make progress on this goal and at his next IEP meeting this goal will no longer be appropriate. Alex
can play in dramatic play and pretend with some adult guidance. He was able to pretend to be a fireman, and also to drive the pretend train. His
preference is to interact

Education has an important place in our life. Since our...
Education has an important place in our life. Since our childhood education helps us to improve our knowledge and social skills like communication,
how we behave in different societies. Moreover, sufficient number of schools is an important and great need for students with the increase in human
population in Turkey. When we compare with the 1980's of Turkey, the number of universities has considerably increased. However, the increase in the
number of schools doesn't raise the quality of education, especially at university level. For example, According to International OECD Program for
International Student Assessment, or PISA (2010), "Turkey is ranked 32nd in scientific literacy among 34 countries." This is because Turkey's... Show
For instance, ASELSAN, TAI and HAVELSAN, which are the biggest defense industry companies, help mechanicalengineering students with their
internship programs to see what they will do in their work life and there is a chance to use formulas, which mechanical engineering students memorized
such as measuring volume, heat flowing calculations, in a practical way. It is beneficial for both students and companies, because the experience on
machines is an accumulation of acquired knowledge which is very important for mechanical engineers to solve problems in their work life.
However, educators emphasize that efficient learning can only take place in classes and support this idea with plenty of reasons. The first reason is
called "plagiarism" basically it is about cheating an assignment. Without classes, students are more likely to copy some materials such as articles,
e–books or another person's research from the internet or make someone else to do their assignments and show that as it is his or her own. Moreover,
plagiarism is very harmful for students because it damages their sedulity and also encourage them to cheat. Secondly, in classes, teachers guide students
for organizing in studying and learning methods such as easy tricks for how to solve problems easily. Furthermore, class activities may help students to
learn about time management which help students in their whole life.
Although, plagiarism and laziness seem like irrepressible, these

English Vocabulary
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Vocabulary plays an important role in all four aspect which are listening skills, speaking skills, reading skills as well as writing skills. In recent years,
English Language has played an important role in our education system as well as the whole world. I could say that English Language has become "
lingua franca" or medium of communication around the world. It is becoming more and more important and we should learn this language as our
second language in order to stay connected with the world. So, in my opinion, the first step to learn English Language is that we must acquire the
vocabulary of the language. Based on an article that I have read from Alqahtani, M. (2015), vocabulary can be defined as the words of a language.
Vocabulary is central to English language teaching because without sufficient vocabulary students... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whereas according to Richards and Renandya (2002) (as cited in Rohmatillah, 2014), vocabulary is a core component of language proficiency and

Beginning Instrumentalists
The purpose of the Audiation for Beginning Instrumentalists: Listen, Speak, Read, Write by Kathy Liperote is to teach beginning instrumentalists,
whether the instruments are brass or woodwind, rote to note. The article says that the you should get the students to start playing their instrument by
just playing by ear. After the student starts to learn the notes, you should start to teach them the notation of the notes, slowly. This concept is similar to
the learning process of language. You must first learn to listen, then you progress to speaking, reading and writing it. So, the students must listen to
the music first and this can be done by giving them simple melodies like Hot Cross Buns, etc. Then, the student should be able to play the melody by
ear, in time. Slowly, the student will be able to read the music and write it, which could happen later. So, the purpose of this article is to show that
teachers need to teach music like they are teaching a language. The students will learn the music slowly, like they learn a new language. Also, the
article discusses different methodologies from Delcorze to Orff. The purpose of this is to show how these methodologies can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I think that I will be able to take out of it that teaching a beginner to hear the notes first and then learn the notation is a very effective way of
teaching. I hope to be able to use this more as I begin to teach. I have used this method to teach a person to play the tuba for marching band, and
now she can read the music very well. The way of teaching was very effective for quick learning. I also hope to take out of this article all the
different way to use the different methodology. I find that it was interesting that learning a language and learning to read music is very similar in the
steps that are taken to eventually learn the language or, in this case, music. This is what I wish to take out of this and to improve on from my prior

Concepts In Children Essay
Impacts of concepts in children's lives In this section, I am going to draw on my professional experience in an early childhood setting to understand
how educators' image of the child can impact on their teaching practices. As an International student who came from a country where the education
system is completely different as to Australian's, my first placement experience has impacted me greatly about how I picture about Australian Early
Childhood Education. My first mentor, Susan, is a very passionate and experienced kindergarten teacher. She acknowledges the strong image of the
child in her setting through the recognition of each child as being a capable and curious learner. She views the children as being rich in potential with a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 'manner cards' serve as the provocation of the discussion among the group about what behaviors are appropriate and acceptable in the
kindergarten. While children involve in process of making class behavior rules, they are active in reflecting their own behavior choices and evaluating
the consequences of the inappropriate actions. This is a more effective way in teaching social mastery than rote learning. Rote learning based on fear
and blame will not assist children in understanding the social rules (Carter & Roe, 2013). Teachers who hold a passive image of the child– child as
helpless, dependent, and uninspired, might solve children's conflict by blaming children for not following the 'rules' and separate the children without
figuring what actually happened between the children. On the contrary, teachers who sustain a positive image of the child work as an encourager, a
teacher, a supporter and a collaborator in guiding young children as they learn correct ways of building relationships with others (Carter & Roe, 2013).
Teachers who have a view of children being competent learners set limits and consequences for misbehavior rather than punish children's social
mistakes. While Susan is having her lesson, one teaching assistant will sit at the back, writing down children's answers, interesting responses and
interests. Hall (2013) suggest that in Reggio Emilia's program, there is a strong emphasis on the

Consequences Of Rote Learning And Cramming
Consequences of rote learning and cramming, seen through the lens of a South Korean
Education systems in Asia are often characterized to be more overwhelming for students, compared to Western countries. In South Korea, students are
pressured to ascend through high competition to enter a top–tier university to get a good job. To be superior than others in test scores, which are
fundamental in getting into a good university, Korean students often use cramming–style and rote learning study method to get high test scores and
grades. They go through overwhelming amount of study every day, and they have an extremely busy routine as they go to private institutes called
"Hakwon", where they can get extra lessons out of school. Cramming for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many Korean university's acceptance are entirely based on this test. Also, unlike SATs or other standardized tests which can be taken several times,
this test can only be taken once a year, which means that a student is delayed a full year if he does not do well on his first test (Park). This pressures
the Korean students are thus pressured by the importance of this test and they become heavily immersed in studying since an early age, which leads to
stress and discontent. According to a survey released by the Institute for Social Development Studies in Yonsei University, Korean teenagers turned out
to be the unhappiest among the countries listed in the Organization for Economic Co–operation and Development, mainly due to exam results and
extreme tiredness from studying ("We Don 't Need Quite so Much Education"). Also, in 2009, the suicide rate among young Koreans was 15 per
100,000, which is much larger than 10 in America and 7 in China. Kim Jieun, a Korean student who took the College Scholastic Ability test a few years
ago, have narrated that, "I thought of emigrating. I hate the education system so much." ("The One–shot society"). Living such life, with a fixed
routine, is enough to give students unbearable amount of stress.
Korean students are not only unhappy, but they lose

Maths Should Not Be Taught In Schools
Is Math boring ?
(Kirsti Kislenko ,2005)
Mathematics seems to be boring for majority of school students as they are not able to relate it to the real life examples and applications around them.
There is a fear of failure in the mind of many students. Many students do not opt mathematics in higher classes.
Math is being voted as one of the boring subject by majority of students.
What are the difficulties and problems while teaching and learning Mathematics in
Classroom?
(Nicette N. Ganal, M. R. (2014)
The difficulties can be broadly classified under three main categories:
пѓ пЂ Students are not familiar with the syntax of mathematics;
пѓ пЂ Students are confused over the different uses of letters signs and symbols in mathematics;
пѓ пЂ Students find solving

The Golden Age Of Teaching Yourself Anything By Carlin Flora
The article "The Golden Age of Teaching Yourself Anything" by Carlin Flora, states that people should enter self
–initiated learning to develop
knowledge. Self–taught achiever is an attractive topic because it do not need school and education system, and only need people's passion and talent
to achieve it. Bill Gates, Abe Lincoln, and Virginia Woolf are role models of autodidacts who are self
–taught people. Although autodidacts do not
depend on a school or an institution, they always require the help and guidance of other people, books, video, education app, online free course, and so
on. In addition, when people are within the education system, they also become self–taught learners, such as dancers' practicing. In the insufficient of
teacher's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nowadays is time apps, self–directed learners can use apps to study on the phone, such as Duolingo, an app that, provides different lessons for more
than 20 languages. The app is like a outside pressure to push self–directed learners to achieve their learning aim. Additionally, the app of auxiliary
functions, such as the app tells how to improve and how many day in a row, have a function of positive reinforcement and motivates you to focus on
learning. Finally, Duolingo found that its effectiveness hinges on the motivation of the participants because motivation can help the participants to
enhance efficiency on their learning, such as some participants study for trip, so buying the plane tickets ahead of time can stimulate them to focus on
studying.
Self–directed learning has limitations of online learning. Many people want to become a self–directed learner, but they give up halfway because it is
like learning in a vacuum. People cannot connect the dots of learning to their current body of knowledge; therefore, Boles suggests that self–directed
learners can look for partners who have the same goal to help each other and make up disadvantages. Although self–directed learning maintains a small
trend and it exists many problems, keeping self–learning is still an important

Rote Learning Worksheet
What memories do you have of learning from when you were a young child? Do you remember doing worksheets or do you remember playing?
While worksheets do teach information on a rote memory basis, allowing children to learn through play is educational in a more personal way. It
promotes social and emotional development, helps develop a love for both school and learning, and allows children to learn through their own
experiences.
Imagine looking at an amazing art piece made by a famous artist and then trying to copy it. Think of the frustration of the two pieces not looking
similar enough for your personal acceptance. Looking at an adult made project as a young child and trying to copy it can be frustrating for young
kids. Teacher modeled projects can make children frustrated. Young children need to be able to explore their own worlds by learning throughplay and
enjoyment. Forcing children to do things the way you want them to, hinders their self–acceptance, excitement to learn and also harms their creativity
and imagination.
A 3–4 year old has an average attention span of 8–10 minutes; a 2–year olds is even shorter averaging around 2–3 minutes. Expecting a child to sit
down, be still, quiet and concentrated on a worksheet at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rote learning does not allow for a deeper learning of the subject being taught. This learning style makes it harder on teachers to know if their students
truly understand what is being taught because the child may be able to memorize the answers and not be understanding them. "Meaningful learning
involves understanding how all the pieces of an entire concept fit together."(www.oxfordlearning.com) Meaningful learning allows children to learning
and understand the topic being

Importance Of 21st Century Teaching And Learning
21st Century teaching and learning is about transforming educational practices to equip students with the skills and know–how they will need to
navigate life in the 21st century. Bolstad, Gilbert, McDowell, Bull, Boyd and Hopkins argue that 21st century learning and teaching "can be
considered as an emerging cluster of new ideas, beliefs, knowledge, theories and practices" (Bolstad et. al., 2012, p. 1). In the Industrial age of thinking
the education system was modelled on a factory assembly line and the role of the educator was to prepare students for the industrial workforce.
However, we are now living in the age coined the Knowledge era, where new information is rapidly being created every day and job markets are
shifting and expanding; the top jobs in 2012, didn't exist in 2002 (EF Explore America, 2012). Because society is undergoing change at an alarming
rate creating new ideas, beliefs, knowledge, theories and practices, the role of education is becoming unclear. Leaders across the globe are calling for
students to have more sophisticated skills such as evaluating and analysing information and thinking critically and creatively to solve real–world
problems (Silva, 2008). Therefore, 21st century learning methods are child–centred and have a focus on innovation, collaboration, exploration, cultural
awareness, creativity and problem solving, so that children will be ready for the future and whatever it may bring.
Traditional education was modelled on the industrial age

Learning Is A Key Component Of Human Development
Learning is a crucial component of human development; learning helps people understand past mistakes and progress in both their personal and
professional lives. Children would remain stagnant if they did not learn which is why it is important to take the time to understand human methods of
learning, and develop ways to enhance the learning process. In my reflection journal I will address at least two main points from the weekly reading
from Contemporary Theories of Learning (Illeris, 2009) and Emotional Intelligence (Goleman, 2005). In addition I will include my personal connection
and application for each point. In Contemporary Theories of Learning, Illeris defined learning as "any process that in living organisms leads to
permanent capacity change and which is not solely due to biological maturation or ageing" (Illeris, 2009). I found this definition interesting, because
learning by his definition is centered on change and the learning that typically takes place in our school systems are not centered on change; they are
centered on memorizing facts by rote memorization. When I attended a semester at Calvary Chapel Bible College in Murrieta California, one of my
professors discussed that there are five different types of learning levels, including rote, recognition, restatement, relation, and realization. After
reviewing these five levels, I noticed that the actual change does not occur until the realization stage where the individual understands the information

Homework: Why Children Enter The Fourth Grade
As children enter the fourth grade, the purpose of homework changes to some extent. In grades one to three, students are learning to read; thereafter,
they are reading to learn. In fourth grade both schoolwork and homework become more challenging. Learning tasks require more organization and more
sustained attention and effort.
Because of this change, homework becomes a more integral part of children's learning and is reflected more in their academic record. This shift comes
at a good time, since at about the fourth grade; children are ready for and want more autonomy and responsibility and less parental hovering and
interference.
Homework for older children has a number of purposes. It provides an opportunity for review and reinforcement

What Does Technology Integration Look Like In A...
According to the Partnership for 21st Century Skills (2006), young people entering the workforce lack the basic skills essential for successful job
performance, thus showing that those who are in poverty will most likely continue the poverty cycle. In order to break the poverty cycle, educators
must prepare students for success by integrating essential skills through the implementation of technology. Technology integration prepares students for
a global society and a diverse workforce by engaging them in critical thinking, communication, creativity, and collaboration skills (Darling–Hammond,
Zielezinski, & Goldman, 2014; Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2010)
The traditional classroom and workforce have changed due to an increase in cultural diversity (Gay, 2006). According to Darling–Hammond,
Zielezinski, & Goldman (2014), minority students are often at an economic disadvantage. Therefore, it is imperative that educators utilize a variety of
strategies to accommodate diverse learning needs and prepare these students for the workforce. Research has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In a technology–enhanced learning environment, the gap between cultures decreases and cultural identity increases; students develop critical thinking,
communication, creativity, and collaboration skills; and academic achievement increases for all students despite learning ability. (Darling–Hammond,
Zielezinski, & Goldman, 2014; Hollenbeck & Hollenbeck, 2009). Also, in a technology–enhanced learning environment, educators support technology
integration and receive effective on–going technology training and support (Singh & Means, n.d.). These educators also serve as mediators between
technology and students by facilitating the learning process. As a result, students become self–regulated learners who gain a deeper understanding and
meaning from their work (Hattie and Timperley, 2007; Murphy and Lebans,

Pedagogical Reflection
Over the last couple of weeks, I have noticed a variety of pedagogical decisions my teacher uses. She teaches a lot of her lessons in a whole group
setting. Furthermore, within the whole groups settings she teaches a lot of rules and content. For example, the students were reading "The Eye of the
Storm", which is about a storm chaser travelling to Florida to capture and document Hurricane Andrew. She questioned the students about what he does
for a living. The students answered a storm chaser; however, the teacher then asked why he would choose a career that is potentially dangerous. One
student said, "I think he chose this career because his job could tell us how dangerous the storm is, and he could compare this storm to future storms and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some cases, she makes her own worksheets because she believes the book didn't cover enough. This results in rote learning and memorization by the
students. However, about a third of her worksheets, she allows the students to work in partners. When the students interact with each other, they learn
from one another and gain ideas and knowledge about the particular topic. For example, the students were working on equivalent fractions. They started
working on worksheets individually, but as a whole group lecture and practice. The students then moved around the room to work with partners. The
teacher handed out manipulatives (foam fractions) to help them understand equivalent fractions once they moved to partners. Some of the students
weren't really getting the concept of equivalent fractions, but once they were partnered up the students were starting to get it. They were bouncing
ideas off of each other and started to really get the concept. After about twenty minutes, the teacher asked the students to go back to their seat so they
could go over the worksheet. The students had a lot of the answers correct. However, the teacher introduced a concept about multiplying to get
equivalent fractions. She just stated the rule and asked the students to quickly multiply the fractions and figure out the equivalent. I disagreed with this
method, because the students had a really tough time trying to multiply all

Are College Lectures Unfair? By Annie Murphy Paul
In her New York Times Magazine article "Are College Lectures Unfair?." Annie Murphy Paul describes the partiality of traditional lectures, why? and
how active learning is the next big thing. While college lectures are convectional and absolute tradition in teaching, the lecture format used without
supporting instructions clearly shows its exclusiveness towards indulged students. This favoritism is vivid when compared with active learning where
increased structure, feedback and synergy provokes students to participate in constructing their own understanding on the idea rather than learn by rote.
We learn by adding to our prior knowledge on the subject, active learning knowingly offers in and out–of–class structured courses, where problem
solving

Pre-k Math Classroom Observation Report
This paper will summarize the session of a pre–k math session. Secondly describe the evaluation results in connection to the five stages of professional
development. Lastly, analyze the lower –rated aspects of the session for improvement. I recently attended a professional development session for pre–k
Math. This professional development session has help enhance the pedagogy for novice teachers. The professional development courses were designed
to help share how pre–k math helps students rote count, patterns, geometry, compare, short, long. The skills will help teachers prepare students with
the concept of Pre–k math.
The professional development was well organized for the teacher to have comprehend the pre–k math skills. The teachers lean how to implement the
smart board for the pre–k classes. The smart board is a new technology that is being implemented in the pre–k ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The teacher learns how to organize the lesson plan. The lesson plan is a guide instruction on how to implement the lesson so, that they students reach
their goals. According Glickman, Gordon, and Ross–Gordon text: share will the information be useful that was provided during the professional
development meeting. Did the teachers comprehend what was taught during the pre–k session? The teachers were able to take the information back to
the classroom after learning how to implement the skills. The development was organized into small groups so, that the teachers where able to discuss
the session and write down question. There question was answer when asked by the speaker. After the teacher were given the new information they
were shown how to evaluate the students when they go back to their classroom. Encouraging students to come to school so, the lesson can be follow in
sequence order. Making sure students were completing the homework assignments and asking open–ended

Comparing and Contrasting Two Learning Theories
Comparing and contrasting two learning theories
One of the simplest and most commonly–used methods of conceptualizing learning is that of reinforcement theory (Noe 2010: 142). Every time a
parent promises a child a toy for being good during a grocery store trip or threatens a teen with being grounded for bad grades, he or she is using
reinforcement theory. Reinforcement theory is based upon the assumption that people want to experience as much pleasure as possible and avoid
pain. Thus, businesses offer workers bonuses for good work, and issue reprimands (such as docking pay or denying a promotion) for poor behavior.
The formal method of instilling learning through reinforcement theory is to use a schedule. According to a fixed schedule, a person is rewarded for
performing the behavior a specific number of times; according to a continuous ratio schedule, the reward occurs after every behavior, and according
to a variable ratio schedule, the reward does not occur with any predictable consistency when the behavior is performed. The advantages of fixed and
continuous rewards are that the behavior is more quickly instilled. The advantage of a variable schedule is that the behavior is less quickly
extinguished, given the subject anticipates getting a reward for a longer period of time (Noe 2010: 143).
Reinforcement may be effective in encouraging people to perform relatively rote tasks, but most organizations require more complex forms of behavior
to function. People must be

The 12 Principles And Its Implications For Brain Based...
Crystal Waiters
EDDN ASS 3
The 12 principles synthesize research related to the brain and learning from many disciplines and present it in a form that is useful to educators. These
functions can be used a theoretical foundation for brain based learning and offer guidelines and a frame work for teaching and learning. The following
are the 12 principles and its implications for brain based instruction
1.( Each Brain is Unique) Every brain is uniquely organized: Teaching should be multifaceted for English learners and express developing
understanding through visual, tactile, emotional and auditory means. Students need to see the teacher's body language and facial expressions to fully
understand the content of the lesson. Pictures and other visual display are including diagrams, illustrated books, overhead transparencies, videos hand
outs and flip charts. In the classroom, a visual learner can often prefer to take detailed notes to absorb information. An auditory learner may learn
through suing listening skills and may learn bets by verbal lectures, talking things through and listening to what their peers or other may have to day,
and discussions. These learners interpret the underlying meanings of speech through listening to voice, and the tone of voice. These learners may
benefit from leading aloud text, listening from their peers, or a sound device such as an audio book. Tactile students may learn best through hands on
approach, using the physical world and may

Ausubel's Integrative Learning Theory
Concept mapping is grounded in a sound cognitive learning theory. According to Ausubel's Assimilation Theory (Ausubel, 1968; Ausubel, Novak, &
Hanesian, 1978) as sited in Adiyiah (2011), new knowledge can be learned most effectively by relating it to previously existing knowledge. Concept
maps may be viewed as a methodological tool of Assimilation theory that displays fundamental elements of the theory such as subsumption, integrative
reconciliation and progressive differentiation. The idea of a concept is defined as a perceived regularity in events or objects, or a record of events or
objects, designated by a label, symbols and so on (CaГ±as, Valerio, Lalinde–Pulido, Arguedas, & Carvalho, 2003). The fundamental idea in Ausubel's
cognitive psychology

Theories Of Progressive Education
Progressive Learning Theory in the US
Sarah Cooper & Rashaell Keating
John Dewey's Progressive Learning Theory is defined as any various reformist educational philosophies and methodologies since the late 1800s, applied
especially to elementary schools, that reject the rote recitation and strict discipline of traditional, single classroom teaching, favoring instead more
stimulation of the individual pupil as well as group discussion, more informality in the classroom, a broader curriculum, and use of laboratories,
gymnasiums, etc. in the school. It is essentially an umbrella theory for many theories that have contributed to what is known as, Progressive Education.
Key Influences Friedrich Wilhelm August FrГ¶bel (1782–1852) was a German pedagogue and educator who first coined the term 'kindergarten' in
1840. His main contribution was realizing the importance of activity of the child, such as free work and games, in learning and that each child learns
differently and has different capabilities. He was a student of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827) who felt that individuals best learned through
experiences and through a direct manipulation and experience of objects and children were intrinsically motivated.
Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776–1841) was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline. According to
Herbart, abilities were not innate but could be instilled, so a thorough education could provide the framework for moral and

Essay about A Reflection of My Teaching Philosphy
The purpose of education is to transmit both knowledge and skills needed to live in our modern world. Learning, such as critical thinking, should light
a flame within the students that is a desire to learn, instead of smothering this desire through rote memorization. Just as Plato proposed that people must
emerge from their caves of their own reality, students need to be brought forth out of their caves and into the sunlight by their guides who are teachers.
Education is the process by which students learn more about themselves and about the world around them. Aristotle proposed that the purpose of
education should be to help a person reach his or her potential. Without education, learners may not reach their full potential; they may ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Students learn through a variety of ways, depending on their own needs. Some students learn through modeling, for example, while others learn best by
investigation. Students should be taught, as John Locke wrote in his Some Thoughts Concerning Education, "almost in playing." Learning should not be
in rote, but rather be a guided discovery. Students should be given the chance to use their imaginations to produce conclusions under the guidance of
their teachers. In Emile, Rousseau describes the ideal student as thus, "If he knows nothing by heart, he knows a great deal by experience." This means
that a person learns the best through experience, not memorization. It is important for today's students to go beyond what they have only read and to
instead be able to use their education. Students also need a motivation to learn, or they may just absorb the knowledge mechanically without
incorporating it into their thought process. This real world thinking should be expanded beyond their own realities and into the outside world, such as
the wider community.
Students should be taught how to be citizens of the global world, rather than just a small focus on their own communities. Paulo Freire notes in his
Pedagogy of the Oppressed that students must communicate with the world in order to achieve authentic thinking. Skills such as communication are
necessary to understand the

Math And Numeracy Research Paper
Mathematics and Numeracy go hand in hand. However just because you are good with maths does not imply your numeracy is good too, as "numeracy
is the capacity, confidence and disposition to use mathematics to meet the demands of learning, school, home, work, community and civic life"
(ACARA, 2009, p.5).
Mathematics is the foundation on which everything is built, however it is not about knowing only timetables, formulating, calculating, and being able
to provide one right answer to every question, unfortunately this was how maths was taught and enforced with rote and repetition. Rote and repetition
did not promote interconnectedness nor did it promote numerate individuals, therefore many could see no relevance to maths in their day to ... Show
Maths learning today is designed for interaction, providing active and open discussion, it makes connections to nature and to the world around us. Via
this type of learning, problem solvers evolve, those who can use mathematics in a variety of ways to determine the best course of action and outcome.
Thus providing the foundation for strong numeracy skills to develop while enhancing curiosity, reasoning and creating numerate individuals who know
"when to use mathematics, choosing the mathematics to use and critically evaluating its use" (NSW Department of Education and Communities, 2011).
"Children and young people need to develop their numeracy skills through learning to read, write and discuss aspects of numeracy within a range of
different real–life contexts" (Teach in
Scotland, 2016). By developing numeracy skills and using them reflectively in life, mathematics enriches every students life, and gives rise for
mathematicians to develop, that may have previously been lost in the

The Importance Of Education In Education
Teachers are overloaded and overwhelmed with the daily, weekly, monthly, and annual progress monitoring requirements placed upon them by their
departments of education and schools alike. With the constant forms and reports necessary to document their efforts and effectiveness, many are on
the verge of burn out and disillusionment with the dream of truly being educators. Reaching out to a coworker who is worn and tattered by the
regularly increasing demands for greater performance and one more mandatory curricular addition is an act of mercy and love. This is love for our
fellow man and love for the futures of the youngsters placed within that teachers' realm of authority. "Love never gives up, never loses faith, is always
hopeful, and endures through every circumstance," 1 Corinthians 13:7 (New Living Translation). This love for students and teachers will be the
driving force to bolster the initiative to approach a struggling teacher and offer a way of escape, a way to make teaching more efficient and effective
while at the same time not necessitating more physical effort on the part of the teacher. That is, making learning and teaching a reciprocal behavior in
which input comes from both the teacher and students alike, shifting the burden from the shoulders of one to the shoulders of many. Furthermore, in an
effort to find room for margin, an educator must be encouraged to find keys to truly educate rather than finding just another method of forcing loads of
rote

Essay On Conceptual Teaching
Explain the Effectiveness of Conceptual and Traditional Teaching on Students, in Educational Field.
Conceptual Teaching
Conceptual teaching is a logical investigative tool that contains diverse contexts and various distinctions which are helpful in the arrangement of
important characteristics and details of the event. Conceptual teaching is a way that helps to provide the students with the relative context of the
content where students use their own understanding in order to comprehend the facts with reference to the real world. Through this way, students
develop their critical thinking.
Concept is the logical and comprehensible arrangement of the understandings. Conceptual teaching is a way where students think in a very analytical
manner. In conceptual teaching, teacher prepares the activities that integrate the use of "real world". Abilities, skills and global concerns can be... Show
This teaching approach is the technique which majority of the teachers use in their classrooms to deliver the content to students. The teachers in this
technique use the drilling of rote memorization and basic learning skills that students use to learn the content from textbooks. In this teaching approach,
the focus is on the learning of basic skills and not the conceptual understanding of the content.
Traditional teaching is based on rote memorization and reinforcing of the content where concept is not considered. The learning based on the use of
real world activities in not important to be emphasized in this approach. One more thing is that students' assessment consist off rote memorization of
subject material and understanding of the concept is not really assessed. In traditional teaching, new knowledge is not connected with the schema or
background knowledge of the learners and the main focus is on tests and the marks on result

Essay On Negative Reinforcement

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Patricia Leatherby

More from Patricia Leatherby (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Essay On Negative Reinforcement