As a mechanical engineering graduate you must know that a key element in fluid systems is the transmitting means of power from one location to another.

1. Fluid Handling Systems
As a mechanical engineering graduate you must know that a
key element in fluid systems is the transmitting means of
power from one location to another.
Now to construct a hydraulic or pneumatic system needs a
design or selection of various components, and also determine
how they will interact. Most overlooked point is that the fluid,
and the means of moving it from one location to another, are
essential in any fluid-power system.
As the functions of hydraulic fluid are very basic; to transmit
power efficiently and lubricate moving parts, with low
maintenance it is often ignored. But if you use the wrong fluid,
or do not maintain it properly, it could even destroy a system.
As polluted air can foul the compressors, jam valves, and ruin
an instrument.
In addition to fluids, the various ways that transmit fluid like
hose, tubing and connectors and also the components that
keep the fluid in good working condition like filters, heat
exchangers, lubricators, and dryers are very essential
ingredients of fluid-power systems.
Fluids
Hydrocarbons conventionally have been the main choice for
hydraulic work. This remains popular where there is no fear of
fire, no possibilities of, no wider temperature variations, and no
environmental problems or concerns.
Fire protection might dictate choice of a nonpetroleum fluid,
mainly when a broken hydraulic line could spray fluid into an
ignition source. Work environment might suggest a
nonhydrocarbon fluid where a hydrocarbon fluid that could spoil
food-related products or pollute a river.
Hydraulic fluid must be looked for general compatibility with
the system. Fluids are of five types from point of view of
evaluation: premium antiwear, standard antiwear, rust and

2. oxidation-inhibited nonantiwear, water-based, and phosphate
esters.
Premium antiwear are recommended for systems that use
both piston and vane equipments. The fluids allow the
operation at full catalogue rating with maximum life shell.
Standard antiwear are comparatively lesser stable than the
premium fluids as they contain more additives. The fluids could
be used with piston pumps, but speed limit must be upto 1,800
rpm and pressure ~ 3,000 psi.
Vane equipment, on the other hand, could be used at
maximum catalogue ratings with maximum life shell.
Nonantiwear, rust and oxidation-inhibited fluids are also
divided into stable and less-stable types. The stable fluids, like
turbine oils, are more preferable for piston equipments. The
fluids permit operation at full catalogue ratings with maximum
life shell.
These fluids could be used with well designed vane equipment
but at lower ratings and life.
The lesser stable class of these fluids includes tractor and
transmission fluids. They are most suitable for use in piston
equipment at full catalogue rating, but life shell is difficult to
ascertain.
Water-based fluids are invert emulsions and water glycols.
Piston pumps operate well on these fluids but have certain
disadvantages. For example, absolute inlet pressure must be
about 25% higher than with petroleum-based fluids, and
minimum inlet pressure ~13 psia.
Only specially designed vane pumps could be used with these
fluids. Again, absolute inlet pressure must be 25% higher than
with petroleum-based fluids, and minimum inlet pressure is 13
psia.

3. Phosphate esters could be used with piston and vane
equipment at full catalogue ratings. But, absolute inlet pressure
must be about 35% higher than hydrocarbon fluids. Viton-A
seals are suitable with most phosphate esters; but, some of
these fluids need EPR seals.
So now we conclude the discussion.
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