Brief to influence of environmental parameter on important cut flower

1. Influence of Environmental Parameter
on the Growth And Development of
Important Cut Flower Crops
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Floriculture and Landscaping Architecture

2. Environment is an important factor in
determining the growth and well being of
plants. Environmental factor involves are
• Temperature
• Light
• Moisture
• Humidity
• CO2

3. 1.) Temperature
• Regulates photosynthesis, transpiration,
nutrient uptake and translocation.
• Opt. temperature –plant is able to synthesise
max. carbohydrates and have a normal rate of
respiration.(more important at night)
• Physiological and biochemical reactions are
influenced by temp.

4. According to temperature requirement, commercial
important ornamental crop are classified as temperate
flower and tropical flowers.

5. Temperature Requirement for
commercial Important Ornamental
Name of Crop Temperature Requirement
Foliage plant 15-30˚C
Gladiolus 20-25˚C
Antirrhinum 10-20˚C
Dahlia 10-25˚C(winter); 15-27˚C(summer)
Tuberose 20-32˚C
Rose 16-25˚C
Carnation 10-18˚C

6. Chysanthemum 12-18˚C
Gerbera 12˚C (night)
Aster 10˚C (night)
Marigold 14.5-28.5˚C
Tulip 7-10˚C
Orchid 10-25˚C

7. • Low temp. causing dormancy in
temperate zone. May also damage
shrubs, perennials, trees, annuals,
bulbous plant, indoor plants,
seedlings and young plants.
• Low temp. results in blackheart in
stem of tree and shrubs, killing of
dormant flower, dieback of over-
wintering broad leaf plant.
• Frost cause puckering.
• Treatment of seeds and buds with
very low temperature is useful to
break the rest period in some
plants.
Bleached leaf of cannabis
Puckering dues to frost

8. Low Temperature Problem with
Different Ornamentals
Crop Symptoms
Chrysanthemum Bronze colouration of leaves, pink
colouration in white flowers. Delayed or
no inflorescence induction
Rose Bull heads
Orchids (tropical Dendrobium, vanda) Chilling injury
Foliage plants Chilling injury

9. • Higher temp. and dry season
cause dormancy in some tropical
plant.
• High temp. affect those plants
which bears fleshy leaves and
flowers.
• Leaves wilt, turn yellow or brown,
become dry and crisp and may
die.
• Tips and margins are first
affected.
• Rose flowers may show ‘balling’
and chrysanthemums show
bleached inforescence at high
temp.
Balling of Rose

10. 2.) Light
• Light play an important role in several
physiological process such as chlorophyll
synthesis, stomatal opening, absorption of
water and electrolytes, cell permeability,
cellular metabolism, organ formation and
seed germination.
• Main components of light are intensity, quality
of light and photoperiods.

11. Intensity
• Plants show variation in their need for light.
• Rose, carnation and most of annuals require high
intensity of light whereas fern, anthurimus,
African violet and most of the foliage plant need
low intensity.
• Foliage plants with high intensity show shorter
internodes, smaller leaves, light green in colour
due to less chlorophyll.
Quality of Light
• Denotes the length of waves and, thus its colour.
• The component of visible light influence the rate
of plant growth.

12. Plant which are grow well under shade and direct sun
for short period called shade or sun plants,
Shade plants
(500-1000 ft. c)
African violet, Dieffenbachia, Ferns,
Ficus, Philodendron, Begonia, Aglaonema
Shade and sun plants
(1000-3000 ft. c)
Orchids, Sansevieria
Direct sun plants
(3000-8000 ft. c)
Carantion, Chrysanthemum, Gladiolus,
Rose , Lilly, antirrhinum
Partial shade and direct sun plants
(2000-8000 ft.c )
Abelia, Buxus, Gardenia, Magnolia

13. Photoperiod
• It, in general controls vegetative and
reproductive growth in plant and in few plants
, it also has a profound affect on leaf shape,
abscission, pigment formation, pubescence
and root development.
• In woody plant species, long day and short
night promotes vegetative growth.
• The length of dark period is more important
inducing photoperiodic responses than the
length of the light period.

14. Plants are classified into three groups according to
their daily requirement of light and dark periods
1. Short- day Plants
critical period for the short-day plants varies from 11 to 14
hours, for example, chrysanthemum, cosmos and gardenia
2. long-day Plants
critical photoperiod for long day plants varies from 12 to 14
hours, for example, begonia, aster, stock, hibiscus and
calendula
3. Day-Neutral plants
for example, African violet, carnation, dianthus, tuberose,
petunia

15. Humidity
• The relative humidity regulates the stomatal opening
at photosynthesis.
• Low humidity may cause browning of leaf edges on
the plants with the leaves or leaflets and some several
plants so morphological changes such as cupped
leaves, hair on the leaves and thick leaves.
• High humidity can maintain the water borne
pollutants in a condition such they can be more easily
absorbed through the cuticles.
• Plants such as cacti, succulents and sansevieria need
low humidity and; ferns, mosses, Alocasias,
anthuriums and orchids require high level of humidity.

16. • Most foliage plants are kept better above 50%
RH.
• High humidity also required for increase rate
of rooting of cuttings and to reduce the rate of
transpiration.

17. Moisture
Fog is important source of moisture for plant
growth, especially during the growing season.
It also supplies moisture to the leaf surfaces and
reduces the rate of evapotranspiration. Large
tree in foliage can intercept considerable
moisture as for condenses on their leaf and
branch surface. In winter, fog can keep the buds
of trees close to the air temperature and cause
winter chilling.

18. CO2
• It is easy to produce quality plant material, early
flowering, increase yield and rapid crop development
in CO2 enriched atmosphere.
• In general, CO2 enrichment increase photosynthesis.
Decides, rising the CO2 concentration reduces the
transpiration of plant by 20-40%.
• Enrichment of environment with CO2 at 1000-1500ppm
reduces the no. of blind shoots and gives higher yield,
longer and stronger stem in roses; produces more
lateral branches and faster growth rate in carnations;
reduces cultural period in chrysanthemums; and yields
more no. of florets and longer flower stalks in gladioli.

19. Chrysanthemum
Photoperiodic Response
Hybrid cultivars of chrysanthemum used for year
round production are short day plants. The varieties
are classified for natural or year round flowering by
response groups, that is, 6 to 15 weeks cultivars.
Temperature
• Night temp. more affect on flower than the day
temp.
• Opt. temp. 12 to 18˚C. any deviation from it
delays flower initiation or development and
affect the size and form of the flower.

20. Chrysanthemum cultivars may be classified in three
response groups are
1. Thermo-positive:- The cultivar in which
flowering in inhibiting by low temp.
2. Thermo-negative:- The cultivar in which
flowering in inhibiting by high temp.
3. Thermo-zero:- most of the cultivars used today
in all year round flowering come under thermo-
zero since flowering of these cultivar in not
specially sensitive to high and low temp.
Flowering quality drastically reduced when both
day and night temp. are higher.

21. Light
Interaction between light and temp. is of more important
that the individual effect. Delayed flowering in
chrysanthemum has frequently been observed under
natural low-light condition. The plants are more sensitive
to light level during 4 weeks of short day.
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment
The stem length, fresh weight of stem, flowers and the
total yield is increased with carbon dioxide enrichment.
The response of plant to carbon dioxide enrichment,
however, depend upon the age and time of treatment
and also on cultivars.

22. Gladiolus
Temperature
• Gladilous corms and cormels just after harvesting, if planted under
favourable growing conditions, do not sprout there is dormancy
due to internal factors. The dormancy can be broken more rapidly
at low temp. of 5 to 6˚C.
• High temp. (above 20˚C) exert a delayed effect on growth and
development of shoot and root buds and also daughter plants.
• Vigorous pants can be obtained from the corm stored at low temp.
and high temp. stored corms show reduce vigour..
• Opt. temp. is 18 to 25˚C , while growth is retarded below 7 to 8˚
and above 30˚C.
• The corms produced at low temp. sprout earlier than those which
are produced in high soil temp.

23. Light
High intensity are favourable for flowering. Some of
the varieties, however, initiate flower under short
day condition. The yield and quality of the flower
spike is better in a long day condition rather than in
short days. Anthesis is hastened by short days; but
the height of the plant, percentage of flowering
plants and no. of florets per spike decrease with
short days.
Relative Humidity
In storage, poor ventilation and high humidity
enhance root growth and development of disease.
Under the field condition during plant growth, high
RH and soil moisture allow plants to withstand high
temp.

24. Rose
Photoperiodic Response
• Rose is self inductive plant and the flower initiation is
independent of environmental factors. They exhibits
year round recurrent blooming in under controlled
conditions and are regarded as day neutral plant.
• Under long day condition at 50˚C some rose cultivar
produce longer stem and few leaves beneath the
flower and hence these cultivar regarded as
quantitative long day plants.
• Vegetative growth can also be promoted under long
day or continuous light conditions.

25. Tuberose
• Tuberose can be grown with success under wide
environmental condition ranging from tropical to sub-
tropical and temperate climate.
• If the climate is mild and free from extremes of high
and low temp., profuse flowering can be obtained
almost throughout the whole year.
• Average temp. ranging from 20 to 30˚C.
• High atmospheric humidity and temp. around 30˚C is
optimum.
• Spike length and quality of flower is affected if the
temp. is above 40˚C; very low temp. and frost also
damage the plants and flowers.

26. Reference
• Advanced Commercial Floriculture by S.K
Bhattacharjee and L.C. De
• Floriculture in India by G.S Randhawa and A.
Mukhopadhyay

27. Thank you