The document discusses the debate around allowing student use of mobile phones in schools. It notes that while some support it, others oppose it strongly. Mobile phone companies target students as a key market. Mobile phones can be used positively to enhance learning, but they can also be a distraction and disrupt the learning process. They can also be used to access inappropriate online content. There are arguments both for and against allowing mobile phone use in schools.

2. Use of Mobile Phones in Schools
The use of mobile or cell phones in learning
institutions, specifically schools, has elicited debate and bitter
arguments, not only in the United States of America, but in the
world as a whole. While part of society has supported the use
of cellphones in schools, the other part has opposed their use
bitterly. Mobile phone manufacturers, such as Apple and
Samsung, have targeted students as their main market and thus
they have designed various models with lots of features in
order to attract them. Despite the fact that the use of mobile
phones by students in schools can be used positively and
constructively in order to enhance their learning, the same
technological devices can be utilized negatively, which
distracts them and their teachers and in turn disrupts the
learning process.

3. Use of Mobile Phones in Schools
For instance, whilst the students can use
mobile phones positively by accessing or
downloading important academic materials from the
worldwide web, the same can also be used to get
access towards destructive pornographic or
undesirable contents from online sources thus
destroying students’ morals. There are various
reasons as to why mobile phones should not be used
by students in schools and other learning institutions
through giving tangible evidence. There are various
arguments from critics calling for the use of mobile
phones in schools by the students.

4. Questions:
1. What is the text all about?
2. What makes the use of mobile phones debatable?
3. Why do mobile phones attract students?
4. When do mobile phones can be used positively?
negatively?
5. What are the modal verbs used in the text?

5. MODAL VERBS
Grammar review
MSc Sanda Katavić-Čaušić
ENGLISH MODAL VERBS-OXFORD ONLINE ENGLISH-
INTRODUCTION

6. WHAT ARE MODAL VERBS?
• special verbs which behave very
irregularly and that are used to indicate
modality – ability, possibility, likelihood,
probability, permission, and obligation.

7. LIST OF MODAL VERBS
• Can
• Could
• May
• Might
• Must
• Shall
• Should
• Will
• Would
• Ought to
Modal verbs are sometimes
referred to as
Modal Auxiliary verbs because
they help other verbs
They are Auxiliary verbs that
provide additional and specific
meaning to the main verb of the
sentence

8. Structure of Modal Verbs
I
Modal Verb
(can /should, etc.)
Infinitive
(without TO)
You
He
She
It
We
They

9. How do we use modals?
Example: Mary can play the piano
S
Subje
ct
V
Verb
M
-they are not conjugated
- they don’t need other auxiliary verbs

10. Form
He can ski not He cans ski or He can skis.
Would you like to come with me?
Do you would like to come with me?
They can’t be serious.
They don’t can be serious.
There is no “s” in singular
There is no “do / does” in the question
There is no “don’t / doesn’t” in the negative

11. Form
to can / caning to must /musting
She must study.
He could play football in his youth. (general ability)
We should have gone the other way.
Modal verbs do not have infinitives or –ing forms
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to

12. Form
Modal verbs do not have all the tenses
Many modals cannot be used with the past or the
future tenses
Can - be able to
Must - have to
I can solve the problem. – I was able to solve the problem.
You must come early. – You had to come early yesterday.

13. Modals in the Past
- refer to actions that happened in the past
It must have been a difficult decision
They should have invited her to their wedding
MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle

14. CAN
1) to express ability:
Ryan can speak French but he cannot speak German.
Superman can do things that ordinary people can’t.
2) to express request:
Can you help Sue?
Can I offer you something to drink?
3) to express permission:
Can I use your cell phone?
You can’t go out with Victor.
4) to express possibility:
If the weather is perfect tomorrow, we can go on a picnic.
I can be ready by five.
I will be ready five.

15. COULD
1) to express abilities in the past:
Jason could talk when he was four.
2) to express permission:
Could I leave the classroom?
3) to express future possibility:
I could get a bad final mark. It depends on the next exam.
4) could with present perfect tense is used to express something
in the past may be real.
You could have been killed in that accident.
I could have won that game.

16. SHALL
1) to express the simple future for the first
person.
• Shall we meet at the bus stop?
• I shall never forget your help.

17. WILL
1) present to future tense:
Sean will leave tomorrow. She will be
back in a few days.
If it rains, the soccer game will be put
off.
2) express willing,
If you won’t go and help him, I will.
I will wash the dishes if you cook.

18. WOULD
1) as the past tense of will:
She said she would buy dinner on her way home.
I believed it would rain so I brought my raincoat.
2) to express polite request:
Would you please take off your coat?
Would you mind turning the radio off?

19. SHOULD
1) to give advice and opinions
You are driving too fast; you should slow down a little bit.
You have gained a lot of weight. You should go on a diet.
2) to express expectations:
Are you ready? The taxi should be here soon.
Twenty dollars is enough. It shouldn’t cost more than that.
3) to suggest a less strong possibility
If you should pass the bakery, can you buy some bread?
Should with present perfect tense means something in the
past should not be done.
The baby is crying. You shouldn’t have talked so loudly.
She is angry. You shouldn’t have come back so late.

20. MUST and HAVE TO
1) express something is necessary and essential
You must pay by cash.
You have to drive on the right in France.
2) Students have to wear uniform.
must not is used to express something is not permitted or
allowed.
You mustn’t smoke, eat and drink in the museum.
You must not drink and drive.
3) not have to is used to express something that is not to be done
necessarily.
We don’t have to get up early on Saturday.
She doesn’t have to live in the hotel. She can live with us.

21. MAY
1) express possibility in the present or in the future.
It may rain.
Elizabeth may know his telephone number.
2) for permission:
May I come in?
You may come if you want.
3) to express wish or hope.
May you a long life!

22. MIGHT
1) to express possibility in the present or in the future.
Ashley might be in the library. I am not sure.
George might come as well.
He may come.
He might come. (the chance that he comes is less likely than
may)
2) might with present perfect tense means speculation about the
past.
Edward is late. He might have missed his bus or he might
have overslept.

23. Using Modal Verbs

24. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs which cannot usually work alone. They are
used with a main verb. These are modal verbs:
Modal Verbs
might will
should
may
would
can
shall
must
ought
could

25. Modal verbs make questions by inversion.
Inverting Modal Verbs
Can she go out?
Could we drive there?
She can go out.
Should children eat fruit?
Children should eat fruit.
We could drive there.

26. Modal verbs can be used to show how possible something is,
or how likely it is to happen/have happened.
Possibility
He’s very late. He could have missed the train.
It’s snowing so it must be very cold outside.
They will lock the windows when they go out.

27. Modal verbs can be used to show how possible something is,
or how likely it is to happen/have happened.
Possibility
Mum might take us swimming after school.
You could eat a banana instead of those sweets.
“Hurry up! We will be late!” said Dad.
We can go the other way – it’s quicker.
You ought to go to bed earlier.

28. Which modal verbs are missing from these sentences?
Choose a Modal Verb
You be hot in that thick coat.
If it’s dry, we play outside?
He’s so fast, he win the race.
I’m fed up with my long hair. I have it cut.
Did you choose these modal verbs?
Which others could you have used?
must
shall
should
might

29. Modal verbs can also be used to show:
Other Uses of Modal Verbs
Pupils must wear a uniform.
You should not smoke.
I will often have cereal
for my breakfast.
We shall always enjoy
a walk in the park.
I can ride a bike.
My grandfather could
draw very well.
May I leave a few minutes early?
Could we go to the post box
on the way?
Please can we have an ice cream?
ability
permission
advice or obligation habits

31. Exercise: Use an appropriate modal verb in each sentence.
1. Owen _______( not) do his homework because tomorrow is Saturday.
2. Drivers ________ stop at a stop sign.
3. ________ you make a copy for me?
4. We _______ leave now or we will be late.
5. A: _______ I use your laptop computer? B: Of course you _______.
6. I _______ rather cook tonight.
7. _____ I go to the restroom, Miss Chang?
8. ______ you prefer chicken or steak for dinner?
9. I __________ catch the bus this morning. My father drove me to
school.
10. _________ you answer the phone?
11. When I was young, I ________ speak better English than now.
12. You look pale. You ______ go to a doctor.
13. You have been driving for ten hours. You _________ be exhausted.
14. We __________ rent a car. My father will lend us his.

32. Practice
1. My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be?
a. Have to b. Would c. Should d. Could
2. I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go to the emergency room.
a. Might b. could c. ought to d. can
3. If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet.
a. Could b. mustn’t c. don’t have to d. had to
4. Johnnie’s fallen down the stairs! I ________ call an ambulance!
a. Will b. might c. may d. ought to
5. You _______ come too early. We won’t leave until 9 o’clock.
a. Has to b. must c. needn’t d. can’t

33. Practice
6. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a. Ought to b. must c. would d. mustn’t
7. You _________ talk during tests. It’s forbidden!
a. don’t have to b. mustn’t c. couldn’t d. ought to
8. I can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire.
a. Can b. would c. must d. have to
9. They ________ hear him because he was whispering.
a. Wouldn’t b. mustn’t c. shouldn’t d. couldn’t
10. You’ve never heard of Britney Spears! You ________ be serious!
a. Must b. had to c. can’t d. shouldn’t

34. Practice
11. __________ you like to have dinner with me tonight?
a. Could b. may c. should d. would
12. You _________ let him hear about the party tomorrow. It’s a
surprise!
a. mustn’t b. wouldn’t c. couldn’t d. can
13. __________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please?
a. Must b. May c. Would d. Need
14. He has arrived late. He _______ missed the bus
a. Must have b. Should have c. Could have d. must

35. More practice
Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they have the
same meaning.
1. I suggest that you get a good lawyer!
You ___________________________________________
2. A university degree isn’t necessary for that job.
You ___________________________________________
3. Perhaps my father will pick you up.
My father _______________________________________
4. 4. Eating is forbidden in class!
You ___________________________________________

36. Use your imagination
Think about these situations and create a sentence using modals.
1. We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions about
things to do)
2. We start school in September. (Talk about necessity)
3. Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about ability)
4. You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility)
5. Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some
advice)
6. You want to borrow your uncle’s Mercedes Benz. (Ask for
permission politely)

37. practice
1. My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be?
a. Have to b. Would c. Should d. Could
2. I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go to the emergency room.
a. Might b. could c. ought to d. can
3. If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet.
a. Could b. mustn’t c. don’t have to d. had to
4. Johnnie’s fallen down the stairs! I ________ call an ambulance!
a. Will b. might c. may d. ought to
5. You _______ come too early. We won’t leave until 9 o’clock.
a. Has to b. must c. needn’t d. can’t

38. practice
6. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a. Ought to b. must c. would d. mustn’t
7. You _________ talk during tests. It’s forbidden!
a. don’t have to b. mustn’t c. couldn’t d. ought to
8. I can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire.
a. Can b. would c. must d. have to
9. They ________ hear him because he was whispering.
a. Wouldn’t b. mustn’t c. shouldn’t d. couldn’t
10. You’ve never heard of Britney Spears! You ________ be serious!
a. Must b. had to c. can’t d. shouldn’t

39. practice
11. __________ you like to have dinner with me tonight?
a. Could b. may c. should d. would
12. You _________ let him hear about the party tomorrow. It’s a
surprise!
a. mustn’t b. wouldn’t c. couldn’t d. can
13. __________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please?
a. Must b. May c. Would d. Need
14. He has arrived late. He _______ missed the bus
a. Must have b. Should have c. Could have d. must

40. More practice
Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they have the
same meaning.
1. I suggest that you get a good lawyer!
You ___________________________________________
2. A university degree isn’t necessary for that job.
You ___________________________________________
3. Perhaps my father will pick you up.
My father _______________________________________
4. 4. Eating is forbidden in class!
You ___________________________________________
should get a lawyer
needn’t have a university degree for that job
don’t have to have a university…
may / might pick you up
mustn’t eat in class

41. Possible answers
1. We could visit the Louvre / We should go up the Eiffel Tower
2. We have to buy a new notebook
3. She can speak 3 languages! / She is able to play the piano and the violin
4. I might stop working / I may buy a new car / I can travel to New York
5. You should see a doctor / You ought to drink hot tea
6. Can I borrow your car, please? or May I borrow your car, please?

46. ONLINE EXERCISE ON MODALS