Municipal Roofing

Municipal Roofing
Municipal Roofing
When it comes to commercial roofing, most manufacturers, consumer products companies, and service–providers stick to the same approach. While
municipal roofing shares many of the same characteristics and goals with these industries, many municipal buildings seek additional gravitas in their
buildings. A growing town's city hall or police department is not just where a place to conduct business, it sends a message to residents and visitors
alike demonstrating what the town aspires to be.
Roofing Options
Materials
Roofing materials for municipal roofing projects are varied, and can include slate, ceramic, single–ply roofing, composite materials, sheet metal, or
even green roofing systems.
Common roofing materials such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When designing busy, industrial buildings such as government warehouses, post offices, and other practical buildings that require a great deal of
infrastructure and machines, the best option may be to go with a flat roof. A flat roof is allows a greater degree of flexibility in the future and can easily
be modified if future fixtures such as air conditioning units, ventilation, or other electronics need to be installed.
On the other hand, deep–slope roofs are more commonly found on residential homes. However, a deep–slope roof with a striking material such as slate
or ceramic may provide the sort of elegant look that a statehouse or courthouse demands. If your next construction project is going to be the sort of
building that is designed to make a statement and serve as a symbol for your town or city, a deep–slope roof with a rare roofing material may be your
best bet.
Century Roofing
Century Roofing has decades of experience in the municipal roofing industry and is one of the most trusted contractors in the Twin Cities area. Reach
out to a Century Roofing specialist today to learn more about successful municipal roofing projects completed in your area and to receive a free

personalized
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City Warming And Its Effects
Edgar Chaidez
Alana Brussin/ ENG 102
November 23, 2016
City Warming Over the last decades, the Earth's human population has been growing exponentially and now lies above 7 billion people. With such an
immense number of humans roaming around the Earth, throughout time, urbanization will occur expanding the size of many cities. As a rural area
expands so does the amount of asphalt and concrete buildings within the city. This is how anurban heat island occurs. An urban heat island poses many
serious threats as it raises the temperature significantly at night and can cause many fatal health risks during the day. Although urban heat islands seem
drastic, there remains ways that could potentially reduce the effects. Minimizing the effect of the urban heat island can be accomplished by increasing
the amount of vegetation, which includes trees and natural grass, around new parks and recreational facilities. An urban heat island is normally
classified as a metropolitan area that is warmer than its environment and the amount of concrete and asphalt a city has greatly contributes to the
problem (WTTU). A big city usually contains vast amounts of roads, buildings and asphalt which are materials that absorb heat from the Sun during the
day, according to ASU Professor Dr. Brazel. At night, the same constructs will release this heat into the atmosphere generating a significantly warmer
environment. At a smaller scale, such as a park or recreational facility, this heat inducing process

Questions On Phase Changes Materials
3.2.2 RPUF with Phase Change Materials 3.2.2.1 Methods to synthesize PU–PCMs Foam PCM can be incorporated into the PU foam encapsulation or
by direct incorporation. Micro–PCM core consists of a polymer or an inorganic shell and maintain the shape of the microcapsules and to prevent
shown PCM phase change from the leak. For laboratory–scale studies, and by the direct incorporation of two packagesmanufactured PU–PCM based
on a so–called one–shot foams are conventional polyurethane foams [23,24,25] is used in the synthesis. About encapsulation method, first,
microencapsulated PCM should polyol, catalyst, blowing agent and surfactant by mechanical mixing. Then, the isocyanate was added to with intensive
mechanical stirring continued until the mixture is uniform, the mixture began to bubble. At this time, the mixture was immediately poured into an
open mould having sufficient volume to allow the foam expands and cures [25,26]. This process is shown in FIG. 3. From the mass production
industries, Castellon et al point of view. [23] microPCM introduced into the polyurethane foam sandwich when used in accordance with the
microcapsules were added three different methods of industrial production lines. Fig. 8 Several types of PU–PCMs 3.2.2.2 Thermal Conductivity of
PU–PCM Foams As a new type of insulation material, PU–PCM foam of the most important thermal parameters which is thermal conductivity show
below the table. Table. 3 PU–PCM thermal conductivity [27] 3.2.2.3 Consideration

Differences Between A Green Roof And A Boop Garden?
ROOFTOP GARDEN
What is the difference between a green roof and a rooftop garden?
There are a few main differences between a green roof and a rooftop garden. Firstly a rooftop garden is intended for human use, whereas a green roof
is not intended for human use. Secondly, rooftop gardens are generally planted in deeper soils (on average between 200–500mm) while a green roof
substrate is much shallower (20mm–150mm), and can be as little as 2cm. Rooftop gardens are usually broken up into areas of lawn, taller trees and
shrubs whereas on a green roof plants are planted in mass and a greater variety is grown. Rooftop gardens are generally more "park–like" in design,
whereas on a green roof the vegetation forms an ecological protective layer.
Green Roof Study Environmental Benefits
Use of roof area as additional space.
.
Improves thermal performance.
The use of the direct green roof system because of the layers. When adding to the roof design.
Reduces sound transmission through roof.
The use of the direct green roof system.
Visually attractive with a variety of plants and foliage.
It create an own environment for the individual.
Low maintenance.
It depends in which green roof system is used, for the low maintenance. It would be the modular system as the food and water it stored within the trays
itself.

Little to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Northern European countries encourage rooftop gardens through legislation and by–laws, as a means of 29 reducing the stresses of an increasingly
urban population. The idea of gardens with challenging efforts by environmentally minded independent bodies, the benefits to the environment and
social sectors. The financial cost of implementing a rooftop garden is far outweighed by the social and environmental benefits. The initial sum should
not damage because the benefits will be felt for years to

Assignment : The Metabolism Of Cities Essay
CIV 220F URBAN ENGINEERING ECOLOGY
Assignment: The Metabolism of Cities
October.22nd, 2016
Submitted by: Student Name: Elvis(Chao) Yuan
Student Number: 999727014
Disclaimer:
The report being submitted is the individual work of the student
All researches included in this report appropriately references sources of information
Introduction
The Greater Toronto Area(GTA) is known as the largest (most populous) metropolitan area in Canada. In 2011, the population of GTA has reached
6,129,934 people which a density of 1038 people/kmВІ [1]. The total area of Greater Toronto Area is 5,905.706 kmВІ which includes the municipalities
of City of Toronto, City of Mississauga, Durham region, Halton region, Peel region, and York region, and many others [1] [2]. The GTA is located in
the southern Ontario province in Canada, and has a coordinate of 43.6532В° N, 79.3832В° W [3]. With an estimation of 8.8 billion of population by
the end of year 2035 (Figure 1.1), the Greater Toronto Area is facing many problems such as inefficient infrastructure, dramatic climate changes,
increasing amount of natural resources consumption and waste production. The study of urban metabolism (UM) which focuses on the input and
output of the resources and energy will help to analyze the interactions between urban system and human beings. One of the most important aspects of
urban metabolism is city infrastructure which refers to the basic facilities, services needed for a city to

Hardscaping Natural Environments
Part of creating an atmosphere of curb appeal for your home or business property is deciding where your focus should be on: hardscaping or
greenscaping your surroundings.
Our post below covers the pros and cons of each aspect of such a curb appeal project, and hopefully, it will make your decisions ones that will give
you the lawn and surrounding area of your dreams.
Hardscaping:
Comprised of utilizing rocks, stones, concrete, wood and other man–made or natural materials, this form of decor for your lawn is readily used to
enhance the visual and environmental impact of your lawn. Some examples might be patio walkways, cement driveways and even cedar gazebos in
the back yard.
1– Costs
Typically, the hardscape route costs little after... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in the case of using wooden decks or a gazebo, staining may be needed. Maintaining hardscapes involves little work. The same goes for
laying gravel on a driveway, but it does have to be replenished from time to time with the crushing weight of cars running over the gravel.
3– All Creatures Big And Small
If you're looking to deter wildlife, especially bees, from setting up homestead on your home property, then going with a hardscape mindset is the route
for you.
4– Water Consideration
While it doesn't necessarily require water, per say, hardscapes will need some kind of drainage system that will avoid accumulated pools of water or
worse yet, minor flooding. Either of both conditions can lead to an eventual mosquito infestation and breeding ground.

Greenscaping:
Involving the creation of a sustainable landscape from the soil up, this can be as simple as laying new sod soil, adding passive solar power such as
planting a tree at the right angles or even creating a yard with recyclable rain water run–offs.
1– Costs
In contrast to hardscaping, greenscapes are relatively inexpensive to begin; however, there is a maintenance cost for nurturing and replenishing the
green landscape: yard cutting, fertilizing, pruning and other costs that add up over

Final Exam Paper : Newtown Creek
Arielle Shrem SUST 1001 – Urban Sustainability Final Exam Paper: Newtown Creek Although it will take a lot of time and effort to rectify the
conditions at Newtown Creek, the variety in the recommendations from all the groups shows how many options are available to go about it. Some
of the ideas need some more foresight in accounting for all three pillars. For example, it is not always a good idea to focus too much on
environmental needs if the tradeoffs put social needs at too high of a risk. Even so, each suggestion has its own merit, especially when you use them
together. By implementing multiple ideas you are tackling more then one issue/pillar at a time. Therefore, the overall outcome is better then limiting
the benefits to a specific area of mediation. As Gestalt's Theory in psychology states, "the whole is greater then the sum of the parts." To have a
successful whole you must have numerous inter–reliant components with different levels of priority depending on effectiveness, cost, social impact,
and time frame. Every group had its own suggestions for green infrastructure. The most popular method among the projects was the implementation of
green roofs. As every group stated, green roofs can help regulate temperatures inside buildings, saving costs on heating and cooling. They are handy in
capturing storm water runoff, which can then be used for food production. Group A did a good job showing these benefits, but neglected to consider the
possible detrimental

Green Roof Advantages And Disadvantages
We all have a conventional roof, any of us use that roof other than shelter purpose? But this green roof has many benefits at environmental protection,
social quality of life and economic development. in short benefits at sustainable development. A green roof contributes in storm–water management,
reduction in heat island effects, reduction in pollution, provide habitat for plants, insects and animals, aesthetic benefits, reduction in noise level, fire
prevention, energy savings ( reduction in energy bills) as well as the life of the green roof is twice than the conventional roof ( stater 2008; Kristin and
D 2006; Amanda, Jim , Mcrae , Kathy , Michel 2014; Donald and Preethi 2010)
Stormwater management
During the rainy season, water runoff can overflow the storm–water structures and create soil erosion also damaging waterways. But the green roof's
growing medium absorbs the water with the help of plants/vegetation over it. The green roof can reduce stormwater runoff by 50 to 60% and in case
of, lower storm event, a green roof can stop stormwater runoff (Vanvert et al. 2005). According to research, the extensive green roof can reduce the
runoff by up to 90 % annually. The green roof tested In the united kingdom that retained 34% of rainfall with average reduction of 57 % ( Stovin, v,
Dunnett, N, and Hallam 2007)
Most of this absorbed water returned to the water cycle through evaporation and transpiration(evapotranspiration) (Kristin and D 2006). The excess
water is

The Chicago Green Roof Project
Chicago Green Roof Project
Marilyn Alberthal and Bryce Hansen
PM409 City University
Abstract
This paper analyzes the proficiencies and deficiencies of the initial Green Roof project in Chicago. Many consider this first roof as a great example
of how to properly set up a green roof initiative for city buildings. It also opened the doors for the city's residents to incorporate this into their
personal properties. Chicago has been recognized for their work in making more and more of their buildings greener and it can all be traced back to the
City Hall's green roof. As a national leader in green roofs, the city of Chicago has provided other metropolises a blueprint to successfully include
green roofs on their buildings, both existing and future. This paper will examine the initial project and it's beginnings while also evaluating the data
from years of research to conclude why this was a successful project. Years of data collection and increasing technology have yielded green roofs as a
success.
Chicago Green Roof Project Advancements in technology have helped provide sustainable materials for people to consume. It has come about at a
time where temperatures are warming to unprecedented levels and we are becoming more aware of how pollution is affecting our world. Cities have
been a focus as over–consumption of natural resources, congestion, and man–made buildings are having far reaching implications. We are seeing
pollution affect air and water cleanliness, and

Green Roofs : A Type Of Green Infrastructure
Green roofs are a type of green infrastructure that are becoming increasingly more popular as they perform vital environmental functions in addition
to being a used for storm water management. In simple terms, green roofs provide storm management by providing layers of absorbent materials on
the roof's surface capable of holding water. These layers consist of some form of vegetation like grass, a growing medium that enables the vegetation
to cultivate, a filtering layer that allows only water to pass through, a draining layer, a waterproof barrier that prevents water from going through and
the roof structure that is made from a material like concrete, wood or steel (City of Alexandria). According to Lake Superior Streams, green rooftops
absorb 15%–90% of runoff rainwater that comes in contact with the roof, and that large variation in absorbency is based on the vegetation and growing
medium used (Lake Superior Streams). The type of vegetation used ultimately depends on several factors, such as the climate, access to sunlight and
the depth of the growing medium as shallow growing mediums (5cm) can only sustain plant species with short roots such as sedum (stone–crop), while
grasses, herbs and wildflowers can be sustained in medium–depth growing mediums (10cm) and columbines and asters can live in growing medium
with deeper depths (15cm or more) (Green Garage). The depth of the growing medium directly correlates with the vegetation that can be grown on a
green roof as the

Persuasive Essay On Smart Roofing
We all come to the same conclusion when we look over our bills: every little bit of savings adds up. Energy prices are doing anything but going
down, and a key way to save on this expense is by installing new windows in your home. Whether it's cold or warm air that you're trying to keep
out, drafty windows make your air conditioner or heating appliance work overtime. Smart Roofing, LLC is here to help! Servicing the Des Moines
Metro and state of Iowa customers for over a decade, Smart Roofing is much more than just a roofing company. They are here to help with all of your
exterior solutions. From gutter installation to siding, they will help with any remodeling job! To make the process of replacing your windows easy and
hassle–free, Smart

What are Green Roofs?
A green roof is a layered system, partially or completely covering the roof area and with the vegetation being planted directly in the soil media
(Stewart, 2013). It is important to have a good understanding about the type of vegetated roofs and their maintenance as a facility manager. This
combination of natural and man–made facility is expanding at a dynamic pace and proves to be beneficial in providing sustainability. All the basic
stratigraphic composition remaining the same, green roofs can be classified as: Traditional vegetated roofs and Modular vegetated roofs (Velazquez,
2003). The difference between the two is the method of their installation and their mobility. Traditional roofs in general use either a single– ply or a
multi–ply waterproofing system which is then followed by a drainage membrane and the substrate/ soil media. Whereas in a modular system the
drainage, soil substrate and the plants are supported in a High density polyethylene (HDPE) trays of varying size, which are then transported to the
roofs and installed. Traditional roofs can further be classified as: Extensive, Semi–intensive and Intensive (Wark and Wark, 2003). Extensive roofs are
of low profile and performance, which are designed for maximum thermal and hydrological performance and minimum weight load. They contain low
profiles of 6 inches or less, with smaller plant diversity and low access for active human use. When compared to extensive roofs, semi–intensive are
slightly higher in profile

Storm Water Management Research Paper
Shifting gears two aspects of site seeing that have impacts on the environment are stormwater and urban heat effect. Where Storm–water management
becomes increasingly difficult, by the effect of the Canadian population growth, as it is the overwhelming need for diverting water also increases.
Storm–water runoff or drainage systems like sewers or precipitation runoffs overwhelm cities by causing the only amount of green space on a building
site to be the dugout basin.
These basins are usually how can storm water is handled, however, they always damage nearby streams and rivers with overflow and causes of
erosion. Handling the storm water near its source can and will save millions in not only currency but emissions, energy and further negative ... Show
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Only to have at the end of it, all these problems with storm water, emissions affecting the ozone layer and global warming. Emissions from the
building, such as CO2, and S2O. From industry and transportation, affecting the way of life and how the world functions, urban island effect, keeps
the heat trapped in and releases the heat after the sun has set. One may think that this is a positive thing, in the winter there is less of a need for
heating. But this is incorrect, as the world continues to grow warmer, the ice caps are melting, and the habitat of those arctic animals are being
affected. The food sources are dwindling and they are slowly dying out. All that needs to be stated about this is the Polar Bear for example. The
largest land carnivore in the arctic. Yet it's an endangered species as its home is melting away from the earth heating up. The good news is, there are
ways to reduce the amount of heat that is being released and absorbed. There are two specific strategies that will be discussed in order to apply them
to the Saginaw Public School addition so that such will not have the same issue or will not add to the issue of releasing heat.

Sparrow Woods
Food: In Sparrow Woods, we have used the methods of green roofs and greenhouses, both of which can help the planet, save money and produce
lots of food. Green roofs serve more purposes than we see, some including air purification and lower building energy costs. It is an easy and simple
way to make use of spaces, not only do they add a new dimension of beauty to your home, they last longer and are aesthetically pleasing.
Greenhouses, a similar method of green roofs create a multipurpose environment, provide longer growing seasons to help during our colder months
since they are enclosed. We are allowing people to come and see the greenhouses and green roofs to get them involved as well, just like a garden
where they can sit, walk around or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We believe nothing should come in the ways of living in a perfect area. Green space: As a community, we believe that recreational activities are an
important factor in our lives. Therefore, we have set aside a forest with a pond and trail along with benches to give a space outside the hustle and
bustle to relax. This is a space where kids can play, adults can meet up, people can walk and play sports. These areas are accessible to all living in
Sparrow Woods. Near our more urbanized area, we have green space between shops to sit around and enjoy mother nature. Energy: In Sparrow
Woods, we want to cut down our carbon footprint, through harnessing the Sun's energy in a clean renewable and sustainable way to use it for
energy through solar photovoltaic systems.They are economically cheap, since provide a cheaper electricity bill, but it also increase the value of
your house up to $6000. Solar panels are not restricted to roofs, they can be put on outdoor carports and solar roadways. They can be built either
over top the vehicles, which would not only protect the cars from damage but also collect solar energy while the cars are parked there all day. Solar
roadways perform the same task and they can be used for almost any surface. The excess energy is stored into a virtual grid which stores it and when
it needs to be used then it can be extracted from

Implementing Green Roof For Small Dwellings : Case Of...
"VERIFYING THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING GREEN ROOF FOR SMALL DWELLINGS: CASE OF RESIDENTIAL
UNITS, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND."
NAGARJUNA REDDY MATLURU(B.E) ID:15883245
INTRODUCTION:
Novel ecosystems such as Green Roof are increasingly becoming one of the most sustainable elements of a building. Research and design of green roof
is largely encouraged by most of the countries, Taking big step towards sustainable development. As speaking of sustainable development "we
emphasize Design and construction aspects; Creating effective built environment; Urban ecology habitat; Capability of mitigate flooding; Biotic and
A–biotic effects". It comes with many economic benefits and also helps in Bio–diversity restoration.
Urban habitat development with greener roof vegetated by typical plants such as common urban species with a set of characteristics helps in reduce the
greenhouse gases emission and also provides much better thermal and sound insulation. Plant selection should also be done based on drought– tolerant
species, also rocky habitats like pebbles will improve green roof functions. Design should be in such a way that it should be much efficient in carrying
out its functions such as to retaining 60%–100% of storm water on roof, Withstanding extreme fluctuations in temperature, controlled electromagnetic
radiation. Also benefits like Improvement in Air quality (i.e. Reduce in pollution), Longer

Urban Heat Island
Urban Heat Island – Cause, Effects and Mitigation Measures in USA
Table of Contents
Introduction The Phenomenon of Urban Heat Island Causes and Effects of UHI Mitigation Efforts Urban Heat Island (UHI) of Urban Cities of
United States UHI and Climate Trends of Some Major cities of US Urban Heat Island (UHI) Mitigation Strategies in United States Conclusion
Urban Heat Islands
Introduction
Urban Heat Island – UHI is one of the important phenomenons of meteorology. It refers to a metropolitan area that becomes significantly warmer as
compared with the areas surrounding it. Urban heat island is a well–documented and widely accepted outcome of the human modifications to the ...
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On the other hand, when there are windy, humid, and overcast nights with low humidity, there are less chances of the occurrence of the urban heat
islands. It is also found that the urban heat island is not only affected from the prevailing wind circulation in the city and the surrounding areas but also
from the sea breezes and drainage winds.
[pic]
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency In order to define the urban heat islands and to assess the thermal urban environment there are different
tools, mechanism, and networks which have been created and introduced by different experts and specialized organizations. For example, the satellite
images are commonly used in the thermal infrared. The satellite images allow tracking the changes of the temperatures in the urban areas at different
times of the day and they also help in determining the differences in the temperature of the urban areas as compared with the surrounding areas.
Furthermore, meteorologist and other urban heat island experts use to employ different networks of weather stations to conduct the analysis of
different urban areas. These studies help in identifying the peak temperatures of urban areas and the time of the day and year when temperatures reach
their peaks. In the same way, the mesoscale weather

Effects Of Green Spaces On The Environment
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Urban Expansion Currently around 75% of Europeans live in urban areas and cities; this is expected to rise to 80% by 2020
(European Union, 2016). Cities all around the world are continuously expanding and developing in order to accommodate the growing population and
needs of the area. With increased construction and new developments, cities are turning more into a concrete jungle every year. Unfortunately, the
consequences of this have a big impact on the environment. The loss of green spaces and rise of glass and concrete buildings is having a harmful
effect on the air quality and takes away natural wildlife habitats; which in turn has a negative effect on people in the area. The reduction in permeable
land surfaces is in essence waterproofing our cities and therefore putting the existing drainage systems under more pressure. Ultimately, urban
expansion as it is, is not socially or environmentally sustainable and researchers have identified that London's biggest short–term risk is the risk of
surface water flooding. (Mayor of London, 2011) 1.2 A Practical Solution? As London is already quite established it is unlikely, that with the
population forecast, buildings are going to be demolished to make way for permeable surfaces. A practical solution would not only be to design new
buildings with sustainable drainage, but look at adapting and utilising existing buildings as well. Therefore this report will be focusing on
understanding the Governments aims

The Health Benefits of Urban Green Roof Essay
In this paper, I consider an effect of green roofs – its mental and spiritual impact on health of residents living in urbanized area. It is well known that
natural open spaces and well–designed greenspaces provide a locus for recreation, social interaction and community action and are highlighted as
having a particularly positive influence on health and well–being. Given that urban green spaces are now widely recognized as major contributors both
to the quality of the environment, and to human health and well–being, an important question is whether this will move them closer to, or further from,
the goal of mental and spiritual health on urban residents. Aside from psychological health benefits, the effect of environmental benefits of... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Snowball sampling is used to collect data.
As part of the experiment, six of eighteen residents of east were assigned to a control group that does not access to green roofs; six were assigned to
visually contact with green roofs (treatment 2) and six were assigned to physically contact with green roofs (treatment 3). Eighteen men (N=7) and
women (N=11) were randomly assigned to the control group, treatment 1 or treatment 2. Each participant was asked to answer a series of open ended
questions about the "mental and spiritual effect on green roof".
Predictor variables explained 68% of variance in visual experience with green roofs, with perceived visual control having the strongest influence.
Predictor variables explained 74% of variance in physical experience with green roofs. Each responds are followed by subjective norms and attitudes.
Visual contact with green roofs and physical contact with green roofs together explained 62% of variance in self–reported mental and spiritual effect
on green roofs. Having physical contact with green roofs is significantly higher for respondents with gardening roof gardens or farming roof gardens.
There is no significant evidence of gender by treatment interaction. There is not a significant effect due to treatments, after controlling for gender.
I find little evidence of increasing psychological demands in green roofs, where the relative importance of physically demanding infrastructures is
unlikely to

Environmental Sustainability Of Urban Heat Islands
Scientific research into the dynamics of urban heat islands and possible remedies to the problem are vital in the cause of balancing human activities
with environmental sustainability. The urgent and imminent environmentally and economically damaging effects of urban heat islands are concerning
topics which necessitate equally as drastic solutions, some of which have already begun to be instated, but may not go far enough in protecting our
planet. This paper discusses the present measures put in place to help improve urban heat islands, what the future may have in store without further
work, and why our planet's fate greatly depends on these measures. Furthermore, an in depth discussion regarding additional measures that can be
effectively and efficiently used to improve urban heat islands will be explored. As aware citizens, individual and collective responsibility in respects to
urban heat islands will be central in neutralizing the urban heat island crisis, and action must be taken before it is too late. An urban heat island is a
metropolitan area that suffers from recurrent high temperatures compared to the cooler temperatures of its rural surroundings. There are many factors
that contribute to the creation of urban heat islands, but if proper adjustment is done to albedo, architecture, and vegetation, there will be an effective
and efficient reduction in city temperatures. Recent studies have shown that urban temperatures are gradually rising, and this dynamic is

Recommendation Report On Green Roofs And White Roofs Essay
Saira Guillen 4600 Cullen Boulevard Houston, TX 77004 June 30, 2015 Deborah Salvo, Ph.D. Cullen College of Engineering University of Houston
4800 Calhoun Rd. Houston, TX 77004 RE: Proposal Dear Dr. Salvo: The enclosed recommendation report compares green roofs and white roofs,
which I informed you of in my previous letter. The information in this report includes the cost analysis, which examines the installation, maintenance,
and replacements costs of each roof type. In addition, the report examines the environmental impact in offsetting greenhouse gases. In the world of
construction, a white roof is a structure covering made with a top layer of highly reflective white colored paint. A waterproof barrier and an insulation
board follow the top layer. If you have any questions regarding this matter, please contact me at snguillen@uh.edu or at (832) 466–8076. Sincerely,
Saira Guillen PETR Undergraduate Student Recommendation Report Green Roofs vs. White Roofs Saira Guillen ENGI 2304: Technical
Communications Dr. Salvo Table of Contents List of Tables and Figuresiv Descriptive Abstractv Introduction1 Purpose1 Problem1 Scope1 Discussion1
Environmental Impact1 Explanation1 Data2 Interpretation4 Cost Analysis4 Explanation4 Data5 Interpretation6 Conclusion6 Summary6 Conclusion6
Recommendation6 Contact Information6 References7 List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Air quality of white and green roofs [3]2 Figure 1. Green roof

A Green Roof
Not long ago Pittsburgh was a city that travelers described as, "hell with the lid off" (Madrigal). The smoke was so thick that it looked to be midnight
when it was really only noon. While many can no longer relate to what it felt like walking through this city, those few students who have ventured into
the Armstrong Tunnel that runs under campus have described emerging in a layer of filth. No one wants to take a walk and become coated in a sheet
of soot by the time they reach their destination. Almost everyone who knows of Pittsburgh knows of its bleak past, but we can create a new future for
this city that once was concealed in smoke.
Duquesne University was built in the middle of Pittsburgh, leaving not much room for green space. The solution to this dilemma is a garden high in
the sky, a green roof. Dictionary.com describes a green roof as, "a roof covered with vegetation, designed for its aesthetic value and to optimize energy
conservation." This roof is the answer that Pittsburgh has been looking for.
Green roofs are beneficial in so many ways. First, they improve the air quality. This is due to the fact that, "Plants reduce carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and produce oxygen" (Environmental). Increasing air quality leads to increased health and quality of life for those in the city. Second,
they increase biodiversity and wildlife. This, however, will not happen if a generic green roof is assembled. According to research, "green roofs need
to be designed to meet

A Brief Note On The Urban Heat Island
An urban heat island is described as metropolitan area or a city that is particularly hotter than the rural areas that surrounding it because of the activities
of the human. The difference in the temperature always higher during the night than at the day, and generally when winds are not strong. Urban heat
island is generally apparent during the winter and summer. The modification of land surfaces is the main reason for the urban heat island effect. The
second contributor is the losing of heat created by the usage of the energy. The growth of the population center tends to extend its area and boost its
temperature average. The low utilize term heat island assigns to any area, whatever it is populated or not, in such a way it is ... Show more content on
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So, built surfaces are possessed from water–resistant and a high percentage of non–reflective construction materials. As a result, they ensure the
absorption of certain proportion of the happening radiation, which is emitted as heat. Vegetation restricts radiation and yield umbrage that also helps
in the reduction of the urban heat release. The fragmentation and reduction of large vegetative zones such as parks, will decrease these advantages
and also will prohibits atmospheric cooling because of the circulation of horizontal air created by the gradient of the temperature between urbanization
and vegetation areas, which is called the park cool island effect. On the other hand, the buildings which is arranged in narrow way along the streets of
the cities create urban canyons that block the reflected radiation from the urban surfaces from escaping to the space. This radiation is eventually
imbibed by the walls of the buildings, thus promote the release of the urban heat. Factors such as the expulsion of waste heat from refrigeration and air
conditioning systems, the retardation of rural air flows from the built up surfaces by the windward, the production of waste heat from motorized
vehicular traffic and industrial processes, and the emitted and scattered radiation from the pollutants of the atmosphere to the urban area, have been
established as extra factors causes of

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment And...
The phenomena of global warming are the main factors that lead to the world climate change. The phenomena give a bad impact on the environmental
quality that includes uncertainly of world temperature and a rising sea level (Maslin, 2004). According the Smith (2005) the other bad impact on global
warming is, increased a greenhouse gaseous emissions, higher atmospheric temperatures, intense precipitation, and increased indoor discomfort. The
environmental problem and pollution is becoming a global nightmare and commonly affects the urban areas. This also gives many negative
environmental impacts on the society and ecological system. The increase in the greenhouse gaseous emissions have led to the urban heat island
phenomenon, which is the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the ability of the earth's surface to reradiate heat to Deforestation is believed to be another major cause of
global warming. The cutting and burning of about 34 million acres of trees each year resulted in an increase of 25% carbon dioxide entering the
atmosphere Ismail et al. (2010). Environmental pollution is becoming more common in the urban areas and has produced many negative environmental
impacts to society. One of the effects is an urban heat island phenomenon in which the temperature in urban areas is higher than the surrounding area.
Climate change not only gives impact to the environment but also to the natural heating and cooling processes of buildings. The warmer outside
temperature will affect the indoor temperature and thermal comfort of buildings. When the outdoor air temperature increases, buildings will experience
indoor discomfort and this situation will lead to a higher demand for mechanical ventilation and increased energy consumption in buildings. Various
studies have shown that passive and low energy cooling are the most preferred techniques used to minimise the solar load and conductive daytime heat
gain through the building. Climate change does not only give an impact on the

The Implementation Of Green Roofs
I have attached my report of my research into the implementation of green roofs in the City of Chicago. I have completed the tasks set forth in my
proposal of September 23rd, 2015. Those goals were as follows: to determine both the fiscal and environmental ramifications of select green roof
implementation. I first focused mainly on secondary resources to truly become an expert in the area and formulate a series of questions to ask willing
study participants. I first focused on contacting local businesses in different areas of Chicago, and then asked other citizens of the city about their
opinions on being environmentally sustainable.
Based on the information gathered, it seems that citizens are apprehensive for financial reasons, not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By taking advantage of resources in the surrounding environment without using them all. As a result, a city can utilize these renewable resources to
their advantage to benefit their inhabitant's health while potentially saving them money.
As a country, we spend so much money and exhaust so many fossil fuels keeping our houses warm in the winter and cool in the summer. The US
Energy Information Administration's 2013 International Energy Outlook projects that worldwide energy consumption will grow by 56% between
2010 and 2040, from 524 quadrillion BTUs to 820 quadrillion BTUs. More than 30% of all carbon dioxide emissions in many developed nations is
heating or cooling buildings.
One way I identified early as a way to become sustainable was the implementation of green roofs. Agreen roof is a layer of soil and plants above a
waterproof coating on the roof of a flat top building. This improve the thermal performance of a roof by shading and insulating the roof from the sun.
Despite many reasons to implement these changes, I notices a pattern amongst interviewees. Typically, becoming sustainable has costs associated
upfront, but saves money in the long term. However, it seemed that people could not, or simply did not want to pay the money to convert their roof.
Additional research included a cost analysis based on multiple local businesses who I was fortunate enough to look over their property and perform a
break

Investigating The Water Retention Capacity Of Different...
2. Project Objectives
The project objective is to determine the water retention capacity of different growing substrates and whether the substrate has an effect on the quality
of runoff, under the climate conditions of Western Australia.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Substrate Mixes and Plant
Cynodon dactylon (Couch Grass) was selected as the model plant for the experiment, which was purchased from a local nursery. This is due to its
ability to survive on low amounts of water because of its extensive root system (BioNET–EAFRINET 2016). In order to reduce the effects of other
growing media on the testing substrate, the Cynodon dactylon (couch) roll was washed with water before planting onto planting pots.
For the present study, substrate preparation was based on an extensive green roof system, which has a shallower layer (6–20cm) of growing medium
(IGRA 2014). Therefore, in this case, the depth of substrate was fixed at 14 cm with inorganic and organic composition. The materials used for the
preparation of green roof substrate include vermiculite, perlite, sand and organic mulch. Vermiculite is a kind of materials which are
aluminium–iron–magnesium–silicates, resembling mica in appearance(DuprГ© Minerals Ltd. 2016). These materials were brought from the local
stores and used in their original form in experiments.
The physical properties of each substrate component were tested and listed in Table 1. Bulk density (at maximum water holding capacity) was
measured as per FLL

Green Roof Cons
Pros & Cons of Green Roofing
Green roofing systems are rapidly becoming one of the most popular options for environmentally–conscious customers interested in making a statement
with their home while helping the environment at the same time, and several roofing companies in Chicago are beginning to specialize in this field. A
green roof does not mean that a roof has solar panels or wind turbines installed; a green roof is a system that is covered with plants, mosses, and other
types of vegetation.
There are three primary types of green roofing systems: extensive and intensive roofs. Extensive roofing systems have a very thin layer of soil
covering the roof, which is used to plant moss, grasses, and herbs. This system is relatively light and is not very difficult to install, meaning reduced
labor costs for you and no need for an heavy–duty support system.
Intensive roofing systems, on the other hand, utilize a much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cons
Green roofs are difficult systems to put into place and require the contracting with experienced roofing companies in order to complete the job. They
are also significantly more expensive than traditional roofing systems, so you must increase your budget if you desire this type of system. Roofing
companies will also need to spend additional money on supplies, as these types of roofs require additional insulation and waterproofing before complete.
Upkeep is also a major issue with green roofs. They require regular water and pruning, just like a traditional garden, which can add hours of additional
work to your schedule every week.
Lastly, there is additional maintenance and planting required in a harsh climate like that found in Chicago. Because of the severity of Chicago winters,
you will be required to replant your roof every spring, which costs additional time and

Green Roofs : A Soil Layer Of Absorbent Materials On The Roof
Green roofs are example of green infrastructure that provides storm management through layers of absorbent materials on the roof's surface capable
of holding water. These layers consist of some form of vegetation like grass, a growing medium that enables the vegetation to cultivate, a filtering
layer that allows only water to pass through, a draining layer, a waterproof barrier that prevents water from going through the roof and the roof
structure that is made from a material like concrete, wood or steel (City of Alexandria). Green rooftops absorb 15%–90% of runoff rainwater that
comes in contact with the roof, and that large variation in absorbency is based on the vegetation and growing medium used (Lake Superior Streams).
The type of vegetation selected ultimately depends on several factors, such as the climate, access to sunlight and the depth of the growing medium as
shallow growing mediums (5cm) can only sustain plant species with short roots such as sedum while grasses, herbs and wildflowers can be sustained
in medium–depth growing mediums (10cm) and columbines and asters can live in growing medium with deeper depths (15cm+ (Green Garage). The
depth of the growing medium correlates with the vegetation that can be grown, as the roots of more absorbent plants tend to need more space. It is
important to note that the soil used on green roofs is not the same type as ordinary soil found in the ground, but that it is instead engineered to have
certain characteristics

Characteristics Of A General Green Roof Water Recycling...
This technical description will depict the parts and characteristics of a general green roof water recycling system.
Introduction
Audience
This description is aimed toward the general public to be informed on this form of Green Technology and how it benefits our environment.
Purpose
Sustainable and environmental technology, also known as "green" technology has become a trend in the design world as our culture has began moving
into this era of "going green." This roof system is an example of green technology being implemented into buildings and structures that the average
person sees on a day–to–day basis. Essentially this description will help the general public will gain knowledge on stormwater reclamation through
green roof technology. The audience will also be left with the ability to identify this technique on buildings that they might possibly see everyday.
Topic
Green roofs, also known as "living roofs" are a restorative and protective system applied to the roof of buildings or structures. Essentially it is an
extra vegetative layer on the roof of a building. Green roofs collect rainwater to later be reused to run specific facilities. This rainwater is then run
through a series of tanks and filters before being reused as greywater. Greywater is non–potable water that can be used for things such as flushing
toilets and crop irrigation.
Overview
This description depicts the characteristics of a green roof and the process of recycling and reusingthe water that

The Importance Of Urbanization On Oahu
Raped, pillaged and taken. For years, Oahu's precious land has been bulldozed and re–purposed to make room for buildings and skyscrapers; this
process is known as urbanization. Urbanization is a natural part of any growing population. The cities, towns and homes on Oahu were, in majority,
built upon a foundation of greenery and luscious landscape. Due to the growing number of residents on Oahu, companies are forced to add more and
more living quarters and that means tearing down more trees and destroying the natural landscape. Skyscrapers and other city buildings alike have
taken the greenery that once was, but with the implementation of green roofs, some of the lost land could be restored. The process of urbanism has
taken away lots of land from Oahu .
The need for urbanization has been growing as the population of Oahu grows. Urbanizing the islands of Hawaii is different than that of the
mainland; Hawaii has less land and the undeveloped land is precious. To make room for all of the people and the expansion of urban areas, land is to
be taken; for example, Oahu's land, and water has to be redistributed from its natural pathways. Honolulu's Civil Beat contributor, Sean Connelly,
clearly explains just what urbanization specific to the island of Oahu is and where its foundation lies: "The catalyst for traditional urbanization was the
invention of a large–scale infrastructure that distributed freshwater. Over time, this system became ingrained in the natural hydrology, and

A Brief Note On The Urban Heat Island
An urban heat island is described as metropolitan area or a city that is particularly hotter than the rural areas that surrounding it because of the activities
of the human. The difference in the temperature always higher during the night than at the day, and generally when winds are not strong. Urban heat
island is generally apparent during the winter and summer. The modification of land surfaces is the main reason for the urban heat island effect. The
second contributor is the losing of heat created by the usage of the energy. The growth of the population center tends to extend its area and boost its
temperature average. The low utilize term heat island assigns to any area, whatever it is populated or not, in such a way it is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Reduction of the urban heat island impact can be completed by the utilize of green roofs and the use of surfaces in urban areas with lighter color,
which absorb less heat and reflect more sunlight. It is well recognized that the advanced alteration by built surfaces of natural surfaces, within
urbanization, shapes the main due to the formation of the urban heat isolation. Natural surfaces are frequently composed of moisture trapping soils and
vegetation. Therefore, they use a large proportion of the radiation that absorbed in the process of the evapotranspiration and emission water vapor that
shares in cooling the air in their neighborhood. So, built surfaces are possessed from water–resistant and a high percentage of non–reflective
construction materials. As a result, they ensure the absorption of certain proportion of the happening radiation, which is emitted as heat. Vegetation
restricts radiation and yield umbrage that also helps in the reduction of the urban heat release. The fragmentation and reduction of large vegetative
zones such as parks, will decrease these advantages and also will prohibits atmospheric cooling because of the circulation of horizontal air created by
the gradient of the temperature between urbanization and vegetation areas, which is called the park cool island effect. On the other hand, the buildings
which is arranged in narrow way along the streets of the cities create urban canyons that block the

What are Green Roofs?
Green roofs as a combination of natural and artificial facility has many positive and negative aspects. By knowing properly about the positive and
negative aspects, it gets easier for facility managers to plan and maintain the service according to space, infrastructure, people and organization. Carter
and Butler (2008), studied the ecological impact of green roofs on test plots of Georgia and Massachusetts. It was evaluated that green roofs help in
storm–water retention by retaining 78% of rainfall. They also help in improving building energy and managing the temperature according to the
surrounding temperature. Approximately 2.5% of cooling load reduction and 0.5% of heating load reduction are provided by the presence of green
roofs. Similar kind of study was done on the urban ecosystems of green roofs, examining the biotic and abiotic components that contributes to overall
ecological systems (Oberndorfer, Lundholm, Bass, Coffman, Doshi, 2007). Though green roofs are beneficial in water retention and varying the roof
temperature according to the surrounding temperature, it highly depends for these attributes on its design (Simmons, Gardiner, Windhager, 2008). A
case study on Fencing Academy of Philadelphia was conducted by United States EPA Office of Water (2000) to measure the benefits of vegetated
roof cover. The project showed that the vegetated roof cover helps to reduce the peak runoff rates for the storm events and helps in extending the roof
life by 20 years or more.

Francis Gregory Library Environmental Analysis
Daryl Fernandez 48267541 Francis Gregory Library Environmental Analysis A large overhanging canopy extends above the main glass structure to
further conjure the image and feeling of a pavilion, and provide shade and protection from rain, snow, and ice. The roof is equipped with a louver
system, enabling staff to adjust fan blades to allow more or less natural sunlight to penetrate through the ceiling, depending on the preferred
temperature and time of year, much like the roof of the Verizon Center. Given the incredible amount of precipitation dumped on the Metro area last
winter, engineers were forced to tweak the angle of the roof to make sure accumulated snow and ice loads could slide safely off. Thick, insulated, high
performance glass

Green Roof Farming In The United States
In many parts of the United States, land for agriculture is becoming scarce. At the same time, people want to eat foods with healthy, fresh ingredients.
These two trends have combined to create a new approach to farming–on the roof. Rooftop farming has its origins in the green–roof movement, in
which building owners plant grass and other vegetation on the roof. So–called green roofs have a number of environmental benefits, including reducing
temperatures and energy usage. In addition, green roofs often provide habitat for animals and a welcome respite for city dwellers. Over time, people
have taken the concept of a green roof a step further, adding garden plots with herbs or berries. More recently, larger commercial farms have begun to
appear

Construction Plan For Siemens Industrial Turbo Machinery Ltd
1. INTRODUCTION 2. ABOUT 3. SCOPE OF WORK 4. SCHEDULE 5. REFERENCES Trent Construction Ltd. (hereinafter also referred to, as
"Trent Construction") is pleased to submit this construction proposal to Siemens Industrial Turbo Machinery Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as
"Siemens") for the Factory & Office Proposal. 1. INTRODUCTION Office area for head office staff floor Area: 900m2 Warehouse / Loading area
/ Warehouse office: 2000m2 The planning conditions state the height of the proposed building should be no higher than 12m above ground level for
this project. The development should be housed in one building but with the different sections operating independently. There is no access is required
between the independent sections. Separate entrances are required for deliveries/visitors and Siemens are keen that clients, visitors and deliveries can
distinguish between the office area and the warehouse space. Siemens are also keen that any proposals are cost effective, have an appropriate quality of
specification. Siemens are interested in sustainable construction approaches. 2. ABOUT Trent Construction is an established and well–respected local
contractor that has been serving customers in Nottingham has completed a broad range of construction projects over the years, and many of them have
been of comparable scope and magnitude as compared with this construction project. 3. SCOPE OF WORK 3.1 Site Condition & Investigations
Dynamic probe, trial pits, window sample,

The Best Cost Effective Stormwater Management
The easiest and most cost effective stormwater management has already been happening here in the metro area, which is rain barrels and rain
cisterns. The Polk Soil and Water Conservation District, has fully indorsed the rain barrels and provides forms to order the rain barrels. They are the
easiest and most cost efficient way for property owners to divert their stormwater runoff.
The ease of Rain Barrels are that the rooftop downspouts are directed to a 55 gallon (usually) barrel that collects rainwater and stores it until needed
for a specific use, such as watering plants. While Cisterns are normally an underground container or tank with a larger storage capacity than a rain
barrel, and that is used to supplement greywater needs (i.e. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This does make cisterns more expensive, however, these cost would allow the house to use less water, and would be able to pull in thousands of
gallons of water away from the stormwater sewers.
In Chicago in 2009, there were over 2,220 rain barrels/downspout disconnections. This the calculated would lead to over 8,281,000 gallons of
stormwater were diverted from combined system annually. This means that the city of Chicago was able to use these very simple and inexpensive
stormwater mitigation methods to greatly reduce the amount of stormwater that the city was producing. Rain barrels and cisterns are a stormwater
prevention system that the property owners in the metro can and already have started to incorporate into their properties.
Green Roofs are primarily installed to reduce the amount of stormwater runoff and to protect water quality. There are two main types of green roofs
based on the plant material, extensive or intensive. Extensive green roofs are characterized by lower weight, lower installation cost, lower plant
diversity, and minimal maintenance. Intensive green roofs are characterized by deeper soil and greater weight, higher installation costs, increased plant
diversity, and greater maintenance, however, they are accessible to the public and provide green space for activities in an urban setting.
Green roofs provide many benefits for the urban landscape. They help reduce noise that is created in the cities, filter out air pollutants

Although the concentration of activity and people within...
Although the concentration of activity and people within cities is frequently perceived to be the main source of environmental problems, it can also
have environmental advantages as well, for instance through the sharing of resources and reduced vehicle travel times. Dr. Steemers believes that
more intense land use and sharing of infrastructure such as energy, water, drainage, roads, buildings and public transport can greatly reduce the
energy per capita in urban areas. He also explains that urban environments can receive huge benefits from the use of combined heat and power (CHP).
CHP has the potential to deliver 55% thermal energy and 30% electrical energy by themselves. The two energies combined can typically deliver 85%
or more... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be seen in a higher vulnerability for sickness in elderly people.
Microclimate modification through landscaping is a proven method for reducing the heat island effect. Landscaping can be used to control several
aspects of the microclimate such as solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity and glare. Using trees and shrubs is the
most significant way to provide shade and control of relative humidity and air movement. In addition plants provide ventilation and reduced heat
through ventilation. When air crosses hard reflective or absorptive surfaces like parking lots and sidewalks it is warmed, but air passing through trees
and plants is cooled (Ogunsote, 2003). Common ways in which to integrate landscaping elements into the urban environment include planting trees and
shrubs, lawns and flowerbeds, pools and ponds.
Another common way to implement plants into urban areas is through green roofs. Agreen roof is basically a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop.
Green roofs provide shade and remove heat from the air through evapotranspiration, reducing temperatures of the roof surface and the surrounding air.
The EPA recommends green roofs for mitigating urban heat islands and outlines some of the benefits below:
Reduced energy use: Green roofs absorb heat and act as insulators for buildings, reducing energy needed to provide cooling and heating.
Reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions:

Flexible Roofing Material
There are multiple ways you can purchase roofing material; you can purchase individual shingles or you can purchase rolls of roofing material with
the shingles attached. If you decide to use rolled roofing material, you may want to cut it before you take it up to your roof in order to make it more
manageable. Needed Materials In addition to the roll of asphalt roofing material, you are going to need a hook–blade utility knife, a tape measure and a
large sheet of plywood in order to cut the roofing material. Length Of The Cut One of the advantages of using rolled roofing material is that you can
lay down large sections without having to worry about any gaps in between the material. When you cut the roofing material, you want to cut it into...
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With additional assistance, you can handle more length than that. You will also want to measure your roof; depending on how long each side of
your roof is, you may be able to create sheets of roofing material that will run the entire length of your roof. Cutting The Rolled Roofing Material
First off, you need to lay down a piece of plywood on the ground. Then, unroll the roofing material on top of the layer of plywood. The plywood
protects the roofing material from any dirt on the ground and will any sticky coatings or layers on the roll as well. The plywood also functions as a
giant cutting board. Once the roofing material is stretched out on the plywood, use your measuring tape to measure out the length of material that you
determined you needed. In order to mark where you need to cut, use your hook–blade utility knife to make a small notch at the appropriate length.
Then, take your hook–blade utility knife, and starting where the notch is, pull straight across to cut off a section of the roofing material. Once you
have cut the section, roll it back up. This will make it easier to transport to your

Environmental Benefits Of Green Roofs
Introduction
There are several ecological and environmental benefits of green roofs which have consequentially brought in increasing interests in this technology. A
green roof, as a "carpeting" of plants on the roof of buildings, offers many benefits in addition to enhancing its aesthetic value. Primarily, green roofs
have the ability to delay the storm runoff peak occurrence, thus reducing the peak flow rate and mitigating flood risks. Another benefit is its thermal
insulation potential that reduces the urban heat island effect. They also help with pollution abatement, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation,
and general improvement of life quality in urban ecosystems (Xiaosheng et al. 2014).
Green roofs generally consist of a rather simple layering covering the rooftop, including a waterproof layer, a water retention layer and a drainage/filter
layer topped with substrate with different depths according to both maximum load capacity of the roof and vegetation type to be grown (Nardini et al.
2012). However, while there has not so much attention about the relative importance of vegetation structure and composition in determining the
ecosystem and technical functions of green roofs, in the last years, a number of studies have reported significant impacts of vegetation type on
stormwater runoff management (VanWoert et al. 2005).
In this paper, I aim to review existing research literature and summarize the process and importance of vegetation selection criteria for

Malaysian National Art Gallery
MALAYSIA NATIONAL ART GALLERY National Art Gallery was designed by a Dutch architect in 1932 and was Kuala Lumpur last major colonial
hotel. Today, the hotel has been converted into a pyramid–shaped block art gallery showcasing the work of Malaysian artists located between Jalan
Tunk Razak and Lake TItiwangsa. National Art Gallery was founded in the late 1950s, boasting fine Malay art with "long ridge roof" concept adapted
from traditional Malays house and a very unusual modern structure, built with a combination of glass, metal and slate. National Art Gallery aims to
display to the world some of the local artwork, hosts seminars, workshops and competitions in the local and international arena to promote the
appreciation of the arts by the younger generation. Each building has its own concept which defines what kind of design it used. The roof design of the
National Art Gallery adopted the combination of aluminium rainscreen cladding with curtain wall system. The following will briefly discuss on the
system used:– в–єAluminium Rainscreen Cladding Rainscreen cladding is a lightweight and durable panelling system that consists of an outer leaf
with air gaps, a ventilated cavity and an inner wall. The cavity is to generate pressure to impede the ingress of water through the open joints. The open
joints between is to permit air movement for drying out the moisture that gets through the joints. It consist different finishes like cladding panels, brick,
ceramic tiles,

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