class seventh bio section.... respiratory system parts of flower lungs, etc...........

1. MADE BY=CHITRANSHI . HARI . DAS

2. RESPIRATION, TERM WITH DUAL MEANING IN BIOLOGY: FIRST, THE PHYSICAL
PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING THINGS (ORGANISMS) TAKE IN OXYGEN FROM THE
SURROUNDING MEDIUM AND EMIT WASTE CARBON DIOXIDE—IN THIS SENSE IT
IS VARIOUSLY KNOWN AS PHYSICAL RESPIRATION, BREATHING, VENTILATION OR
GAS EXCHANGE; SECOND, THE CHEMICAL PROCESS BY WHICH FUEL MOLECULES
SUCH AS SUGARS (SEE SUGAR METABOLISM) AND FATS ARE BROKEN DOWN
WITHIN A CELL TO LIBERATE ENERGY FOR CELLULAR LIFE PROCESSES—IN THIS
SENSE IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS CHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, OR CELLULAR
RESPIRATION.

3. complex plants like trees, and large
animals such as elephants, whales,
and human beings (see also
Metabolism; Photosynthesis). In
most organisms apart from
prokaryotes (chiefly bacteria and
blue-green algae) cellular
respiration takes place in the tiny
sausage-shaped organelles within
the cell called mitochondria
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

4. In fact there are two versions of cellular
respiration (both described in more detail in
their separate articles, Aerobic Respiration,
and Anaerobic Respiration). Aerobic
respiration requires oxygen to break down
high-energy fuel molecules—typically a
simple sugar such as glucose (blood
sugar)—through a series of chemical
stages. The results are carbon dioxide,
water, and energy in the form of molecules
of ATP—the cell’s standard energy-carrier.
The biochemical stages in the breakdown of

5. Anaerobic respiration involves the
breakdown of high-energy molecules,
again typically glucose, but without the
need for oxygen and therefore without
the need for physical respiration
(breathing). This version incorporates
the chemical pathway termed glycolysis
and results in lactic acid (see
Fermentation). It occurs as a matter of
course in certain bacteria and other
microbes called obligate anaerobes. It

10. AEROBIC RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION, BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS IN
LIVING THINGS WHEREBY SUGARS AND SIMILAR
SUBSTANCES, RESULTING FROM THE DIGESTION OF
FOOD, ARE BROKEN DOWN IN THE PRESENCE OF
OXYGEN TO PRODUCE WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND
ENERGY. "AEROBIC" MEANS "WITH OXYGEN". THE
REACTION CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THE GENERAL
CHEMICAL EQUATION
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

11. THE WHOLE PROCESS OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION CONTAINS MORE
THAN 20 CHEMICAL STEPS OR STAGES. THE FIRST SERIES OF STAGES
IS KNOWN AS GLYCOLYSIS. THIS OCCURS IN THE JELLY-LIKE
CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL, AND IT IS ANAEROBIC—THAT IS, IT DOES
NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN. IT RELEASES ONLY A SMALL PROPORTION OF
THE TOTAL ENERGY AVAILABLE FROM A FUEL MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
OR A SIMILAR SUGAR. (THE SECOND SERIES OF STAGES IS KNOWN AS
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE, TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE, OR KREBS
CYCLE. IT IS AEROBIC—THAT IS, IT REQUIRES OXYGEN. IT RELEASES
FAR MORE ENERGY, COMPARED TO GLYCOLYSIS, FROM THE REMAINDER
OF EACH SUGAR MOLECULE. THIS SERIES OF STAGES HAPPENS INSIDE
THE TINY ORGANELLES (PARTS INSIDE THE CELL) CALLED
MITOCHONDRIA. THE FOOD MOLECULE IS BROKEN DOWN IN A STEP-BY-
STEP PROCESS THAT PRODUCES ATP MOLECULES AT ALMOST EVERY
STAGE.

13. Anaerobic Respiration, also called anaerobiosis,
biochemical process in living things whereby sugars
and similar substances, resulting from the digestion
of food, are broken down to release energy in the
absence of oxygen. "Anaerobic" means "without
oxygen". It thus differs from the allied process of
aerobic respiration, which requires the presence of
oxygen. Life processes such as growth and repair of
tissues require energy, and this is obtained by the
chemical breaking of bonds in organic molecules
such as sugars and other carbohydrates present in
digested food. The chemical energy released by this
process in cells is transferred to molecules of
adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which become
converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), forming
the energy “bank” for the cell.

14. The process of anaero
bic respiration
contains three main
chemical steps or
stages. The starting
substance or "fuel
molecule" is usually
the six-carbon sugar,
glucose. The chemical
process by which this
is broken down is
termed glycolysis. The
results are usually
substances such as
lactic acid (lactate),
pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
or ethyl alcohol
(ethanol). The reaction
can be represented by
the general chemical
equation:
C6H12O6 → 2C3H4O3 +
2H2 + energy

15. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OCCURS IN THE
CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL AND RELEASES ONLY A
SMALL PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY
CONTAINED IN THE FUEL MOLECULES SUCH AS
GLUCOSE SUGAR, YIELDING UP TO 8 MOLECULES OF
THE HIGH-ENERGY ATP. IF OXYGEN IS AVAILABLE,
THE PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS CAN BE USED
FURTHER IN THE OXYGEN-REQUIRING BREAKDOWN
PROCESS OF THE CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE, TO
YIELD UP TO ANOTHER 30 MOLECULES OF HIGH-
ENERGY ATP. IN THIS WAY, GLYCOLYSIS BECOMES
THE FIRST STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION.

16. BREATHING, THE PROCESS WHERE BY AN ORGANISM (LIVING
THING) OBTAINS OXYGEN FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS, TO
TAKE PART IN INTERNAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHICH BREAK
DOWN FOOD TO RELEASE ENERGY. BREATHING ALSO
USUALLY GIVES OUT WASTE CARBON DIOXIDE AS AN
UNWANTED BY-PRODUCT OF THESE REACTIONS. BREATHING
IS ONE ASPECT OF RESPIRATION, WHICH IS A TERM THAT
INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICALLY OBTAINING OXYGEN, AND ALSO
USING IT IN CHEMICAL PATHWAYS INSIDE CELLS TO RELEASE
ENERGY—THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION (SEE
RESPIRATION; AEROBIC RESPIRATION; ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION).

17. Euglena
.

18. PLANT CELL

19. PARTS OF SHARK

20. RESPIRATION IN FISHES

21. ANIMAL CELL

22. Circulatory System
Circulatory System, in anatomy and physiology, the
course taken by the blood through the arteries,
capillaries, and veins and back to the heart. In humans
and the higher vertebrates the heart is made up of four
chambers: the right and left auricles, or atria, and the
right and left ventricles. The right side of the heart
pumps oxygen-poor blood from the cells of the body
back to the lungs for new oxygen; the left side of the
heart receives blood rich in oxygen from the lungs and
pumps it through the arteries to the various parts of the
body. Circulation begins early in foetal life. It is estimated
that a given portion of the blood completes its course of
circulation in approximately 30 seconds.

23. CAPILLARY NETWORK

24. PORTAL CIRCULATION
IN ADDITION TO THE PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATIONS DESCRIBED ABOVE, A SUBSIDIARY TO THE
VENOUS SYSTEM EXISTS, KNOWN AS PORTAL
CIRCULATION. A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF BLOOD FROM THE
INTESTINE IS COLLECTED INTO THE PORTAL VEIN AND
CARRIED TO THE LIVER. THERE IT ENTERS INTO THE OPEN
SPACES CALLED SINUSOIDS, WHERE IT COMES INTO
DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE LIVER CELLS. IN THE LIVER
IMPORTANT CHANGES OCCUR IN THE BLOOD, WHICH IS
CARRYING THE PRODUCTS OF THE DIGESTION OF FOOD
RECENTLY ABSORBED THROUGH THE INTESTINAL
CAPILLARIES. THE BLOOD IS COLLECTED A SECOND TIME
INTO VEINS, WHERE IT AGAIN JOINS THE GENERAL
CIRCULATION THROUGH THE RIGHT AURICLE. IN ITS
PASSAGE THROUGH OTHER ORGANS, THE BLOOD IS
FURTHER MODIFIED.

25. BLOOD FLUKES

26. ERYTHROCYTES

27. HAEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION

28. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

29. HUMAN HEART

30. Heart Tissue

31. HEART VALVE

32. ARTERIAL PLAQUE

33. TRANSPIRATION

34. STOMATA

35. CHESTNUT BUD

36. BUD
Bud, undeveloped or embryonic shoot of a plant. Buds
contain the undeveloped leaves, stems, or flowers, and
according to the mature structure into which they
develop, are classified as either vegetative or flower
buds. A bud growing at the end of a twig or shoot is
called a terminal bud, and a bud that grows along the
stem is known as a lateral bud. Although most lateral
buds occur in the axils of leaves, they can appear
elsewhere; they are then called adventitious.

37. PARTS OF FLOWER

38. Thank
You