This document discusses Chi-square tests and provides examples of their use. Chi-square tests can be used for goodness of fit tests to determine if observed counts match expected counts. They can also be used to test independence between two categorical variables. Examples shown include a manufacturer testing customer preferences for different package designs, and a researcher testing independence between movie preference and location. The document also provides guidance on setting up and interpreting Chi-square tests in SPSS.

1. Chi-square
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 These tests are based on categories (as with nominally
scaled data) or on ranks (sometimes ever ordering is not
required).
 Distribution free tests
 Weak and less efficient

3. Chi-square
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Oi is the observed frequency of ith
category
Ei is the expected frequiency of ith
category

4. Goodness of fit (Based on weighted score)
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A manufacturer desires to know the customer preference
for packaging his product. Four different package designs
are available. A random sample of 113 customers gave
the information in Goodness of fit.sav

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Before running our chi-square
goodness of fit test, we need
to let SPSS know that the
numbers in the second
column are frequency counts,
not scores.

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There is no significant preference among the four
categories.

8. Chisquare.sav
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 Chi-square test of independence
 Student owns a car (owncar)
 Student is a resident living on campus or a commuter
(res)

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Pearson Chi-square statistics is equal to 15.759 with a
significance equal to 0.000.
Thus, we reject the null hypothesis
Conclusion: Car ownership and residency are not independent of each
other or these two variables are significantly related.

12. Lets Practice Chi-sq based on weigh casesLets Practice Chi-sq based on weigh cases
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 Tintin is a media researcher. He wants to know whether
the movie preference was dependent on location of the
respondent.
 The responses indicate, 75 respondents each have seen
movies 3 Idiots and Dabangg. His reponses indicate 71
respondents from Delhi and 79 respondents from
Mumbai.
 Movie – 1 (3 Idiots), 2 (Dabangg)Movie – 1 (3 Idiots), 2 (Dabangg)
 Place – 1 (Delhi), 2(Mumbai)Place – 1 (Delhi), 2(Mumbai)
 Filename: MovieChisquare.savFilename: MovieChisquare.sav

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 There is significant difference in location and movie
relatedness.
 Based on the previous output, we can conclude that 3
Idiots was much popular in Delhi and Dabangg was much
preferred in Mumbai

18. Goodness of Fit (Based on Individual scores)
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 Mr. Bond wants to know whether internet has influence on
cost/price comparison of products. He also wants to know
the influence of internet in case of online ordering.
 Null hypothesis(1): There is not much influence of internet in
case of cost/price comparison
 Null hypothesis (2): There is not much influence of internet in
case of online ordering.
 Coding
 1 = Never
 2 = Occasionally
 3 = Considerably
 4 = Almost always
 5 = Always
File
Internet.sav

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 Analyze

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 For cost/price comparison, chi-
square value of 42.207 showing a
significant difference in expected
and observed frequencies. H0
rejected.
 Suggesting: There is much influence
of internet in case of cost/price
comparison.
 For Online ordering, chi-square value of 58.034 showing a
significant difference in expected and observed
frequencies. H0 rejected.
 Suggesting: There is much influence of internet in case of
online ordering.

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Thank you!Thank you!