This presentation will explain the recent technological advancement in Biofuels, processes, technology. Biohydrogen is an emerging technology. OMEGA project Initiated by NASA is the best one. If you have any questions please write down in the comment box or do contact me at : cdpm125@gmail.com Please share this work with others. Thank You

1. Biofuels:
Technology
Advances/Options
, Challenges And
Way Forward

2. Contents
 Biofuels
 Why biofuels
 Conventional
and Advance
technologies
 Biofuels and
Pakistan
 Challenges Way
Forward
 Conclusion
2

3. Biofuel
Biofuel is a fuel that is produced
through contemporary process
from biomass feedstock, rather
than a fuel produced by the very
slow geological processes
involved in the formation of
fossil fuels, such as coal, oil etc.
3

4. World Energy Consumption
Chart taken from Energy Information Administration Website : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/renew_energy_consump/figure1.html
4

5. 5

6. Cont.
• Biofuels are the liquid fuels that have been developed from other materials such
as Plant waste, animal waste, Or matter etc.
• Or liquid fuel produced from the plant products.
• Or any hydrocarbon fuel produced from the Organic matter
• Biofuels Examples: Ethanol, Biodiesel, Green Diesel and Biogas
6

7. Why biofuels?
Biofuel production and consumption ensure
that natural Carbon cycle to be 100%
achieved which completely eliminates the
continuous increase in the carbon dioxide
rate in the atmosphere which in turn have
positive affect on the environment and way
to end Global warming.
For example: A crop of plant to produce a
barrel of fuel will produce the same amount
of CO2 as Emitted from burning the barrel
produced.
7

8. Classification of biofuel
The IEA (2011) classifies biofuels as conventional or advanced
according to their stage of technical maturity.
 Conventional (or first generation) biofuels are produced using
technically mature processes that have been proven on a commercial
scale.
 Include sugar and starch-based ethanol, oil crop-based biodiesel and
straight vegetable oil, as well as biogas derived from anaerobic
digestion.
8

9. Advance Biofuels
Advanced biofuels are produced using technologies that are still in the
Developmental stage, pilot or demonstration phase.
Mostly second or third generation biofuel technologies.
Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), biofuels based on lignocellulosic
biomass, biomass to liquids (BtL)-diesel and biosynthetic gas, GM algae-
based biofuels, Microbial Fuel Cell.
9

10. Advanced biofuels
(1) produced from
lignocellulosic
feedstocks (agricultural
and forestry residues
and wood-based
biomass), non-food
crops (grasses,
miscanthus, algae,…),
or industrial waste etc
(2) having low
CO2emission or high
GHG reduction
(3) reaching zero or low ILUC
(Indirect Land Use Change)
impact
10

11. Conventional Technological
Processes
Fermentation of sugary and
starchy crops to produce
ethanol and other alcohols
such and butanol
Mechanical pressing and
transesterification of oils
(from oil-rich crops and oil
waste) to produce biodiesel
Mechanical pressing and
hydrogenation of oils (from
oil-rich crops and oil waste)
to produce hydrotreated
vegetable oil
Anaerobic digestion of
various organic
biodegradable wastes to
produce biogas, which is
then upgraded to
(bio)methane.
11

12. Cont..
Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic
biomass by hydrolysis to
provide sugars for
fermentation to produce
ethanol and other alcohols
Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic
biomass by hydrolysis to provide
substrates for anaerobic digestion to
produce biogas, which is upgraded
to (bio)methane
Hydrothermal liquefaction of
biomass to produce biocrude,
which can be upgraded to
biofuels by refining and
hydrogenation
Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic
biomass to produce pyrolysis oil
and charcoal (biocrude) that can
subsequently be refined to
produce long-chain hydrocarbon
biofuels
12

13. Advancement in technology
• Biofuels technology can be defined as application of feedstocks in a
sequence of processes leading to the production of different biofuels types.
• From the perspective of the industrial development and market presence,
biofuels feedstocks, processes, and technologies can be classified as
“developed” (with well-established markets), “developing” (with newly
created or progressing market shares), or in the “demonstration” stage
(describing pilot projects or potential future developments).
• Lane, 2017
13

14. 1st
Generation
2nd
Generation
3rd
Generation
4th
Generation
• Bioethanol
• Bio alcohol
• Biodiesel
• Biogas
• Syngas
• Bio methanol
• Wood Diesel
• Mixed Alcohol
• Metabolism of
cellulosic
bacteria
• Production of
Biodiesel from
Microalgae
• GM Algae
• Microbial
technology
14
D. Kour et al

15. Cont.
15

16. 16
In this way, through carbon capturing and storage, the fourth-generation biofuels
production could be called carbon negative rather than carbon neutral.

17. 1. Hydrogen production
• By using different group of microbes. Microbes capable of producing
hydrogen
• Enzymes involved in Hydrogen production are nitrogenase And
hydrogenase
• Green algae are More efficient fir biohydrogen production
• Excess Electrons are disposed in the form of H2
• Two processes involved:
1. Light dependent
2. Light independent
17

18. Light Dependent
• Light dependent processes Consist of
direct and indirect Bio photolysis By
algal species and photo fermentation
by bacteria
• In dark heterotrophic algae paly role
in biohydrogen production
• Oxygen is produced as by product Act
as inhibitor of enzyme
• Indirect bio photolysis coupling of
two separate stages of microalgal
metabolism: photosynthesis and
fermentation For H2 production
18

19. Direct Bio photolysis
• Direct bio photolysis of hydrogen production is a biological
process using microalgae photosynthetic systems to convert
solar energy into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen:
19
2H2O
Solar Energy
2H2 + O2

20. Indirect Bio photolysis
In a typical indirect bio photolysis Cyanobacteria are used to produce
hydrogen via the following reactions:
20

21. Pros & Cons of Dark and Photo-fermentation
Dark Fermentation Photo Fermentation
21

22. Schematic representation for biohydrogen production
22

23. Cont.
• Number of connected floating photobioreactors, which are pumped by
wastewater from the mainland
• Algae consume nutrients contained in the sludge, and they associate the
carbon dioxide from air or waste CO2 emitted directly from industrial gas
plants
• By using solar energy, the CO2 embedded into their cells and give off the
oxygen
• Biochemical species of algae are decomposed into simpler chemical
compounds
• Waste materials are returned, and final products are biodiesel, Jet fuel etc.
23

24. KDV technology
Waste conversion technology wide range Of waste can be processed
• KDV process takes place in a special industrial installation known as
KDV Unit
• Done at 350°C
• Vacuum is maintained in the pump.pump mix raw materials with
catalyst
• After heating the batch by thermal oil up to ~350 °C, (VOC) are
formed, which at the main distillation column undergo separation for
diesel and gasoline fraction
• Started as demo unit in germany, spain, canada and mexico
24

25. Basic substances which can be used as raw
material for the KDV installation
25

26. Process operation Of Kdv technology
26

27. Offshore membrane enclosures for growing
algae – OMEGA system
• Developed by NASA
• Derived from the space program
aimed to closing the loop (called
close loop) between the waste
stream and the resources
necessary
• For astronauts during long flights
• Modified system
• To grow cultures of algae in
specially designed, floating on
the water surface,
photobioreactors (PBR)
composed of polymers
27

28. 28

29. The NASA OMEGA floating
photobioreactor prototype in
a seawater tank at the
Southeast wastewater
treatment plant in San
Francisco. The four flexible
plastic tubes are filled with
algae and wastewater, which
circulates through the system.
29

30. Microbial Electrochemical Technologies
METs a sustainable and
eco-friendly
Diverse applications
like:
Microbial fuel cell
(MFC), for power
generation
Bio electrochemical
treatment (BET) for
wastewater
remediations
Microbial desalination
cell (MDC) for salt
removal and resource
recovery
Microbial electrolysis
cell (MEC) to produce
Hydrogen by applying
external potential
Bio electrochemical
synthesis (BES) for
value-added products
production
microbial fuel cells (P-
MFC) and artificially
constructed wetlands
fuel cells
(CW-MFC) utilize the
root exudates for
power generation,
biosensor applications.
30

31. Multifaceted applications of METs
31

32. Microbial fuel cell(MFC)
• Exo electrogens has become an increasingly important platform to
produce biofuels and chemicals from renewable resources.
• Bacteria–electrode interactions exchange the electrons and uses for
wider applications such as bioelectricity, wastewater treatment,
production of value-added products etc.
32

33. The biochemical reactions occurring during the
operation of MFC with glucose
33

34. Microbial fuel cell(MFC)
With arrangement of anode
and cathode
MFC (Plant MFC) with Reed
manna grass (Glyceria
maxima) using cation
exchange membrane for
harnessing of power
Rice field embedded MFC was
also reported to produce
good power
34

35. Plant-microbial fuel with respect to plant species
for harnessing power
35

36. Biomass-Derived HMF Oxidation
Lignocellulosic biomass has
been identified as one of the
indispensable, renewable,
alternative feedstock sources
of carbon for producing wide
spectrum of chemicals and
fuels such as (HMF),
levulinate and lactate
transformation of HMF to
FDCA via oxidation with
various oxidants
Oxidation products of HMF to FDCA to polyethylene furanate (PEF)36

37. Challenges
Economic point of view, the organic solvents should be replaced with
water to enhance the solubility and concentration of starting sugars.
Cost of HMF is very expensive
Designing of catalysts for conversion in one step
37

38. Hydrothermal Liquefaction of
Lignocellulosic Biomass Components
• (HTL) seems to have a great potential to produce liquid hydrocarbons from
biomass. HTL is a process for obtaining fuels/chemicals from biomass in the
presence of a sub/supercritical solvent
• At moderate to high temperature (250–350 °C) and pressure (5–25 MPa)
• Compared to pyrolysis better quality bio-oil is obtained by HTL
• Use of alkaline catalysts increase bio oil yield
• Both cellulose and lignin undergo cleavage to low molecular weight hydrocarbons
38

39. Ultrasound-Assisted Biodiesel
Synthesis
• New method of introduction of energy into reaction systems is
sonication or ultrasound irradiation of the reaction mixture
• Ultrasound is a potential technology for efficient introduction of
energy into the reaction system on extremely small temporal and
spatial scales.
• Ultrasound has been demonstrated to intensify both homogeneous
and heterogeneous biodiesel processes Using sonication
• pretreatment of biomass (delignification/acid hydrolysis
39

40. Challenges
Introduction of
energy in the
system are required
that overcome the
mass transfer
barriers
Potential technology
for efficient
introduction of
energy
into the reaction
system on extremely
small temporal and
spatial scales.
Glycerin as by
product require
removal
40

41. Thermo-Chemical Ethanol Production from
Agricultural Waste Through Polygeneration
• Producing ethanol from agricultural waste can be a sustainable option
• Require both heat and work
• Independent process of producing ethanol from agricultural waste is
not cost effective so can be integrated into multiple utility output
system called polygeneration.
• Economically feasible
41

42. Scheme of ethanol production with polygeneration
42

43. Polygeneration with CO2 capture & storage
43

44. Challenges in biofuel advancement
• Indirect Land Use Change —
ILUC
• Policy Instability
• Runaway Feedstock Costs
• Pests, Predators,
Competitors, Contamination
• Life cycle assessment
• Sustainability
• Resources
• Environmental impact
44

45. Advancement in biofuel Worldwide
The world is slowly turning
away from fossil fuels. The
traditional source of energy
is considered harmful to the
environment because of
the amount of carbon
dioxide produced when
fossils are burned.
People have been looking
for alternative sources to
rely on when it comes to
generating power e.g.
Biofuels
45

46. 46

47. Biofuel advancement in Pakistan
Total biofuels production
0.17 (thousand barrels
per day) in 2016
Pakistan biofuels
production was at level of
0.17 thousand barrels per
day in 2016, unchanged
from the previous year.
47

48. Biogas and biofuel advances in
Pakistan
• The Pakistani government is to implement several new plants
with the aim of creating a total of 304MW of electricity from city
waste
• A senior government official stated that agricultural waste
projects were being executed in Sindh, Shahkot, Okara and Pak
Pattan.
He said that projects through industrial waste included 27MW to
be produced in DI Khan
• RDF is also produced by converting waste.
48

49. In 2014, 5000 biogas plants have
constructed in 12 districts of Punjab.
PDBP has achieved 96% satisfaction
from the clients.
About 50 tube well have been switched
over to biogas since 2012.
Cont.
49

50. Bioenergy installed capacity
50

51. Future of biofuels/ biofuel technology
• Growing pressure to lower emissions and replace fossil fuels is
leading to biggest ever range of biofuels such as ethanol,
biodiesel and bio-methanol and other green fuels.
• This green transition is a critical challenge facing the world.
However, the decisions facing stakeholders such as producers,
growers, regulators and investors are complex
• That is why we will tackle this raising question and make new
ideas with market participants.
51

52. Cont.
• Future of Biofuels 2020 is set to bring industry stakeholders,
unique content, workshops and networking
• To bioenergy much attention is needed by governments around the
world, especially in increasingly energy-hungry nations.
• Tax incentives for biofuels production companies
• Climate Change would compel nations to step forward for biofuels
• Crops that are drought resistance like Jojoba a biodiesel crop that is
resistant to drought and excessively high temperatures.
52

53. Cont.
• Advances in genetics, biotechnology, process chemistry, and
engineering are leading to a new manufacturing concept for
converting renewable biomass to valuable fuels and products,
generally referred to as the biorefinery.
• The integration of Agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing
technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable
biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing
paradigm.
53

54. Conclusion
Biofuels are obtained from organic materials
It has three generations of Fuels production from Biomass
Climate change is increasing the intensity, magnitude and frequency of different hazards
Pakistan has over 3000 installed biogas plants to meet its local energy needs
Biofuel is a green and Renewable energy
Climate change and Food Security is the main challenge for biofuels
Research and Development in conversion technology in necessary for biofuels advancement
54

55. References
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261158195_The_Path_For
ward_for_Biofuels_and_Biomaterials
• https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-
4419-7991-9_28
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117
311553
• https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-biogasconverting-
waste-to-energy
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