6. Vocabulary page 29
Ask your friends to test you when
you are ________for your exams
What did the girl in the video do
to ___________?
7. Vocabulary page 31
Job opportunities for graduates have
shrunk (Shrink / shrank /shrunk)
Giving more people a hand to
succeed sounds like one menu
option worth ordering
8. Revision from exercise 4A pp. 30
• 1 I can’t ___ to go out for a meal tonight.
• 2 Doctors ___ quite a lot of money.
• 3 I think that university ___ are much too
high.
• 4 My brother left university with a huge ___.
• 5 Most students live in ___ rented flats.
• 6 Everyone would like a ___ job!
afford
earn
Fees
debt
Low-
cost
Well-
paid
9.
10. Useful language to rent a car
• 1 I’ll be [soon / right] with you.
2 Thank you [for / about] being so patient.
3 I don’t have that. Could it be [in / under] another
name?
4 What did you say [was your name / your name
was] again?
5 Let me check your rental [history / past].
6 Do you want the additional [security / insurance]?
7 Let me just print [out / off] your contract.
11. Characteristics of modal verbs
• They are followed by an infinitive without to (except for
ought to).
– I must buy a new computer
• They do not need “do / does” to form negatives or short
answers.
• They do not take the third person –s.
• They can use contractions with negatives.
• They have several different meanings depending on context.
12. MODAL VERBS
Function Modal verb
1. Ability and possibility Be able to / can / could
2. Permission Can / be allowed to / could (gral.
Permission in the past)
3. obligation/necessity Must / have to /need to
4. Absence of obligation Don’t have to / needn’t
5. Deduction May / Might / could /must / can’t
6. Advice / recommendation Should / Ought to
7. Prohibition Can’t / mustn’t
13. MATCHING
1. She must be very rich,
she drives a Porsche.
2. You should study
harder.
3. You don’t have to wear
long hair to be a pop
star.
4. You can’t park here
5. Can I come in?
a. Deduction
b. Lack of obligation
c. Advise
d. Permission
e. Prohibition
14. 1. Talking about ability and possibility
Modal use Example
Ability
Can Ability in the present I can swim
Could Ability in the past I couldn’t swim as a child
Be able to (not a modal
verb)
Ability for other verb
tenses
She will be able to speak
English fluently if she
marries him.
People have been able to
send emails since the
90s.
15. 2. Talking about permission.
Permission
Can & may Permission in the
present
Can I come in?
may I come in? (+
formal)
Be allowed to (not a
modal verb)
Permission in other
tenses
He was allowed to
arrive late to class by
the teacher
I won’t be allowed to
go to the concert this
time.
Could General permission in
the past (but not to
refer to a particular
action)
When we were children
we could go to school
on our own.
16. 3- Talking about obligation
OBLIGATION
Must More common for specific
or personal obligations
You must go to the doctor
tomorrow
Have to / don’t have to More general , external
obligations
(in informal English we
often use ‘ve got – I’ve got
to go now. It’s very late)
You have to be on time for
the exam
Need to You need to come home.
Your grandfather has had
an accident.
17. 4. Lack of Obligation vs obligation
LACK OF OBLIGATION
Needn’t You needn’t do this
homework. It is optional
Don’t have to You don’t have to do this
homework. It is optional
OBLIGATION
MUSTN’T
To be a pop star don’t have to have long hair (it isn’t necessary)
When you do your military service, you mustn’t have long hair (It isn’t
allowed)
18. 5. Deducing something that you do not
know for sure
Must You are sure what you
say is true.
She must be very rich.
She drives a Porsche
Can’t You think something is
impossible or not true.
It can’t be him. That man
is much younger
May
You think it is possibly
true
He may know her phone
number.
Might We might have nothing
in common.
Could Telling your mum about
him could be a disaster.
19. 6. Advise / recommendation / opinion
GIVE ADVICE
Should You should study harder
I think you should stay at home today
Ought to You ought to dress more formally for
work.
All schools ought to prepare students
for B2 exams
20. 7. PROHIBITION
PROHIBITION
not allowed to You are not allowed to
park here
Can’t You can’t park here
Mustn’t Strong prohibition You mustn’t cheat on
your husband
21. MODAL PERFECTS Use Example
Must have to + past
participle
To express certainty or
make a logical deduction
He has not arrived yet. He
must have been caught in a
traffic jam
Can’t have + past participle Impossibility in the past It can’t have been him! He
was with me yesterday.
Might / may / could have +
past participle
Possibility in the past He hasn’t phoned. He
might have gone out for
the weekend.
Could have + past
participle
Alternative past action,
Even though now it is too
late
I could have been a good
dancer but I did not
persist.
Should have + past
participle
We wish something had
happened in the past (but
it did not)
I should have told her that I
loved her.
Shouldn’t have + past
participle
We wish something hadn’t
happened in the past (but
it did happen)
I shouldn’t have been so
rude.
22. Some characteristics of modal verbs
1. The meaning of a phrasal verb is often not clear from the verb and adverb used:
Example:
How do you put up with his rudeness? (tolerate)
2. The same phrasal verb can often have two or more different meanings:
Example:
The driver had to stop as he couldn't get round the obstacle in the road.
She always manages to get round her parents if she wants something.
(persuade)
3. With phrasal verbs that require an object, the object can go before or after the
adverb but not if the object is a pronoun*.
Example:
I spent the afternoon handing out leaflets.
I spent the afternoon handing leaflets out.
I spent the afternoon handing them out.
*I spent the afternoon handing out them. (WRONG)
23.
24. Do you hear the people sing?
• A historical failed insurrection on June 1832,
romanticized in Les Miserables
• It started during the Burial of General
Lamarque, a hero of the Napoleonic wars.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMYNfQlf1H8
