1) Violence was common and seen as a measure of masculinity among young gauchos in 19th century Brazil, who would fight with knives called facons, sometimes in public places, to defend their honor. 2) Carlota Lucia de Brito was a strong woman in northeast Brazil who survived hardship and defied social norms by not marrying a powerful man, in order to gain upward mobility and fight against accepted authority. 3) Two neighboring gauchos, Cardoso and Silveira, who despised each other, were drafted and captured by the enemy. To make a spectacle of their death, they were ordered to walk as far as possible after having their

1. Violence for Show The young gaucho culture would fight for honor with long knives called a facon. Usually the fight was to save face in a public place sometimes in a Pulperia. Violence was expressive and a measure of their masculinity and success.

2. Carlota Lucia de Brito, a woman living in a tough society of northeast Brazil in the 19 th century. A strong survivor of drought, dead crops and destroyed Fodder. Men would leave their wives and children and turned into Bandits. Carlota would be involved with political scandal, murder and defy social norms by not marrying the politically powerful man with which she lived. She stayed single in order to move upward and would fight against the standards of accepted authority. A woman before her time.

4. September 17, 1862 the battle of Antietam had begun. General Lee took a stand against General McClellan. If the Union was to win this battle President Lincoln would announce the Emancipation Proclamation. Shoulder to shoulder men would march in ‘boxes’. Killing was intense and thousands lost their lives that day on both sides, a total of 23,000. It would be a draw.

7. In 1849 the California gold rush was in progress. California was dominated by the Democratic Party. The state legislature enacted a bill to try and split California in half but the Republican Congress said no. California would be admitted as a Free state in 1850. All filibuster efforts to create another slave state, like the battle for Cuba, were in vain. Minnesota, Oregon and Kansas would also become free states. California would be loyal to the U.S. and gold would help finance the Union effort.