Year round production of chrysanthemum

By
A.Nirmala
RHD/16-03
Floriculture and Landscape Architecture

Introduction
about
Chrysanthemum
Factors to be considered
for chrysanthemum
production
Case studies
Conclusion
Points for Discussion
3
Growing condition
Phytochrome
demand in market
Environmental factors
Nursery block
Production block
Special culture practices
Stage of harvest
Maintanance of
mother Block
Photoperiodism

Source:https://www.eximpulse.com/exportstats-product-Chrysanthemum-port-Bangalore
Total record in
crores

Source: https://www.eximpulse.com/exportstats-product-Chrysanthemum-port-Bangalore-
Share of Export, Port of Destination Wise Export -
Chrysanthemum from Bangalore

Total record in
crores
Source:https://www.eximpulse.com/exportstats-product-Chrysanthemum.htm,page
This data is based on updated Export shipment data of Indian Customs. This data being
compiled from all India ports on monthly basis, which provides all India Chrysanthemum Export.
India

Share of Export, Port of Loading Wise Export -
Chrysanthemum India
Gujarat

Share of Export, Port of Destination Wise Export -
Chrysanthemum India
USA

Major Areas where the flowers are grown commercially in
Telangana and AP
Flowers Main production areas
Loose flowers
Crossandra Ananthpur, Kurnool
Jasmine
Rangareddy, Ananthpur, Kurnool,
Guntur, Vishakapatnam
Marigold Rangareddy, Nellore, Kurnool
Chrysanthemum Rangareddy, Chittoor, Cuddapah
Cut flowers
Rose Rangareddy, Nizamabad , Gladiolus
Chrysanthemum Rangareddy
Gladiolus Medak, Rangareddy, Nizamabad

Telangana State
• Loose flower business is already spread over a large area in Telangana –
more than 50,000 hectares. Majority of the floriculture occupied area is
under marigold (2,960 hectare), chrysanthemum (1,320 hectare), rose
(1,182 hectare) and jasmine (1,000 hectare).
• Telangana state government has also decided not to be left behind when it
comes to floriculture and the government has allocated Rs 250 crores for
developing 1,000 acre of poly houses for cultivating cut flowers.
• This move is expected to cut down the demand-supply gap in Hyderabad of
cut flowers, which is estimated at nearly 50 per cent as of now, especially
during peak seasons, even though 150 acre is under polyhouses in the state.
• Most of the green houses are located around Hyderabad, in Ranga Reddy
district, like at Chevella and Shamshabad. The government will be providing
75 per cent subsidy to those who will take up cultivation of cut flowers and
establish a polyhouse.
• Source: DECCAN CHRONICLE : updated on Jan 10, 2016, 8:38 am IST.

The objectives of forcing plants to flower
during off-season or at certain specific
dates are:
• To avoid surpluses in-season of the cut
flowers
• To avoid wastage or spoilage of surplus
cut flowers
• To avoid danger of epidemics
• To distribute employment throughout
the year
• To increase farmers' income
• To reduce imports and trade deficit
• To satisfy customers at the time of their
needs

Factors to be considered for year round
production of Chrysanthemum
• Photoperiod(Light)
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Air composition
• Use of growth regulators
• Other operations- pinching,
disbudding etc.

Temperature
•The best temperature for growing
chrysanthemum is 20-280C for day
and 15-20oC for night .
• Most cultivars need warm night at time of flower
bud formation, critical temperature is 15.5oc.
• For balanced root and shoot growth the optimum
air and soil temperature were found to be 16oc and
18oc.
• Temperature also influences the flower quality.
• Ref: Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology (2006) 81 (2) 174–182

Temperature Management
Evaporation (Cooling Walls):
Depending on the level of humidity present in the
area, evaporative cooling can be a good cost-effective method.

Shading
• Shade cloth or shade curtains are quite affordable
and can lower temperature up to 10 degrees.

Ventilation
• Ventilation using roll-up sidewalls or open
roof ventilation.

Circulating fans
• Circulating fans are must for any grower to
keep air moving for gas exchange and
temperature consistency.
• In greenhouses, circulating fans help push
warm air out and cool air down.

Light (Photoperiod)
• photoperiod and intensity have
major effects.
• Chrysanthemum is a short day plant.
• The best light intensity range for photosynthesis is
3000 to10,000 foot candles.
• Response of chrysanthemum to light differs at
different stages of plant growth.
• It requires long days for vegetative growth and low
temperature, short days for flower bud initiation.
• Certain amount of vegetative growth is necessary
before the plant becomes responsive to
photoperiod.

Short Days
• Artificial short days must be supplied to
chrysanthemum during long-day times of the
year, from March to September to ensure flower
initiation and development.
• Black cloth should be applied every day from the
scheduled beginning of short days until flower
buds begin showing colour.

Long Days
• Long days for vegetative growth are maintained
throughout propagation, early growth, pinch, and
until the lateral are about 1-1’ long, however, this
may vary with the pot size and response group.
• Supplemental light from HID lamps to improve
vegetative growth is often used during low-light
period in the winter.
• Most growers apply HID lighting in the propagation
area.
• HID: High-intensity discharge lamps.

Response groups
• Chrysanthemum cultivars are often classified in terms
of response group based on the time required from the
beginning of short-days to flower to open.
• Most of the cultivars grown as pot mums are in the 8,
9, or 10 week response groups.
• A relationship generally exists between response group
and the critical photoperiod.
• The shorter the response group time, the shorter the
critical night length required for floral initiation (longer
critical photoperiod).
• Conversely, the longer the response group time, the
longer the critical night length required for floral
initiation (shorter critical photoperiod).

Critical Day Length Based on
Response Group
Cultivar Response
Group(wk)
Floral Initiation Flower
Development
White
Wonder
6 16hr day length 13 hr 45 min
Pristine 8 15 hr 15 min 13 hr day
length
Encore 10 14 hr 30 min 13 hr
Fortune 12 13 hr 12 hr
Snow 15 11 hr 10 hr
Autumn blaze

Scheduling
• Differences in the rate of growth among chrysanthemum
cultivars has lead to their classification into short, medium, and
tall groups.
• Response group combined with height group has a large effect
on how a given cultivar is scheduled.
• In order to achieve the ideal plant height in a 6" pot, cultivars in
the short group are given 3 weeks of long days, those in the
medium group are given 2 weeks of long days, and those in the
tall group are given 1 week of long days after the pinch.
• This allows longer time for growth to occur on the short cultivars
and less time for growth to occur on the tall cultivars so that
short, medium, and tall cultivars finish at about the same height.
S0urce: Annals of Botany 83: 263-269, 1999

Creating a Schedule
• 1) Determine finish (flowering)
date.
• 2) Establish total crop time:
response time + height time +
propagation time.
• 3) Count back the total crop time.
Commercial Greenhouse Production by Dr. J. Raymond Kessler,
Jr.Auburn University

Example
• Cultivar 1: 8 wk / medium.
8 (response) wks + 2 (height) wks + 2 (rooting) wks = 12 wks
• Cultivar 2: 9 wk / short.
• Cultivar 3: 10 wk / tall.

Mothers Day: May 12, 2018
Cultivar plant cutting Potting of
rooted
cutting
Pinching Long days
treatment
Short days
treatment
Finish/
Harvesting
C1
8 wk /
medium
Feb 18 Mar 3 Mar 17 Feb 18 –
Mar 17
Mar 17 –
to 8 weeks
period
May 12
C2
9 wk / short.
Feb 4 Feb 18 Mar 10 Feb 4 –
Mar 10
Mar 10 –
to 9 weeks
period
May 12
C3
10 wk / tall
Feb 11 Feb 25 Mar 3 Feb 11
- Mar 3
Mar 3 –
to 10 weeks
period
May 12

PHOTOPERIODISM
The biological measurement of the relative lengths
of day and night.

Photoperiodic Response to day length
roseDo not respond to
day length
DAY-NEUTRAL PLANTS
Chrysanthemum< 10-16 hSHORT-DAY PLANTS
(“LONG-NIGHT” PLANTS)
Carnation
petunia
>9-16 hLONG-DAY PLANTS
EXAMPLESDAY LENGTHRESPONSE
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Response varies according to the age of the plant and varies in its
intensity.
Broadly they can be grouped into three categories.

THE NIGHT BREAK PHENOMENON
(for short day plants)
For plants with a critical
night length, a short
flash of light in the
middle of the night
would make the plant
behave as if it had been
exposed to a long day.

It is a biological, proteinaceous
pigment that absorbs light.
This is a bluish green biliprotein
and exists in 2 interconvertible
form- Pr & Pfr.
It is a non photosynthetic,
photoreceptor pigment.
Mature leaves are the site of
production of these stimulus.
PHYTOCHROME

The photoperiod mechanism
• Phytochrome exists in two versions
which are inter-convertible.
• PR that absorbs red light(660-665 nm).
• PFR that absorbs far red light(730-745 nm).
PR
RED
LIGHT
FAR RED
LIGHT
PFR

Inactive
form
Active
form
Physiological
Responce

9/5/2018
38
Light Wavelength Short day Long day
Far red
light
730-745 Stimulates Inhibits
Red light 660-665 Inhibits Stimulates
The quality of the light

CONTROL OF FLOWERING
Photoperiod mechanism in the
leaves
Change in day length
Flower buds
flowering
Florigen hormone
Phytochrome

In the short-day plant
PFR PR builds up
Darkness (slow)
Far red light (fast)
Short-day
plants
FLORIGEN
Activated
FLOWERING
Short-Day Plants Need
Low Pfr to Bloom!

In the long-day plant
PFR builds up PR
Sunlight
Red light
Long-day
plants
FLOWERING
FLORIGEN
Activated
• Plants measure the ratio of
Pfr/Pr.
 LDP would flower when the ratio
is high.
 SDP would flower when the ratio
is low.
• The relative amount of Pfr
remaining at the end of the
night would be an indication
of the day length.

Summary
Sunlight
Red light
Darkness (slow)
Far red light (fast)
PFR builds up
Long-day
plants
FLOWERING
FLORIGEN
Activated
PR builds up
Short-day
plants
FLORIGEN
Activated
FLOWERING

H. A. Borthwick and S. B. Hendricks

Soil & Environmental Factors
Chrysanthemum benefit from the
application of supplemental carbon
dioxide Supplied at 800 to
1000ppm .
R.H should not be less than 55-65%.
It thrives best in slightly acidic soil
with PH ranging from 6 to 6.2, rich
in organic matter.
Anemone

USE OF GROWTH REGULATORS
• Production of chrysanthemum flowers can be
staggered by the application of growth regulators to
ensure Equitable production and there by stabilizes
the price level.
• Some growth regulators like NAA,GA3,BA tried on
flowering of chrysanthemum ,but results showed
that GA3 significantly advanced the formation of
flower bud and commencement of flowering.
• Longer duration of flowering was obtained from the
treatment involving GA3.

Chrysanthemum
Cut
To reduce "neck"
stretching
B-Nine 2,500 ppm spray Spray upper
foliage 5 weeks
after start of
short-day
treatment. It has
low level activity
and short
residual effects.
Chrysanthemum
Garden
To increase lateral
branching
Florel 500 ppm spray Use of Florel
delay in
flowering with
some growth
inhibition effect.
Source: http://www.krishisewa.com/articles/production-technology/405-pgr-
floriculture.html

Chrysanthemum,
Potted
To control plant
height
A-Rest 25 to 50 ppm
spray
Broad spectrum,
Very active on
bedding plants.
Safe to use but
Relatively
expensive.
0.25 to 0.50 mg
a.i. drench for a 6
inch pot
Drench volumes
and amount of
product (mg a.i.)
vary with pot size.
1,250 to 5,000
ppm spray
Spray the product
when new growth
after pinching
reaches to 1 to 2
inches long. Some
varieties may
require repeated
application after
3 weeks.

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN GREENHOUSE

• Commercially chrysanthemum is
propagated through terminal stem
cuttings.
• Purchasing cost of cuttings is very high
when compared to production of cuttings.
• For this when area is large and sufficient
prefers to maintain a mother block.
• 1.Maintanance of mother block or stock
plants.
• 2.Nursery production.
• 3.Production block
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN
GREENHOUSE

MAINTANANCE OF MOTHER BLOCK
• A naturally ventilated poly house is used for
maintaining a mother block or stock plants.
• Beds of 60,45,40cm size are prepared ,followed by fumigation.
• Spacing adopted is 15/15cm.
• Terminal buds are pinched at 15days after planting to promote
laterals.
• From the mother plant shoots which are uniform size, thickness
of 5-6cm length are harvested for multiplication purpose.
• Mother block should be under long days and warm conditions
because plants will be in vegetative state.
• Mother plants are viable only for one year.

NURSERY PRODUCTION
• Cuttings taken from mother
block should be graded for its
length ,thickness and quality.
• Cuttings are given a slant cut
just below the bud and dipped
in 50 ppm of IBA solution for
good root Formation.

PRODUCTION BLOCK
• For standards 64 plants/sqmt.
• For sprays 32 plants/sqmt.
• Photoperiod manipulation is very important.
• VEGETATIVE PHASE
– The period of vegetative growth is allowed up to 35 to 45cm
length, for this warm temperature is maintained.
– For provision of artificial light 100W bulbs/HID lamps are
used.
– Intermittent lighting is beneficial than continuous lighting,
because all photosensitive hormones get activated and
plant grows vertically.
• Reference ADVANCES IN HORTICULTURE

• Chrysanthemum plant is known to respond well to
fertilizer application
• Target values of fertilizers for cut flowers in the soil are not
very different from the ones for mother plants:
• Main elements (mmol/l)
• Trace elements: (umol/l)
Element K Na Ca mg No3 Cl so4 Hco3 H3po4
Value 1.5 <1 1.8 1 3 1 1.5 0.5 0.15
Element Fe Mn Zn B Cu MO
Value 7 0.8 1 7 0.8 0.4
Source: www.risenshine.in/Chrysanthemum
NUTRITION

GROWTH REGULATORS
• Amongst the plant growth regulators
GA is considered the best in increasing
the height.
• GA application mostly helps in standard chrysanthemums for
better stem length.
• For early flowering ,for longer duration of flowering GA is
considered as good.
• Talukdar and Paswan (1996) reported that foliar application of
GA3@40ppm increased the height of stem in standard cultivars.
• Dutta etal(1998)studied that GA@150ppm recorded greater
number of laterals in spray types.
• For Prevention of 'long necks” in disbudded chrysanthemums
B nine @2500 ppm is used to reduce neck streching.
Spider

FLOWERING STAGE
• For flowering it requires short day
conditions.
• For creating short days black poly film
with 100% light blockage is used.
• In summer fogging is adopted to
maintain the temperature inside.
• Till 80% of the shoots terminates with
flower bud short day conditions are
maintained.

PHOTOPERIOD ACCORDING
TO FLORAL CHARACTER
• Photoperiod should be manipulated
according to the flower character.
• Disc florets requires short day
conditions.
• Ray florets requires long day
conditions.
• Flowers like buttons requires short day
conditions because it consists only disc
florets with reduced ray florets.
• For standards, Gaint standards,
Reagans where ray and disc florets
both are well developed requires long
day conditions.

HARVEST
• The correct stage of harvesting in
chrysanthemum depends on cultivar,
marketing and other facilities
available to a grower.
• Anemone are harvested before the
cushion in the top most is fully
developed.
• Decorative should be harvested
when the petals in the top most
flower are fully opened.
• Standards can be harvested at un
open stage when only a few outer ray
florets unfurl.

GRADE STEM LENGTH ( cm) SPECIFICATION
GOLD 10 6 flowers open
SILVER 15 4-5 flowers
open
BRONZE 20 2 flowers open
MAKE UP All not covered above.
GRADING

VASE LIFE
• 8 HQC @100 ppm and sucrose
@ 2%is good.
• Dipping of the stems for a very
short period in 1200 ppm
silver citrate proved good .
• Soaking of stems in 1000 ppm
silver nitrate for 10 min was
promising.

Effect of the photoperiod duration on the growth
of Chrysanthemum plantlets in vitro
• This experiment was aimed at the determination
of the optimal photoperiod for the growth and
development of the chrysanthemum plantlets in
vitro under LEDs.
• After transplantation, culture of chrysanthemum
(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Ellen’) was
grown in vitro in Murashige & Skoog modified
nutrient medium in a phytotron for 42 days at
26/22 °C day/night temperature.
• Five groups of chrysanthemum plants were
simultaneously grown under independently set
different photoperiod regimes: 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20
h and 24 h, respectively.

contents of photosynthetic
pigments in leaves
shoot and
roots
length
number of
leaves and
roots
fresh and
dry
weight
DW/FW ratio

Results
• With an increase of photoperiod duration
from 8 h to 24 h, the dry and fresh weight as
well the number of leaves and DW to FW ratio
continually increased.
• The highest values of the length of shoots and
roots, number of roots and dry weight to fresh
weight were observed in plantlets grown at
16 h photoperiod.

• Spray applications of 15 or 30 mg uniconazole or 30 or 60
mg paclobutrazol/ liter (20 ml/1.5-liter pot) were sprayed
0, 2, or 4 weeks after pinching of Dendranthema
grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura ‘Bright Golden Anne’
plants.
• Plants were shorter the earlier growth regulators were
applied. Plants were more responsive to uniconazole,
requiring paclobutrazol at up to four times the
uniconazole concentration to achieve the same height
control.
• Time to flowering was also lengthened the earlier
applications were made, up to 3 days compared to non
treated plants.
• Flower diameter was only minimally affected by the
treatments.

Results
• These experiments indicate that timing of
application is important to height control
achieved with uniconazole or paclobutrazol.
• Greatest response occurred with application on
the date of pinch, but flowering was adversely
affected. Later treatments had less effect on
flowering.
• Adequate height control was observed with
uniconazole at 30 mg·liter -1 applied as late as 4
weeks after pinch, with minor adverse effects on
flowering.

• An experiment on pinching (viz. P0; without
pinching and P1; with pinching) with 3
replications showed the tallest (37.7 cm) and
the shortest plant (33.4 cm) without pinching
and with pinching, respectively.
• Maximum number of leaves (30.1) and
flowers (58.7) per plant were recorded
following pinching (P1); and minimum
number of leaves (26.8) and flowers (37.9)
per plant were from without pinching (P0).

Effect of terminal bud pinching on plant height and on no.of branches with
pinching and without pinching
P0: without pinching
P1: with pinching

Effect of terminal bud pinching on number of flower/plant of
chrysanthemum.
P0: without pinching
P1: with pinching

• Pinching in chrysanthemum showed
significant variation for number of branches
per plant at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90
DAT.
• At 90 DAT the maximum number of branches
per plant (4.4) was obtained from P1,
whereas the minimum branches per plant
(3.4) was obtained from P0.Similar opinion
was also put forward earlier by Beniwal et al.
(2003).
Results

• Number of flowers per plant showed
significant differences due to pinching in
chrysanthemum at 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,
120 and 130 DAT.
• Gradual increasing trend of number of flowers
per plant was observed in pinching with days
after transplanting.
• At 120 DAT the maximum number of flowers
per plant (58.7) was obtained from P1 and the
minimum flowers per plant (37.9) was
observed from P0(control).

• The treatments included three chemicals, viz.
gibberellic acid- 3 (GA3 ), salicylic acid (SA), cycocel
(CCC) and paclobutrazol and each at three
different concentrations. Thus, there were thirteen
treatments including water spray as control.
• They were:
• 1. GA3 at 50 ppm 2. GA3 at 100 ppm 3. GA3 at 150
ppm
• 4. SA at 50 ppm 5. SA at 100 ppm 6. SA at 150 ppm
• 7. Cycocel at 2000 ppm 8. Cycocel at 3000 ppm 9.
Cycocel at 4000 ppm
• 10. Paclobutrazol at 40 ppm 11. Paclobutrazol at
60 ppm 12. Paclobutrazol at 80 ppm
• 13. Water spray (Control).

• The spacing adopted was 30 cm x 30 cm.
• The treatments were imposed in the form
of foliar sprays with a spray fluid volume
of 250 ml on 30th DAT.

• In kharif, spray of CCC at 3000 ppm recorded the
highest number of flowers per plant (35.64) which
was significantly superior to GA at 100 ppm (35.09)
whereas, a minimum of 25.37 flowers per plant was
recorded by control.
• In rabi, treatment with CCC at 3000 ppm resulted in
the maximum number of flowers per plant (46.74
flowers per plant) significantly superior to the
treatment with GA at 100 ppm (45.89 flowers per
plant).

• The aim of the experiment was to determine the effects
of short-day treatments on the growth, flowering and cut
flower quality of chrysanthemum and to determine the
best time of the day for the application of the short day
treatment. The experiment was laid out in a randomised
complete block design (RCBD).
• There were four treatments i.e. applying short-day by
covering the plants with black-polythene sheet from 5.00
to 9.00 AM, 11.00 AM to 3.00 PM, 4.00 PM to dusk and
control (no covering).

• Provision of short-days by covering
chrysanthemums using black-polythene sheet
resulted in significant reduction in plant height
and leaf area.
• Covering the plants in the middle of the day i.e.,
from 11.00 AM to 3.00 PM resulted in highest
reduction in vegetative growth in terms of plant
height and leaf area.
• Application of short-day treatment early in the
morning i.e., from 5.00 to 9.00 AM, resulted in
highest yield of cut flowers (number of cut
flowers/plant) and highest quality in terms of
flower diameter and cut flower stem length.

The experiment comprised six
treatments as listed below:
• Pinching at 20 DAS
(pinching in nursery)
• Pinching at 10 DAT
• No pinching (control)

Results
• Plants were consistently taller in
non-pinched plots.
• Pinching at 20 DAS recorded maximum plant
height at final stage followed by pinching at 10 DAT.
• Pinching in nursery at 20 DAS and 10 DAT recorded
the highest number of leaves and leaf area per plant
due to the higher number of branches being produced
by them.
• Pinching in nursery at 20 DAS recorded maximum
flower yield and flower weight.

Year round production of chrysanthemum

Year round production of chrysanthemum

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