This document provides an overview of an accounting class including: - 14 lectures from the professor and 13 sessions with teaching assistants before and after the midterm - Two parallel quizzes, one before and one after midterm, which contribute to the final grade - Topics to be covered on the midterm and final exams - Tips for studying accounting effectively including cumulative study, attendance, participation, note-taking and group study - An introduction to the conceptual framework, accounting standards, and objectives of financial reporting

1. Pertemuan 1
Sabtu, 15 September 2012

2. Akuntansi Keuangan 1
• 14 kali Pertemuan Dosen
• 13 kali pertemuan asisten (6 kali sebelum dan
7 kali setelah UTS)
• 2 kali kuis paralel (1 kali sebelum dan 1 kali
setelah UTS)  masuk nilai akhir
• Absen dan tugas asistensi tiap minggu.
– Dikumpulkan di asistensi berikutnya.

3. Silabus
• UTS
– Conceptual Framework
– Adjusting + Reversing Entries
– Statement of Comprehensive Income + Financial
Position
– Cash
– Receivables + Impairment
– Inventories

4. Silabus
• UAS
– Property, Plant and Equipment
• Revaluation
– Investment Property
– Intangible Assets
– Impairment of Assets
– Current Liabilities, Provisions and Contingencies
– Accounting for Pension

5. How to Study Accounting
• Cumulative Study
• Maintain a good attendance record
• Participate actively in class
• Do not use memorization as a substitute for
understanding
• Take notes
• Make friends by studying in a group
• Be prepared
• Keep up with the work

7. Conceptual Framework

8. Accounting Standards
FASB
(United States)
IASB
(International)
DSAK
(Indonesia)
US GAAP Indonesia GAAP
(PSAK)
IAS
IFRS

9. WHY?
WHAT?
HOW?

10. Objective
“To provide financial information about the
reporting entity that is useful to present and
potential equity investors, lenders, and other
creditors in making decisions in their capacity
as capital providers.”
 Provided by issuing general-purpose financial statements.
 Assumption is that users have reasonable knowledge of business
and financial accounting matters to understand the information.

11. Fundamental Concepts

12. Relevance
• Relevan jika informasi dalam laporan
keuangan berguna dan mampu membuat
perbedaan dalam proses pengambilan
keputusan.
• Jika informasi relevan:
– User bisa memprediksi future performance dan
ekspektasi lain (predictive value)
– User bisa evaluasi kondisi perusahaan sekarang
berdasarkan prediksi/ekspektasi yang dulu dibuat
dengan (confirmatory value)

13. Faithful Representation
• Informasi laporan keuangan dibuat berdasarkan
kenyataan yang ada, sehingga dapat diandalkan
(reliable)
• Agar bisa faithful representation, laporan
keuangan:
– Menyertakan informasi secara lengkap tanpa ada yang
dipotong (Completeness)
– Tidak memihak pengguna laporan tertentu
(Neutrality)
– Tidak ada kesalahan dalam penyusunan (Free from
error)

14. Enhancing Qualities (Komplementer)
• Laporan keuangan dapat diperbandingkan antar
perusahaan (Comparability)
– Dapat diperbandingkan antar periode (Consistency)
• Laporan keuangan dapat diverifikasi dengan hasil
yang sama oleh penilai independen yang berbeda
(Verifiability)
• Informasi dalam laporan keuangan tidak
kadaluarsa bagi pengguna (Timeliness)
• Laporan keuangan dapat dipahami oleh
pengguna (Understandability)

15. Recognition, Measurement and
Disclosure
ASSUMPTIONS
1. Economic entity
2. Going concern
3. Monetary unit
4. Periodicity
5. Accrual
PRINCIPLES
1. Measurement
2. Revenue recognition
3. Expense recognition
4. Full disclosure
CONSTRAINTS
1. Cost
2. Materiality

16. Assumptions
• Ada pemisahan antara aktivitas atau kekayaan
perusahaan dengan pemilik perusahaan
(economic entity)
• Perusahaan akan terus beroperasi dalam
jangka panjang (going concern)
– Mempengaruhi metode dan penilaian aset
• Semua aktivitas dan informasi dalam laporan
keuangan dapat dinyatakan dengan satuan
moneter (monetary unit)

17. • Laporan keuangan dibuat secara reguler/ ada
rentang waktu antar pembuatan laporan –
bulanan, semesteran atau tahunan -
(periodicity)
– Trade off fundamental quality
• Semua transaksi/kejadian dicatat pada saat
terjadinya kejadian tersebut –bukan pada saat
kas masuk dan keluar- (accrual basis)

18. Basic Principles
• Measurements:
– Cost Principle -> aset dan kewajiban dicatat
berdasarkan data historis
– Fair Value Principles -> aset dan kewajiban dicatat
berdasarkan nilai wajar (misal nilai pasar)
– Trade off Fundamental Qualities
• Revenue Recognition
– Revenue diakui ketika kemungkinan future economic
benefit probable dan nilainya reliable
– Pada saat produksi? Setelah produksi? Penjualan?
Penerimaan kas?

19. • Expense Recognition
– Let the expense follow the revenues
• Full Disclosure
– Menyediakan laporan yang lengkap
• Financial Statements
• Notes to Financial Statements
• Supplementary Information

20. Constraints
• Perusahaan harus mempertimbangkan biaya
yang dikeluarkan dalam membuat laporan
keuangan terhadap manfaat yang diterima
(Cost Constraint)
– Cost: Collecting, disseminating, auditing, litigation
dll
– Benefit: Greater management control, lower Cost
of capital

21. • Item dalam laporan keuangan material jika
penghapusannya akan mempengaruhi
pengambilan keputusan -> masalahnya
bagaimana materialitas suatu item tanpa
mengurangi fundamental quality (material
constraint)

22. WHY?
WHAT?
HOW?

25. Accounting Information
Systems

26. Accounting Cycle
Transactions
1. Journalization
6. Financial Statements
7. Closing entries
8. Post-closing trail balance
9. Reversing entries
3. Trial balance
2. Posting
5. Adjusted trial balance
4. Adjustments
Work
Sheet

27. Adjusting and Reversing
• Report on the income statement the proper
revenues and expenses for the period.
– Revenues are recorded in the period in which they
are earned.
– Expenses are recognized in the period in which
they are incurred.

28. Accrual Basis
1. Prepaid Expenses.
Expenses paid in cash and
recorded as assets before
they are used or consumed.
Deferrals (Cash in Advance)
3. Accrued Revenues.
Revenues earned but not
yet received in cash or
recorded.
4. Accrued Expenses.
Expenses incurred but not
yet paid in cash or recorded.
2. Unearned Revenues.
Revenues received in cash
and recorded as liabilities
before they are earned.
Accruals (Cash Receipt Later)

29. Reversing Entries
• Tujuan dari reversing entries adalah:
– SIMPLICITY
– CONSISTENCY
• All accruals should be reversed.
• All deferrals for which a company debited or
credited the original cash transaction to an
expense or revenue account should be reversed.
• Adjusting entries for depreciation and bad debts
are not reversed.