1. Biomass Biofuel.ppt

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Biomass Energy
Dr. Fadhli Bin Syahrial
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

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Biomass Agenda
• Bioenergy Overview
• Biomass Resources
• Creating Energy from Biomass
• Biomass Economics
• Biomass Environmental Issues
• Promise of Bioenergy
• Ethanol Production

Renewable Energy
Sources
4
O. Ellabban et. al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 2014
Overview of renewable energy sources

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Global Energy Sources
2014
Renewables 2016 Global Status Report, REN21, 2016
Estimate Renewable Energy Share of Global Final Energy Consumption, 2014

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Bioenergy Market
Shares of Biomass in Total Final Energy Consumption and in Final Energy Consumption by
End-use Sector, 2014

Biomass Sources
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Shares of Biomass Sources in Global Heat and Electricity Generation, 2015

Bio-power Global
Generation
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Bio-power Global Generation, by Country/Region, 2005 - 2015

Biofuels Global
Production
9
Biofuels Global Production, Shares by Type and by Country/Region, 2015

Global Biomass
Demand
10
Global biomass demand growth by application, 2010 - 2030
Global Bioenergy Supply and Demand Projections

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Bioenergy Cycle
Arthur J. Ragauskas et al., Science, 311, 2006
The fully integrated agro-biofuel-biomaterial-biopower cycle for sustainable
technologies

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Bioenergy Technologies
L. Zhang et. al., Energy Conversion Management, 51, 2010
Thermochemical processes for bioenergy production and the corresponding products

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Types of Biomass

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Biomass Resources
The potentials of four main types of biomass are
estimated for each country:
• Energy Crops, including Food Crops
switchgrass, miscanthus, willow, algae etc
• Forest Products
fuelwood, residues and processing, and post-consumer waste,
logging residues etc
• Agricultural Residues
harvesting residue, processing residue and food waste, corn
stover, wheat and rice straw
• Animal Manure
Global Bioenergy Supply and Demand Projections

Biomass Resources in
Malaysia
• Wood chips
• Agricultural wastes
• Effluent sludge
• Domestic wastes
• Palm biomass
25
S.E. Hosseini, M.A. Wahid, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 2014

Biomass Palm Oil
Byproducts
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Biomass byproducts generation in Malaysia palm oil industry

Palm Biomass
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Palm biomass production in Malaysia (millions tons per year)

Oil Palm Planted in
Malaysia
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MPOB : Total land area committed to oil palm plantation around
5 076 929 ha. in 2012

The Main Palm Trees
Ownership in Malaysia
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The ownership of oil palm planted area in Malaysia

A Typical Palm Tree
and FFB
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a. Every year 20-40 new leaves,
palm frond are grown.
b. First crop of fresh fruit is 5-6
after plantation.
c. Each tree can provide palm
fruit for 25-30 years.
d. When the fruit ripe, it turns to
orange-red.
A typical palm tree and FFB

Rate of FFB Produced
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The rate of produced FFB in different states of Malaysia in 2010

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Creating Energy
from Biomass

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Bioenergy Conversion
E. Bocci et. Al., International journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 2014
Biomass energy conversion processes

• The burning of biomass in air.
• Convert the chemical energy stored in biomass
into heat, mechanical power or electricity.
• Various items of process equipment, e.g.
stoves, furnaces, boilers, steam turbines, turbo-
generator, etc.
• Produces hot gases around 800-1000oC.
• Feasible only for biomass with a moisture
content <50% unless the biomass is pre-dried.
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Direct Combustion
P. McKendry, Bioresource Technology, 83, 2002

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Direct Combustion
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

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Pyrolysis
• Conversion of biomass to liquid (bio-oil), solid (charcoal) and gaseous
fractions.
• Heating the biomass in the absence of air to around 500ºC.
• Based on thermal gravity analysis (TGA) testing of biomass, there are
three stages for typical pyrolysis process.
i. Pre-pyrolysis: occurs between 120-200ºC, slightly weight loss,
some internal rearrangement such as bond breakage,
appearance of free radicals and carbonyl groups, release of
small amount of H2O, CO and CO2.
ii. Second stage: Main pyrolysis process, solid decomposition
occurs, significant weight loss.
iii. Last stage: Continuous char devolatilization caused by the
further cleavage of C-H and C-O bonds.
• Can be divided into fast, intermediate and slow pyrolysis depending
on the reaction temperature and residence time.
L. Zhang et al, Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 2010

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P. McKendry, Bioresource Technology, 83, 2002
Energy products from pyrolysis

Typical Product Yields
of Pyrolysis Compared
with Gasification
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L. Zhang et al, Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 2010

• AD is suitable for converting non-sterile, diverse, complex
feedstocks into energy-rich biogas.
• Recently, lignocellulosic biomass, namely agri-residues and
energy crops, have been gaining much attention as
feedstocks.
• AD of lignocellulosic biomass produces energy-rich CH4 gas
• AD is the naturally occurring, biological pretreatment of
organic substrates carried out by robust, mixed culture
microbial communities in the absence of oxygen.
• Unique to an AD, is the inherent generation of digestate
(nutrient-rich residue) resulting from the digested slurry.
• The digestate has important land-use applications and serves
to improve nutrient retention in soil.
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Anaerobic Digestion
C. Sawatdeenarunat et. al., Bioresource Technology, 178, 2015

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The schematic of integrated process for producing biogas and biobased products from
lignocellulosic biomass

Challenges in Digesting
Lignocellulosic Biomass
• Low yield of quality biomass is one of the major
challenges.
• Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into end
product (CH4) is major hurdle due to the
complexity of lignocellulosic biomass structure.
• Lack of good digester for handling high solids
feedstocks.
• The comprehensive system for efficient
utilization of both digested residue (solid residue
after AD) and effluent is yet to be developed.
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Opportunities of
Anaerobic Digestion
• Anaerobic co-digestion
a. has significant implications in maintaining an optimal C/N ratio for
CH4 production
b. an appropriate C/N ratio was one of the key factors for co-
digestion
• Solid-state anaerobic digestion
a. AD is classified into 3 important groups based on their
operating total solids (TS) contents namely: liquid (L-AD), semi-solid
(S-AD) and solid-state (SS-AD) with respective TS concentrations of
less than 10%, 10-20% and more than 20%.
b. SS-AD is ideal for high solids organic feedstocks like energy
crops, food wastes, livestock manure, agri-residue etc
c. The advantages of SS-AD compared to L-AD are lower
reactor volumes, higher organic loading rates, less water for dilution,
less mixing requirement, no floating substrates, lower costs for
managing the digestate, and lower energy input for operation
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• Alternative biological pretreatment of feedstock:
rumen microorganisms (RM)
a. RM are a complex anaerobic microbial consortium, mainly found in
a specific stomach of ruminant animals
b. RM are present in livestock excreta used in AD, but often in
modest quantities
c. Members of this synergetic community include bacteria, fungi,
protozoa and archaea
d. The microflora found in ruminant stomachs in situ create a
cellulolytic ecosystem which has a high potential to degrade the
complex carbohydrate structure of lignocellulosic biomass
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Opportunities of
Anaerobic Digestion

Alcoholic
Fermentation
• Alcoholic fermentation is a biological
process in which organic material is
converted by microorganisms to simpler
compound such as sugars.
• These fermentable compounds are then
fermented by microorganisms to produce
ethanol and CO2.
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Yan Lin et. al., Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 69, 2006

• During the whole process of alcoholic
fermentation, there are mainly two parts
for microorganisms.
a. the microorganisms which convert fermentable
substrates into ethanol.
b. the other to produce the enzyme to catalyze
chemical reactions that hydrolyze the complicate
substrates into simpler compounds.
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Alcoholic
Fermentation

Generations of
Bioethanol Production
First Generation Bioethanol Generation
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• Sugarcane, corn, wheat, cassava (first generation)
• Yeast is cultured under favorable thermal conditions
to convert sugars into ethanol.
• Commonly used yeast, S. cerevisiae.
• Temperature is around 308-313 K.
• Example : For fuel ethanol, the hydrolysis of starch
into glucose can be accomplished more rapidly by
treatment with dilute sulfuric acid, fungally produced
amylase or a combination of both. Amylase is the
preferred additive.
Jan Baeyens et. al., Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2015

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Second Generation Bioethanol Generation
• Uses cellulose-released sugars, cellulose biomass
(second generation)
• Lignocellulosic materials contain lignin, cellulose
and hemicellulose.
• Hydrolysis of hemicellulose yields mostly five
carbon sugars such as xylose.
• S. cerevisiae cannot metabolize xylose.
• Other yeasts and bacteria are under investigation to
ferment xylose and other pentose into ethanol.
Generations of

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Generations of
Third Generation Bioethanol Generation
• Algal biomass (third generation.
• The process is at early stages for investigation.
• Algae contain lipids, proteins,
carbohydrates/polysaccharides and have thin
cellulosic walls.
• Algal lipids are transformed into biodiesel, cake of
starch and cellulose can be converted into
bioethanol.
• Algae strains Glacilaria gracilis and Euglena gracilis
appear promising candidates.

Microorganisms
Producing Ethanol
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Yeast species which produce ethanol as the main fermentation product

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Microorganisms
Producing Ethanol
Bacteria species which produce ethanol as the main fermentation product

Fermentation of
Hexoses and Pentoses
• A variety of microorganisms such as yeast,
bacteria or fungi are required to biochemically
convert hexoses (C6, first generation, second
generation) and pentoses (second generation)
• S. cerevisiae, a facultative anaerobic yeast and
Z. mobilis, a gram-negative bacterium
commonly used to convert C6 sugars 74

Ethanol Production
75
R. Palacios-Bereche et. al., Energy, 2014
Scheme of the ethanol production process from sugarcane

Biomass and Waste
Power Generation
80
Biomass and waste installed capacity for power generation
as projected from 2010 to 2025

Biofuels
82
S. N. Naik et. al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 14, 2010
Comparison of first, second generation biofuel and petroleum fuel

World Biofuels
Production
83
BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2016
World biofuels production (million tonnes oil equivalent)
World biofuels production
increased by 0.9% in 2015

Biodiesel
• A substitute of diesel.
• Produced through transesterification of
vegetable oils, residual oils and fats.
• With minor engine modifications.
• Has significant influences in reducing
engine emissions such as unburned
hydrocarbons (68%), particulars (40%),
CO (44%), SO (100%) and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (80-90%).
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Different feedstocks for production of biodiesel
A. Talebian-Kiakalaieh et. al., Applied Energy, 104, 2013
Biodiesel

• Direct blending
Crude SVO is mixed with diesel in certain proportion.
• Micro-emulsions
Mixing of oils with suitable emulsifying agents such as alcohol
mainly methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol to form emulsions.
• Catalytic cracking
It involves the catalytic transformation of the non-edible oils or
animal fats in the absence of air or oxygen to liquid products
having fuel properties similar to diesel.
• Transesterification
Involves the reaction of oil feedstock with simple alcohol
moiety like methanol in the presence of catalyst. 86
Production of
Biodiesel
P. Verma et. al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 2016

Bioethanol
• A substitute of gasoline.
• It is a full substitute for gasoline in so-
called flexi-fuel vehicles
• Derived from sugar or starch through
fermentation.
• Also serve as feedstock for ethyl tertiary
butyl ether (ETBE) which blends more
easily with gasoline.
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Bioethanol Properties
• High octane number of 108.
• Prevents engine knocking and early ignition
• Higher octane number, provides wider
flammable, higher heat vaporization and higher
speed of flame.
• Although it has 68% lower energy content
compared to gasoline, bioethanol’s oxygen
content makes the combustion cleaner and
resulting lower emission of toxic substances.
• Helps to reduce CO2 emission up to 80%
compared to gasoline. 88

Ethanol Properties
89
H.B. Aditiya et. a., Waste Management, 47, 2016
Comparison fuel properties of gasoline and ethanol

Global Ethanol
Production
90
RFA Analysis of Public and Private, 2015
Share of global production (million gallons)

Biogas
• A fuel that can be used in gasoline
vehicles with slight adaptations
• Produced through anaerobic digestion of
liquid manure and other digestible
feedstock.
• Feedstocks: All biomass including
industrial and agricultural wastes,
lignocellulosic waste, crops and crop
residues, microalgae, etc
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Global Benefits of
Renewable Energies
93

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Environmental Issues
• Air Quality
– Reduce NOx and SO2 emissions
• Global Climate Change
– Low/no net increase in CO2
• Soil Conservation
– Soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon
sequestration, and stabilization of riverbanks.
• Water Conservation
– Better retention of water in watersheds
• Biodiversity and Habitat
– Positive and negative changes
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

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Economic Issues
• Sustainable Development
– Move toward sustainable energy production
• Energy Security
– Reduce dependence on imported oil
• Rural Economic Growth
– Provide new crops/markets for rural business
• Land Use
– Better balance of land use
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

Economic Impact in
Malaysia
• Utilization of palm forest and palm oil mill
residue.
• Harmful emission reduction.
• Fossil fuel conservation.
• Mitigation of the dependence on fuel
imports.
• Cultivation of non-farming area
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Social Impact in
Malaysia
• Providing employment.
• Deliver valuable benefits to rural
communities.
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Challenges to Biofuels
1. Policy Environment
• Supportive policies and regulations are essential for energy
market penetration.
• Lower volumetric energy content of ethanol relative to
gasoline reduces fuel economy and driving range.
• Recent fuel economy and GHG emission regulations promote
electric propulsion, natural gas and hydrogen with little
mention of biofuels.
• Transparent and dependable price signals are essential to
support capital investments required to deploy available
biofuel technologies.
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B.E. Dale et. al., Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 2014

2. Technology Challenges for Second
Generation Biofuels
• Second generations biofuels are based on
cellulosic(nonfood) biomass.
• Effective technologies to densify, stabilize, handle and store
raw cellulosic biomass must be developed in order for this
industry to expand.
• Biomass residues, forest biomass, energy crops and MSW
offer unique opportunities and challenges in collection,
transportation, shipping and logistics.
• Co-location with first generation ethanol plants may facilitate
second generation biofuel production by leveraging existing
production facilities and fuel distribution networks. 99

3. Infrastructure
• Ethanol is the only biofuel likely available at large scale in the
next 5-10 years and will require additional infrastructure.
• For example, using E85 (85% ethanol in gasoline) in flexible
fuel vehicles has the greatest near-term consumption
potential but requires increased refueling capabilities at gas
stations.
• Enhanced biofuel capability in vehicles and refueling
infrastructure are significant implementation challenges.
• Adequate lead time is required for vehicle manufacturers and
fuel providers to adjust their systems.
100

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