Focal Epilepsy Case Study: Left Temporal Lobe Seizures

Focal Epilepsy Case Study
Focal Epilepsy
–Many seizure episodes
–Staring spell
–Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
–post seizure: postictal for a few hours with increased sedated and slurred speech
–Seizures have all occurred during sleep, either upon falling to sleep or early in the morning, prior
to awakening
–Seizure lasts less than one minute
–Seizures are characterized by turning towards the left with jerking throughout the body.
–Sometimes she is conscious, while other time not.
–The majority of her seizures she does not remember
–CT and MRI was negative
–Abnormal routine EEG: showing sharps and spikes at the left temporal region with extension to
left frontal central region
–May include tongue bite
–May include color changes e.g. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most children with syncope do not have serious diseases and their prognosis is generally benign
(Khongphatthanayothin, 2014)
History, presentation and physical exam are not consistent with syncope
Assessment:
H.R. is a 16y.o. adolescent female K/C of focal epilepsy. She is on monotherapy of Keppra XR 2000
mg nightly. Presented to the University of Michigan Pediatric Neurology Clinic, for follow up of her
epilepsy. No any new complain, she has remained seizure–free since March 2017 on her current
dose of Keppra. Vitally stable and her examinations are unremarkable. Last vitamin D result was
low, so we started her on vitamin D 1000 units once daily. Her most recent EEG (Aug, 2017) was

normal.
Plan:
1. Continue the same epilepsy medication regimen:
–Keppra XR 2000 mg once nightly P.O (there is room to further optimize her dose of Keppra in the
future for breakthrough seizures)
–Rescue medication: Diastat 17.5 mg rectally (for seizures >5 minutes)
2. Obtain labs at the next visit: CBC, CMP AND
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Pseudo Seizure Dogs Summary
A dog's ability to predict an episode is also something profound. In fact, some have been able to
predict incidents 6 to 24 hours in advance. In Gregory L. Krauss journal, "Pseudo seizure dogs" A
study involved six patients with seizure response dogs. Four of the six experienced PNES while the
other two patients had epilepsy. After the article went to press, they saw three additional patients
with seizure response dogs – of whom two had PNES and one had epilepsy. They further cited one
study in which a patient was "alerted by his dog 7 minutes prior to having psychogenic seizures."
(Neurology 2007; 68:308–309). In Melissa Fay Greene's "Wonder Dog" article, published on the
New York Times, Greene reports on Donnie Kanter Winokur and her husband,

Generalized Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a condition/disorder that involves the nervous system, it is characterized by an abrupt,
powerful bursts of electrical activity occurring in the brain. These bursts of electrical activity cause
seizures to occur which affects muscle control, vision, movements, etc. Epilepsy is characterized
into two types, one is partial epileptic seizures and the other type is generalized epileptic seizures.
Partial/focal seizures are ones that start in a particular part of the brain and they affect one part of the
body, which depends on the location in the brain where the activity occur. Symptoms of this kind of
seizures include, but are not limited to
Confusion
Tingling sensation, dizziness and having a full sensation in his stomach.

Refractory Epilepsy Case Study
This article, "Specialist Management of Routine Dental Procedures in Adults with Refractory
Epilepsy" from the British Dental Journal, focused on what we can do as clinicians to manage the
risk of a major seizure episode from our patients who have yet to find a medication to help them
control their seizures. Many of these patients may present with "poor oral health and traumatized
teeth" (Ransford, Soryal, Mccorry, Sander, Duncan, & Huggins, 2014, p. 403), so it is imperative
they receive care.
A few characteristics of seizures were mentioned, but the randomness of the disorder was the main
focus. The randomness of seizures means that it is very rare that a patient will have a seizure in the
short appointment that they are scheduled for. However, the number of seizure triggers from the
patient's point of view may be more numerous, thereby increasing the chances for an episode to
occur. For example, anxiety is not uncommon among dental patients and unfortunately also happens
to be a trigger for some patients' seizures. The hygienist should refer to a patient's medical ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A patient experiencing a convulsive seizure may become 'unconscious; they may experience rigidity,
convulsion of limbs, and even incontinence. Afterwards, the patient may feel confused and drowsy'
(Ransford et al., 2014, p. 404). Short appointments should not be detrimental to the patient.
However, if a longer appointment is needed and the patient is experiencing anxiety, benzodiazepines
should be considered, as they possess "anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects" (Ransford et al., 2014,
p. 404). We should be cautious when using conscious sedation or general anesthesia as there are
disadvantages, such as complications with the AED therapy the patient most likely is concurrently

Active Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a general term for any brain disorder that causes unpredictable regular seizures. These
seizures as caused by a disturbance in the brain's electrical activity. It is considered a chronic
neurological disorder, the fourth most common in the world. There were around 3.4 million people
reported as having epilepsy in the United States in 2015 with 470,000 of those being children (CDC,
2017). This is about 1.2% of the population in the United States (CDC, 2017). There are about 50
million people who experience epilepsy globally (WHO, 2017). In the District of Columbia there are
about 7,500 cases of active epilepsy. It's estimated that 2.4 million people per year are diagnosed
with epilepsy globally (WHO, 2017).
Symptoms & Diagnoses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A child is reported as having "active epilepsy" if their guardian reports they have a history of
diagnosed epilepsy or seizure disorder (CDC, 2017). Seizures that those with epilepsy experience
fall into three main categories: generalized onset seizures, focal onset seizures and unknown onset
seizures. Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain at the same time (Type of Seizures,
2017). Focal seizures begin in only one part or section of the brain (Type of Seizures, 2017). Focal
seizures can happen while the person is aware of the seizure (called focal onset aware seizures) or
when the person's awareness is impaired (called focal onset impaired awareness) (Type of Seizures,
2017). Seizures are classified as unknown onset when it is unclear where the seizure began (Type of
Seizures, 2017). Seizure symptoms typically include loss of consciousness, jerking movements,
muscle tensing and weakness as well as spasms (Type of Seizures, 2017). Focal seizures can also
include automatic movements that a repeated in a rhythmic fashion such as clapping or lip–
smacking (Type of Seizures, 2017). Often time EEG tests as well as blood tests or brain imaging
tests like MRI or CT scans can be used to help diagnose the type of epilepsy and seizures (Type of

Informative Essay On Epilepsys
Epilepsy is characterized as a brain disorder in which you have a tendency to trigger seizures. It
occurs when there is a abnormal or excessive amount of electrical activity in the brain, and is
usually diagnosed after a person has two or more seizures that are not caused by medical conditions.
Epilepsy is very common in society today. 1 in 26 people will develop epilepsy in their lifetime and
65 million people already have epilepsy worldwide. After any type of epileptic seizure episodes of
sensory disturbances, loss of consciousness, convulsions, and many other symptoms can spark.
Epilepsy's first occurrence is in the earliest writings of ancient civilisations and cultures. According
to Adrian Tureniec, "The oldest known document on epilepsy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is very common in the United States affecting around 150,000 people per year. People who
"suffer" from Epilepsy can still live a normal, successful life. In most cases Epilepsy/seizures can be
controlled by medication with slim to no side effects by eating healthy, and taking good care of
yourself. In order to get the best treatment and diagnosis seek help from a local doctor, because
Epilepsy is more than just seizures. Having Epilepsy and not treating it properly can be more
harmful than the disorder itself. If you have Epilepsy you should talk to your friends and family
members.Epilepsy can only be treated if there is a team effort and a person is ready to accept the
fact that they have it.
Works Cited
"About Epilepsy: The Basics." Epilepsy Foundation. Web. 27 Apr. 2018.
Epilepsy Ontario. Web. 31 Mar. 2018.
Epilepsy Foundation. "What Is Epilepsy?" Epilepsy Foundation, 21 Jan. 2014.
Mayo Clinic. "Epilepsy." Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 10
Mar. 2018,
"Our Work at Epilepsy Society." Epilepsy Society. 12 Jan. 2018. Web. 30 Apr. 2018.
Reynolds, E H, and J V Kinnier. "Psychoses of Epilepsy in Babylon: the Oldest Account of the
Disorder." Epilepsia., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 9 Sept. 2008,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479392.
"Seizures: Read About Symptoms and Types." MedicineNet. Web. 31 Mar. 2018.

Seizure Classification. Web. 30 Apr. 2018.
"Types of Seizures and Their Symptoms." WebMD. WebMD. Web. 31 Mar.

Epilepsy: Lumbar Seizure
Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells also called neurons inside the brain
signal unusually or in which case the brains neurological pattern also called the electrical pattern is
disrupted. Neurons inside the brain usually generate electrochemical impulses that communicate
with other neurons. In Epilepsy, the usual pattern of neurological activity becomes distorted, causing
odd sensations such as behavioral and emotional, muscle spasms, sometimes convulsions and loss of
consciousness can occur. Seizure disorders originate from a pathogenic process, head trauma,
metabolic processes, exogenous or endogenous poisons, and a simple fever. Seizures may be a result
from an exposure to many types of poisons such as lead and carbon monoxide but it can also ...
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a small amount of spinal fluid can be then removed and tested to determine if there is some type of
infection or other underlying medical problems. Lumbar Puncture can also be used to measure the
pressure of the spinal canal and measure the brain. Research has shown that the cell membrane that
surrounds every neuron has an important role in Epilepsy, these membranes are responsible for the
neurons to generate an electrical impulse and for some reason when the brain attempts to repair
itself after head trauma, stroke, or another problem that may generate atypical nerve connections
that will lead to Epilepsy. Studies in animals have also provided that because the brain constantly
adapts to changes in a small change in neurological activity, if repeated this may increase the
chances of a full blown epileptic attack. Anomalies in the brain connections that happen while the
brain develops may also disrupt neurological activity which could lead to Epilepsy. Research has
also shown that the repeated attacks of the temporal lobe can cause the hippocampus to shrink, the
hippocampus is responsible for learning and memorization, but it may however take years for such a
seizure attack to do significant

Epilepsy: Central Nervous System
Epilepsy is a disease of the central nervous system. Out of everyone in the United States, 1 in over
26 people are prone to getting this disease. Before you really know you have epliepsy or go to the
hospital you uusally have two unprovoked seziures. The sezuires that you have are caused from an
abnormal activity in your brain cells.
There are a few symptoms to having a sezuire. A few symptoms are confusion, staring randomly,
jerking movements that are not under your control, and loss of awareness. Epilepsy can have many
causes. A neurologist will order tests to help determine why a child has epilepsy. Epilepsy can also
be caused by various factors. For example strokes, dementia, brain tumor, and abnormal blood
vessels in the brain can all

Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is the name for several neurological disorders in which people have epileptic seizures. It
affects an estimated 65 million people around the world (cureepilepilepsy.org) and varies greatly
from case to case. There are several treatment options for patients as well as research for developing
better ways to diagnose and treat epilepsy. The only visible symptom of epilepsy is epileptic
seizures. An epileptic seizure is "when the normal pattern [of brain function] is interrupted by
sudden and unusually intense bursts of electrical energy which may cause strange sensations,
emotions, behaviors or convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness"(cureepilepsy.org).If
a person has more than two seizures that have not been provoked ... Show more content on
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The goal of doctors treating epilepsy is to "stop seizures or control them as best as possible"
(epilepsy.com). Treatment can include dietary therapy, medication, vagus nerve stimulation, and
several different neurosurgeries, depending on what part of the brain is affected. Some of the
surgeries used include focal resection, hemispherectomy, and corpus colostomy. A focal resection is
a surgery in which the surgeon "[removes] the portion of the brain where the seizures originate–
most commonly the temporal lobe" (Hopkins.org). Electrodes may be implanted in the brain after
the surgery to localize the site. A hemispherectomy is a rare type of surgery when almost one half of
the entire brain is removed to eliminate the area of the brain responsible for causing seizures. This
surgery is most common in young children, as there brain cells have the ability to regrow to replace
the part of the brain that is missing. A corpus callostomy is a procedure "designed to interrupt the
pathway by which seizures spread– confining the seizure to a smaller part of the brain"
(Hopkins.org). It is important to note that a corpus callostomy does not remove parts of the brain
where the seizures come from. Vagus nerve stimulation, also known as VNS, stimulates the vagus
nerve by putting a pace maker like device along the collarbone of patients 12 and over. The device
then

Hugo Martinez
Psychology
23 August 2015
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder in which 65 million of human beings around the world are suffering
from. Nearly 3 million of them suffer from epilepsy in the United States. 1 out of 26 people in the
United States will develop epilepsy at some point in their lifetime. One third of the people who live
with epilepsy struggle with uncontrolled seizures because the available treatment that there is does
not have any affect on them. Epilepsy is worldwide known to being an unknown cause of multiple
seizures which can also later on in life affect the person in the long run. To this day there is medical
treatment available to those affected, but in some cases for some people this medication does not ...
Depression is a big factor on people with this disorder it is actually common with epilepsy. "This
can be linked with epilepsy or the epilepsy medication." (epilepsy.org.uk). This depression might
escalate because they might have to make changes in their life that they might not want to make.
Other reasons such as that individual may be treated differently from others just because of their
disorder. With education there shouldn't be a problem with the person attending school there
shouldn't be any kind of discrimination towards these individuals with epilepsy. The person would
just need extra help or support around the school or college. Also people who live with epilepsy may
have trouble getting insurance if they are not completely honest with the insurer. If not honest they
may not be fully insured and this may cause problems later on in life for them if they do not have
full insurance. Work would also be a factor into why they might need to make changes. Such as they
need to find a job that is understanding with their disorder that will be at assistance when ever they
need. So at the end they wont get terminated from the job. With all these factors and problems that
epilepsy patients have to face it really is a struggle for them to always be safe and not take risks that
they don't necessarily have to. But with the help and support of others around them such as

Anti Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, brought on by
excessive excitability of neurons in the brain. A seizure is divided into two broad categories: partial
and generalized. Symptoms can range from brief periods of unconsciousness to violent convulsions.
Epilepsy is initiated by synchronous, high–frequency discharge from a group of hyperexcitable
neurons called a focus. A focus may result from several causes, including congenital defects,
hypoxia at birth, head trauma, brain infection, stroke, cancer, and genetic disorders. The Anti–
epileptic drugs can suppress mania and/or depression and stabilize mood in a patient with BPD.
Drugs including, divalproes sodium, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine ... Show more content on
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Suppression of Calcium influx: In the axon terminal influx of calcium through voltage–gated
calcium channels promotes transmitter release; hence, drugs that block these calcium channels can
suppress transmission. Several AEDs calcium channels can suppress transmission. Several AEDs
including valproic acid and ethosuximide, act by this mechanism. 3. Promotion of potassium influx:
Drug (ezogabine ) act on voltage–gates potassium channels to facilitate potassium influx. – underlie
the drug's ability to slow repetitive neuronal firing thereby provide seizure control
4. Antagonism of Glutamate: is the primary excitatory transmitter in the CNS. This work through
two receptors' NMDA receptors (N–menthel–D–aspartate receptors) and AMPA receptors
(Apha_amino–3–hydroxy–5–methyl_4– isoxazole propionic acidrereceptors), – This action suppress
neuronal excitation
5. Potentiation of GABA: AEDs potentiate the action of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that
is widely distributed through the brain. by augmenting the action of GABA, these drugs decrease
neuronal excitability, thus suppress seizure activity
The drugs produce side effects in most people, but there is a lack of evidence for most of the drugs
in most types of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. Drugs such as lacosamide, lamotrigine,
carbamazepam, clonazepam, phynytam have shown at least 50% pain intensity reduction over

The Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Seizure
A study on the effect of sleep deprivation on seizure in epilepsy disorder and its relation to signaling
bathways in the brain
People with seizure disorder usually have problems with their sleep. Daytime sleepiness, lack of
energy and drowsiness are frequently seen in epileptic patients. Baseline electrical activity has been
vastly studied in epilepsy. Seizures can be either partial or generalized. Based on the area of the
brain triggered by epileptic waves, any kind of motor or sensory abnormalities can happen in partial
seizure. If the whole brain cortex is triggered, generalized tonic–clonic seizure can happen, which is
the classic shaking of the body and loss of consciousness. Generalized seizures may be followed by
a post–ictal period in which the patient will be heavily drowsy and may experience memory loss for
a short amount of time. It has been shown that epileptic patients can reach threshold potentials more
readily than the normal population and lack of sleep can be a trigger for causing a seizure [1]. The
circadian rhythm, synchronizing role of thalamo–cortical networks, and reduced intracortical
inhibition have been suggested as underlying physiologic factors elicited by sleep deprivation that
make a patient more prone to seizure activity.
The abnormal progress from resting potential to a wild epileptic wave can be triggered by sleep
deprivation as lack of sleep alters the neural resting potential.
Seizure occurrence is found to be related to the circadian

Epilepsy: Partial Onset Seizures
Epilepsy is a medical ailment in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures.
Epilepsy consists of many levels of severity; there are staring spells on the lower end, and Grand
Mal seizures on the higher end. Cheyenne is on the lower end with staring spells, memory loss, and
involuntary talking it's called Partial Onset Seizures; she has the potential that it can have it turn into
Grand Mal seizures at any point in her life. On the path to discovering her epilepsy, it changed her
and her family's lives forever. Cheyenne was a somewhat normal teenager, she went to high school,
tried hard to get good grades, and went home instead of going out with friends like any good
teenager would. She was a good student, she got B honor roll, and was even in band playing the
clarinet. Then suddenly, there was a drop in her B grades and a drop in interest. Cheyenne was now
getting Cs or sometimes even D's on test, and her family didn't think anything of it, they just figured
it was normal and that she would just try harder next time. Then ... Show more content on
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To temporarily solve a more serious problem, they gave her medication, and we were on our way.
When the time finally came to see the neurologist, they had hooked her up to an EEG, which
monitored her brain waves. They found nothing in this EEG, until a different hospital performed a
24–48 hour EEG. She was in the hospital trying to make sure she had her homework completed and
was caught up, when the machine caught strange brain waves when she was doing her math
homework. This was the first time the doctor told us it wasn't seizures due to stress, but partial onset
seizures. Her brain looks normal, but when a seizure hits, it starts in the left temporal lobe and
travels to the right side of her brain, lighting up like a firework. This affects her mood and emotions,
to where her brain must reboot in order for her to

Epilepsy!
! Epilepsy is a condition where the patient has seizures. This condition was one of the first to be
diagnosed. When a seizure happens it is most likely because the nerves in the brain are causing
muscle spasms. Studys shown that over two million people in the united states have been diagnosed
with epilepsy. To be diagnosed with epilepsy, a patient would have to have two or more seizures. For
some people they not only have muscle spasms but they might urinate themselves, or bite their
tounge. After a seizure, the patient will be confused and dazed as to what happened. Causes of a
seizure could be because of numerous reasons such as loss of oxygen to the brain, head injuries or
even birth defects. To diagnose epilepsy, the doctor will

Non Epilepsy Research Paper
Introduction
Seizures that are not caused by epilepsy are called non–epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are
caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Non–epileptic seizures may be caused by:
An underlying problem that disrupts the brain's electrical activity. These are called physiologic non–
epileptic seizures.
Emotional stress, anxiety, or depression. These are called psychogenic non–epileptic seizures
(PNES).
Non–epileptic seizures are not purposely created or faked. They happen without your control, but
there are lifestyle changes that may help reduce or eliminate your seizures. Treatment may involve
relaxation techniques, stress management therapies, and medicines for underlying depression and
anxiety.
How to manage lifestyle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you experience physical problems that may be caused by stress, contact your health care provider
or counselor.
Where to find support:
You can get support for coping with non–epileptic seizures from:
The Epilepsy Foundation: epilepsy.com
FND Hope: fndhope.org
Support groups, online or in–person. Your health care provider may be able to recommend a support
group in your area.
Contact a health care provider if:
Your seizures change or become more frequent.
You continue to have seizures after treatment.
Get help right away if:
You injure yourself during a seizure.
You have one seizure after another.
You have trouble recovering from a seizure.
You have chest pain or trouble breathing.
You have a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes.
Summary
Not all seizures are caused by epilepsy. Seizures that are not epilepsy are called non–epileptic
seizures.
PNES is a treatable mental health disorder caused by psychological distress. It is very important to
work with your mental health provider to find a treatment that works for you.
Learning to cope with stress and anxiety is an important part of managing non–epileptic

Stress In Epilepsy Essay
STUDY OF STRESS IN EPILEPSY
INTRODUCTION:
Epilepsy is a disorder of brain dysfunction stressing the role of heredity in the disease. It is a
condition or state in which recurrent spontaneous unprovoked seizures occur, which are convulsive
or non– convulsive episodes. Stress is a condition of emotional strain and tension where in some
epilepsy people can lead to increased trigger on seizure generation. It is a non–specific response of
the body to any noxious stimulus (1). Most of the participants of epilepsy reported stress induced
seizures but, the proper relation between these two factors was not clear. The objective measures of
stress and other factors like sleep deprivation, fever, Irritability, Poor concentration, Poor memory,
Sweating, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Science 1983; 221: 875?7
Baram TZ, Schultz L. (1991) Corticotropin–releasing hormone is a rapid and potent convulsant in
the infant rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 61: 97?101.
Hollrigel GS, Chen K, Baram TZ, Soltesz I (1998). The pro–convulsant actions of corticotropin–
releasing hormone in the hippocampus of infant rats. Neuroscience. 84: 71?9.
D. L. Bellinger, C. Lubahn, and D. Lorton (2008) ?Maternal and early life stress e?ects on immune
function: relevance to immunotoxicology,? Journal of Immunotoxicology. (4): 419?444.
A.Danese, C.M.Pariante, A.Caspi, A.Taylor, and R.Poulton (2007) ?Childhood maltreatment
predicts adult in?ammation in a life–course study,? Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America. 104(4):1319?1324.
K. Dinkel, A. MacPherson, and R. M. Sapolsky (2003). ?Novel glucocorticoid e?ects on acute in?
ammation in the CNS,? Journal of Neurochemistry 84(4):705?716.
S. F. Sorrells, J. R. Caso, C. D. Munhoz, and R. M. Sapolsky (2009) ?The stressed CNS: when
glucocorticoids aggravate in?ammation,? Neuron, vol. 64

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that can affect individuals off all age ranges. Also known as
"seizure disorder", epilepsy takes place when there is an electrical misfire that occurs within the
brain causing reoccurring seizures to happen. Most individuals are tested with an
electroencephalogram or EEG to properly diagnose the disorder such as epilepsy. There are two
main types of seizures known as partial seizures or generalized seizures. Partial seizures occur
within just one portion of the brain whereas generalized seizures occur when the electrical discharge
affects the whole entire brain. Although currently there are no cures for the neurological disorder
known as epilepsy, there are three main treatment options such as medication, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A surgery is an option for individuals that has been through a massive amount of treatment with
anti–epileptic medication and have proven the medication to be unsuccessful in their individuals.
This type of surgery is known as Resection Surgery and only for individuals that encounter partial
seizures. In this treatment option, the neurologist begins with an EEG and pinpoints the location that
the seizures occur from. Then the neurologist will begin brain surgery and remove the portion of the
brain that is the problem so that the seizures that individual is going through will be controlled or
stop altogether. Although this is not a cure for epilepsy it is a beginning for individuals to have some
relief and live a more normal life. Even though the surgery is a relief most individuals are required
to remain on anti–epileptic medication to help with controlling or stopping the seizures, but they are
most likely on a reduced dosage of the

Seizure Disorders Paper
Seizure disorders, according to the Mayo Clinic (2015), affect approximately 1 in 26 people in the
United States. Persistent, or chronic, seizures result from a condition called epilepsy, a neurological
disorder of the central nervous system. It can affect anyone regardless of age, but is more common
during early childhood and after age 60. Given the number of people that seizure disorders, such as
epilepsy, affect, it becomes helpful to gain a foundational understanding of the disease, including
some of the causes, symptoms, and treatments available.
A seizure is a disruption of the electrical activity between neurons in the brain. The resulting
chemical changes can lead to a surge of electrical activity causing a seizure. Aside from trauma to
the brain due to injury, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Types of seizures vary in intensity and effect. Some seizures are hardly noticeable, while others
incapacitate the patient. Mild seizures, which can last for a few seconds, do not involve a loss of
consciousness, but may change emotions or the way things look, feel, smell, taste, or sound. They
may also involve involuntary twitching of an extremity, a leg or arm, and dizziness, a tingling
sensation, or flashing lights. More severe seizures can last for a few minutes and involve a loss of
awareness or consciousness. Other symptoms include repetitive movement, such as hand rubbing,
chewing, blinking, staring, or walking in circles. With tonic–clonic seizures, also known as grand
mal seizures, the body initially stiffens briefly, then begins to convulse. The teeth will clench
sometimes biting the tongue, causing bleeding from the mouth. There may also be increased
salivation causing foaming at the mouth. Additionally, a loss of control of bladder or bowel
functions may occur. An epilepsy patient will typically have the same type of seizure, whether mild
or severe, so symptoms will be similar from episode to

Pharmacological Plan Of Epilepsy: A Case Study
Pharmacological Plan of Epilepsy In choosing a pharmacological plan for a patient with epilepsy,
information is needed to determine what type of seizure the individual is experiencing (Lewis,
Heitkemper, Dirksen, & Bucher, 2014). If the patient experiences generalized tonic–clonic or partial
seizures, there is a list of drugs that are prescribed and if the seizures are absence, akinetic, and/or
myoclonic, then there is a different type of medication regimen (Lewis et al., 2014).
Class of Drugs
Traditional Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) (Lehne, 2013)
Dilantin (Phenytoin)
Tegretol (Carbamazepine)
Depakene (Valproic Acid)
Phenobarbital
Newer AEDs (Lehne, 2013)
Trileptal (Oxcarbazepine)
Neurontin (Gabapentin)
Lamictal (Lamotrigine) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a patient that has epilepsy starts to have a seizure, airway management is crucial (Lewis et al.,
2014). First, you make sure that nothing is in the mouth, which may cause any obstruction of the
airway, and then place the individual on its side (Lewis et al., 2014). Once a physician has arrived,
he /she will determine if the individual will need to be intubated (Lewis et al., 2014).
Seizure Precautions As a nurse, an individual's safety is top of the list (Lewis et al., 2014). Make
sure that any type of sharp objects or items that may injure an individual is out of reach (Lewis et
al., 2014). Make sure that the rails are padded and that suction supplies are at the bedside in case
they are needed (Lewis et al., 2014). Monitor the individual to make sure they are compliant with
medication therapy (Lewis et al.,

Epilepsy: A Case Study
An epileptic person experiences recurrent seizures, which are "a temporary alteration in functioning
caused by an abnormal discharge of neurons in the central nervous system" (Austin, 2011). To be
diagnosed with this disorder, one must have at least two seizures. There are two main types of
seizures, which can be either primary generalized, which affect the entire brain, or partial which
affects only one part of the brain. This disorder cannot be completely treated but can be controlled,
under most circumstances, by medications and other palliative treatments.
There are a wide variety of things that can trigger epilepsy. Some of these include: brain injury,
tumors, infections, genetic conditions, abnormal blood vessels in the brain, or even ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some options could be medications such as anticonvulsants, a change in diet, and possibly surgery.
Medication may help to alleviate the seizures, but can be linked with side effects such as: "fatigue,
dizziness, blurred vision, incoordination, and gait imbalance" (Krishnamurthy, 2016). These side
effects depend greatly on dose amount, and vary person–to–person. If medication is no longer an
option, the patient may benefit from implanted devices. Currently, there are two FDA approved
devices used to treat epilepsy. One option, the vagus nerve stimulator, is implanted into the patient's
chest wall or under their arm. It can either be programmed to send electrical signals every so often,
or can even be controlled with a hand–held magnet. The second option for an epileptic patient is the
responsive neuro–stimulation system. This is implanted into the skull in the region that the seizures
derive from. Like the vagus nerve simulator, this device sends electrical impulses to the brain when
a seizure occurs. (Krishnamurthy,

Marijuana Stops Child's Severe Seizures: A Case Study
Eight–year old Charlotte Figi experienced her first seizure at three months old. While all test results
were normal, her seizures were increasing in length as time went on, usually lasting two to four
hours. According to the CNN report, "Marijuana Stops Child's Severe Seizures," by Saundra Young,
she was on seven drugs, including addictive barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Their effects were
short–lived as "the seizures always came back with vengeance" (2013). When Charlotte was two,
she was diagnosed with Dravet Syndrome: a rare genetic form of epileptic encephalopathy that
begins in infancy (Epilepsy Foundation). Individuals with this syndrome face a higher chance of
sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (Dravet Syndrome Foundation). This ... Show more content
The last option for the hospital was to induce a coma, but Charlotte's parents were against the idea.
Finally, after many therapeutic interventions, they decided to attempt Cannabis, or marijuana. They
found that researchers think cannabidiol (CBD) "quiets the excessive electrical and chemical
activity in the brain that causes seizures" (2013). A marijuana strain with high CBD and low
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which causes the psychoactive "high", is difficult to find because of
the higher demand for THC's psychoactive effects, according to the Stanley brothers, one of
Colorado's largest marijuana growers and dispensary owners (qtd. in Young 2013). Because the
normal Cannabis plant is high in THC content, growers had to cross–breed repeatedly to end up with
a high CBD content. Nonetheless, after finding the strain, extracting the oil, and starting her out on a
small dose, her seizures stopped for eight days; subsequently, they occur two to three times per
month. As reportedly the youngest applicant for medical marijuana, the high CBD, low THC
marijuana extract was named "Charlotte's web" after

Seizures Essay
The Care of Seizure Patients Many people who have had a seizure disorders can have an ordinary
life while others may need the help of an aide. In an article by the Epilepsy Foundation of Michigan,
they state, "Living with epilepsy is often associated with fear: fear of having a seizure in public, fear
of injury, fear of losing one's job, fear of dying, and many other legitimate fears." With the help of
an aide, the patient may be able to overcome some fears associated with the seizure disorder. There
is a process of taking care of someone with a seizure disorder, which can improve their quality of
life and provide them with the support they need. The first step in taking care of a person with a
seizure disorder is to identify the type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Epilepsy Foundation of Connecticut states, "Seizure drugs could effectively be withdrawn in
24–60% of patients with epilepsy who are seizure free for a minimum of 2 years." Taking their pills
at a specific time each day is essential to their health because it can help them have a better life and
be seizure free. Next, it is important for the caregiver to protect the patient from injury during a
seizure episode. This protection will help to ensure that the person having the seizure will fall and be
guided gently to the floor. It is essential to move anything that might cause further injury to the
person during the seizure. If the patient is already on the floor, do not try to hold the person down or
move the person because that can cause further injuries. Turning the patient on their side during a
seizure will help keep their airway clear of any fluids that they may produce during the seizure.
After a seizure episode, the aide will check to see if the person has any injuries or if the person is
having trouble breathing. If there is an obstruction in the airway they can use their fingers to clear
the mouth of vomit or saliva. It is possible that the person may be sleepy or confused about where
they are once they come out of the seizure, but the caretaker will need to stay with the

Neurological Disorders: The Role Of Epilepsy In Children
Over 65 million people in the world today suffer from some form of epilepsy. This condition,
consisting of a set of neurological illnesses that create seizures, has never been fully cured or even
understood through the course of modern medical history. The root cause of epilepsy largely
remains a mystery even today but a handful of scientific breakthroughs in recent decades have
allowed for the millions of individuals who suffer from this condition to find some relief. The
abnormal nerve cell activity occurring in the cortex that leads to the seizures that represent epilepsy
has not been harnessed and controlled but it now can be manipulated and mitigated through a
combination of different treatments and practices. Through a concise review ... Show more content
Older adults will find that they are more and more likely to live alone as loved ones pass on. Those
who have epilepsy and are forced to live alone while their physical condition weakens are especially
at risk of injuring themselves even just when getting around the house. Epilepsy increases in seniors
for a number of physical reasons as they age and what is even more concerning is the fact that the
many comorbidities they possess such as prior medication prescriptions and conditions may make
treatment difficult. Even middle–aged adults can still have complications with epilepsy, with
females in particular being vulnerable to damaging their ability to get pregnant and create hormones
if treated with antiepileptic medications. As a whole, throughout the lifespan and regardless of race
or gender, it has been found that remission is the ultimate sign of someone moving on from their
condition. Remission rates involve the amount of time between seizures with 68 percent of adults
going a full year, 64 percent going three years, and 58 percent going 5 years with the number
continue to decrease going forward (Moshe, 2015, p.889). Epilepsy is a difficult condition to
completely rid one's self of and impacts everyone, regardless of

Informative Essay On Epilepsy
Epilepsy: What is it?
Epilepsy is classified as a chronic neurological disorder characterized by repetitive seizures.
Recurring seizures are caused by disruptions in the brain's nerve cell activity. These disruptions can
result in seizures, odd behavior, strange sensations, and in some cases blackouts or loss of
consciousness. Epilepsy covers a large spectrum of brain disorders that range from benign and
minor to severe and life–threatening or disabling.
Epilepsy: Statistics
It's estimated that approximately 1 in 26 people have or will develop some type of seizure disorder.
Almost 10 percent of people are at risk for experiencing a single, unfounded seizure in their lifetime.
A single seizure doesn't constitute epilepsy. Some seizures occur only once in a lifetime and can be
caused by a variety of health conditions including high fever, stress, or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Blank stare
Repetitive blinking
Confusion
Jerky movements, especially in the limbs
Strange sensations in various parts of the body
Auras (sensations mostly in the head)
Blackout – loss of consciousness
Guttural sounds or crying out
Rhythmic movements of the limbs
Noisy breathing or breathing sounds
Epilepsy: Most Common Types/Categories
Absence Seizures – Lack of awareness or moments of staring that are brief and often go unnoticed
for months to years
Atonic Seizures – Also referred to as drop seizures or attacks where the person suddenly experiences
lack of muscle strength
Clonic Seizures – Clonic seizures involve involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation – repetitive
jerking
Myoclonic Seizures – Similar to clonic seizures, but lasting only a second or two
Tonic Seizures – Stiffening of the muscles lasting no more than about 20 seconds that more often

occur during sleep, but can occur in a conscious state
Tonic–Clonic Seizures – An older term used for tonic–clonic seizures is grand mal seizures – a
combination of tonic and clonic seizures – seizures may last up to three

Pathophysiology Of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a disorder caused by reoccurring seizures. This occurs because of excessive firing of the
neurons and fast spread of these impulses over the brain. There are two pathophysiology
phenomenon of a seizure: Hyper–excitability of a neuron and hyper synchronization (Prayson, &
Jordan, 2015). Hyper synchronization is the hyper–excitable neuron that leads to increased
excitability of a large surrounding area of neurons. Basically, a large electrical impulse is generated
in one part of the brain from this excessive firing in the neurons. Seizure is defined as an
"involuntary alteration of behavior with or without loss of consciousness accompanied by an
abnormal electrical discharge in the brain" (Offringa, & Moyer, 2011). The key part of

Introduction
A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of abnormal electrical and chemical activity in the brain. This
activity temporarily interrupts normal brain function. A seizure can cause:
Involuntary movements.
Changes in awareness or consciousness.
Convulsions. These are episodes of uncontrollable movements caused by sudden, intense tightening
(contraction) of the muscles.
Many types of seizures can affect children. The two main types are:
Generalized seizures. These involve the entire brain. Generalized seizures include:
Convulsions.
Absence seizures. These are short episodes of complete loss of attention. Your child may appear to
be in a daze.
Atonic seizures. These involve the body going limp and can result in a fall.
Tonic seizures. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your child has a seizure after a head injury.
Your child has trouble breathing or waking up after a seizure.
Your child gets a serious injury during a seizure, such as:
A head injury. If your child bumps his or her head, get help right away to determine how serious the
injury is.
A bitten tongue that does not stop bleeding.
Severe pain anywhere in the body. This could be the result of a broken bone.
These symptoms may represent a serious problem that is an emergency. Do not wait to see if the
symptoms will go away. Get medical help for your child right away. Call your local emergency
services (911 in the U.S.).
Summary
A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of abnormal electrical and chemical activity in the brain. This
activity temporarily interrupts normal brain function.
There are many causes of seizures in children and sometimes the cause is not known.
Seek immediate medical care if your child has a seizure for the first time or a seizure lasting longer
than 5 minutes.
Keep your child safe during a seizure by protecting their head, removing loose clothing, and rolling
them on their side after the seizure has ended. Do not place anything in their mouth and do not try to
hold them

The Bible: The Main Side Effects Of Epilepsy
Epilepsy has existed for thousands of years, yet just in the previous hundred years or thereabouts has
it started to be studied and understood. The main side effect of epilepsy is the epileptic seizure, and
any individual who has encountered or seen such a seizure knows, to the point that this experience
can be terrifying and odd particularly without the learning of cutting edge science. Recordings of
seizures have been recuperated as far back as the first days of history and can even be found in the
book of the Bible. These records have a tendency to be exceptionally superstitious and religious,
however a couple of scientists have given their own perceptions regarding the illness. Every one of
them have endeavored to clarify and cure this

Child Seizure Research Paper
Seizure, Pediatric
A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical and chemical activity in the brain. This activity
temporarily interrupts normal brain function. A seizure can cause:
Involuntary movements.
Changes in awareness or consciousness.
Convulsions. These are episodes of uncontrollable movement caused by sudden, intense tightening
(contraction) of the muscles.
Many types of seizures can affect children. The two main types are:
Generalized seizures. These involve the entire brain. Generalized seizures include:
○ Convulsion seizures.
○ Absence seizures. These are short episodes of complete loss of attention. Your child may appear to
be in a daze.
Focal seizures. These involve only one part of the brain. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do not give your child aspirin because of the association with Reye syndrome.
Have your child return to his or her normal activities as told by his or her health care provider. Have
your child avoid activities that could cause danger to your child or others if your child would have a
seizure during the activity. Ask your child's health care provider which activities your child should
avoid.
Make sure that your child gets enough rest. Lack of sleep can make seizures more likely.
If your child starts to have a seizure:
○ Lay your child on the ground to prevent a fall.
○ Put a cushion under your child's head.
○ Loosen any tight clothing around your child's neck.
○ Turn your child on his or her side.
○ Stay with your child until he or she recovers.
○ Do not hold your child down. Holding your child tightly will not stop the seizure.
○ Do not put objects or fingers in your child's mouth.
Educate others, such as babysitters and teachers, about your child's seizures and how to care for your
child if a seizure happens.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your child's health care provider. This is

Idiopathic Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a disorder where nerve cell activity in the brain becomes disturbed. This activity causes
sporadic electrical "storms" in the brain called seizures. During seizures, people experience unusual
behavior and symptoms. There are two major types of epilepsy, idiopathic/cryptogenic,
symptomatic. Both of these have different causes and affect the body and mind in particular ways.
Idiopathic epilepsy is commonly associated with cryptogenic because they are very similar.
However, there are some main differences between the two. Idiopathic epilepsy means that there is
no cause for the abnormal activity occurring in the brain. Cryptogenic epilepsy is when there is a
likely cause, but doctors and specialists can't say that is the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A CBC helps the doctor identify infections, allergies, and other abnormalities to choose the right
anticonvulsant medication. CBC's measure the number of red blood cells, the number of white blood
cells, platelets(help the blood clot in case of an injury or bleeding), hemoglobin(the substance in red
blood cells that carry oxygen), hematocrit(the percentage of blood made up of red blood cells), and
mean corpuscular volume(the size of the red blood cells).
In some cases, epilepsy can be prevented. However, most of the time, this isn't the case. Usually,
epilepsy is genetic. Another common cause is traumatic head injury from an accident. Preventing
falls can lower your risk of getting epilepsy. In most cases, though, it is hereditary. Normally,
epilepsy occurs in someone who has a family history of seizures.
Right now, there is no cure for epilepsy. There are, however, treatments that people find helpful.
Traditional treatments include prescription medications like Lyrica or Zarontin for symptom control.
Most of these prescriptions are to control seizures and depending on what type of seizure a person
has, they may take different medications to regulate symptoms. Another traditional treatment is
surgery. The most common one is corpus callosotomy. This is when a person with extreme seizures
has split–brain surgery so that seizures don't spread from one hemisphere of the brain to

Essay On Epilepsy
Sixty–five million people around the world have epilepsy, three million of those alone are in the
United States. (Joseph I. Sirven MD and Patricia O. Shafer RN, 2014) What is epilepsy? According
to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes
of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. The
classification system for epilepsy is usually based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes,
(2) etiology, (3) anatomic site of seizure origin, (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the
brain, and (5) temporal patterns.
What happens to the body when you have epilepsy? Your body starts having seizures, affecting any
part of the body and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First and foremost, you have a medical team that will conduct diagnostic testing to find out the
which area of the brain where your seizures start. Once the diagnostic testing is done the patient
goes to the next phase, the procedure. The trained neurosurgeon positions the leads at the seizure
source and places the neurostimulator in the patient's skull. Once the RNS System has been
implanted in the brain the device is hidden under your scalp, most patients go home the next day
after the surgery. So how do you become a possible contender for the RNS System? Well you must
be eighteen years old or older, who has tried at least two anti–seizure medications, but unfortunately
still suffer from frequent and disabling partial onset seizures that come from one or two areas of
your brain. (How the RNS® System Works | NeuroPace, Inc.,

Neurons In The Brain
Neurons in the brain are extremely busy sending electrical signals from cell to cell telling the brain
what to do. If these electrical signals are interrupted or abnormal, a seizure will occur. If it occurs
throughout the brain, it is considered a generalized seizure (Grand Mal), and if it occurs in a
localized area, it is called a partial seizure. If someone experiences more than two seizures, it is then
considered epilepsy (AKA: Seizure Disorder). A seizure will begin and end unannounced and
abruptly, and cause unconsciousness (partial seizure) or complete unconsciousness (Grand Mal
seizure). The seizure will last from one to two minutes leaving the affected person confused or
sleepy when the seizure subsides. A person may be sore and

Absence Seizure Research Paper
Abstract
Several people suffer from grand mal seizures but what if you suffered from another seizure and
never knew anything was happening, this is called an absence seizure. When a absent seizure occurs
the regular electricity of the brain is interrupted. although absent seizures do not look like much
when they occur they still can be as dangerous as grand mal seizures. These absent seizures,
formerly called petit mal, have impacted my life and I have several gaps of time missing from me.
Absence seizures most likely occur at a young age but are often outgrown by 18. With later onset of
absence seizures there is a higher chance that they will stay into adulthood. The signs that someone
is having a seizure are very subtle and happen only for a few seconds at a time, so the chances of
catching one is small.
The brain
In the brain there is a irregular electricity that causes absence seizures. The main way to see is
someone is having an absence seizure is to put them through an Electroencephalography or EEG for
short. This monitors the brain waves through various wave lengths but in the case of absence
seizures we are looking for a 3–Hz spike in the brain waves. This tells us if they are having an
absence seizure in some other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only danger is doing an activity and the risk of having one at the same time. This is why if you
have absence seizures then you should not drive. Once i thought i had an episode while driving and i
didn't drive for 2 months while I got retested to see if they came back. there is no need to put your
life at risk as well as others just to drive. Nothing really changes in your life it you don't let it.
Absence seizures need to be taken care of by meds but since it mainly occurs in adolescence there is
no real risk for the future. There are a wide range of medication to help absence seizures all with
some draw backs but worth it in the long run. missing gaps of time is a real

Research Paper On Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological condition marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance,
loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It is
the tendency to have seizures that start in the brain. The brain is made up of millions of nerve cells
that use electrical signals to control the body's functions, senses and thoughts. If the signals are
disrupted, the person may have an epileptic seizure (sometimes called a 'fit' or 'attack'). The brain is
the center that controls and regulates all voluntary and involuntary responses in the body. It consists
of nerve cells that normally communicate with each other through electrical activity. A seizure
occurs when part(s) of the brain receives a burst of abnormal electrical signals that temporarily
interrupts normal electrical brain function. Epilepsy varies greatly and affects everyone differently.
Anyone can develop epilepsy, at any time of life. It happens in people of all ages, races and social
classes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Epilepsy has been recognized throughout history. It can be traced back to references made in
literature written hundreds and hundreds of years ago. The earliest known descriptions of epilepsy
are in the writings of Hippocrates (ca. 460–ca. 377 BC), most notably in his essay titled "On the
Sacred Disease," so named because in ancient Greece, the inexplicable cause of seizures had led to
the common belief that the person with epilepsy was periodically possessed by spirits (in more
recent times, demons). Hippocrates denounced such interpretations as charlatanism and argued that
this was a human disease with physical causes. Today, epilepsy and seizures are classified into many
different forms, some suggests as to the origins and the causes of the disease have been provided,
and a wide range of diagnosis and treatment options are

Febrile Epilepsy Research Paper
Each year, one in one hundred people in the United State develop epilepsy, but there is a less
common type of epilepsy. It's called febrile–infection related epileptic syndrome, more commonly
known as FIRES. I happen to know one of the few people who have this type of epilepsy. Her name
is Kailee, and she goes to my brother's school. She was even in some of his classes. This type of
epilepsy occurs in school–aged children between the ages of six and seventeen ("What is FIRES?").
It starts with a mild febrile illness that lasts anywhere from four days to two weeks. Febrile illness is
when someone has a fever but they aren't sick with anything else ("Febrile Illness"). When Kaylee
was at this point, her mom thought she had the flu. This is very common, as the flu presents itself as
a fever in many children. Then, the child starts to have seizures. The seizures occur very quickly,
and the child needs to be hospitalized immediately at this point. Seizures the children experience are
non focal, meaning they have no consistent starting point or ending point in the brain ("What is
FIRES"). The disease is slightly more prevalent in boys than girls, but there is no known reason as
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to its low prevalence, they aren't able to study enough patients to get any solid results.
However, there are some ideas as to what causes the seizures. First of all, it could be genetic. The
problem with this theory is that no gene has been found that could link to FIRES. Some scientists
think the disease is a result of an autoimmune response, while others think the seizures are caused
by a malfunction in the metabolic process of some cells. Both of these theories have little evidence
to support them. FIRES could be a result of the febrile illness that comes before the seizures. The
idea is that the increased heat in the body results in the mutation of a pathogen. The new pathogen
might attack the brain and cause the seizures (Van

Partial Seizure: A Case Study
Partial Seizure Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical disturbances in the brain. Partial seizures
occur when the electrical activity remains in a limited area of the brain (U.S. National Library of
Medicine, 2014). In partial seizures the seizure is located and limited to one part of either the left or
right hemisphere of the brain (McCance, 2014). There are some conditions that can lead to partial
seizures; these are, liver or kidney failure, very high blood pressure, use of illegal drugs, brain or
head injuries, low blood sugar, and stroke, when the cause is unknown these types of seizures are
called idiopathic seizures (Ellis, 2012).
Partial seizures are the most common type of seizure and can effect anyone from 1 year of age ...
In more serious cases there are additional symptoms, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, seizures,
loss of sensation or paralysis in certain areas of the face or body, muscle weakness, double vision,
perception of foul smells, problems with speech of hearing, loss of consciousness, if these
symptoms occur immediate medical attention is needed (Mayo Clinic, 2014). According to the
textbook, diagnosis is based on health history and clinical presentation aided by CSF examination
and culture, serologic examination, white blood cell count, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment for
encephalitis vary depending on the virus that caused the encephalitis, these treatments include,
HAART and neuroprotective agents, ribavirin, interferon–alpha, Isoprinosine, acyclovir, and
ganciclovir (McCance,

Epilepsy Effect
Affects of Epilepsy Epilepsy is a daily struggle for a person each and every day. People with
epilepsy never know when or where they are going to have a seizure. Some people with epilepsy can
control it with medication or surgery. Others aren't so lucky and have complications finding
medicines that prevent them from having episodes. Many people with epilepsy have mental,
physical, emotional, and social problems in their life. Epilepsy does not just affect the person with it
affects everyone involved. Epilepsy is a hard disease to live with; it can affect a person in a lot of
ways. Over 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy (Epilepsy Most Common Brain). "Epilepsy
is a neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures" Epilepsy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Studies show that the mere diagnosis of epilepsy causes the most difficult for a family" (Epilepsy
Ontario). Epilepsy is a scary thing for a person, their family and friends to deal with. Parents have to
change their schedule around their child's doctor appointments and if they have a seizure. Also, the
parents have to make sure that the child is taken care of by someone who knows about their
condition. Parents are not the only ones affected by Epilepsy the siblings are also, affected. "Siblings
to an epileptic person sometimes feel left out, neglected, jealous, resentful or scared" (Epilepsy
Ontario). Some siblings may provide care for their sibling with Epilepsy. "Siblings who understand
seizures and are not fearful of them can often be helpful by ensuring that other people do not
overreact to a seizure and by calling a designated adult to assist a seizing child (Epilepsy Ontario).
Taking care of a person with Epilepsy isn't an easy job but someone has to do

Epilepsy a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss
of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There is
more than 200,000 US cases per year. This Disorder comes with seizures and anxiety. The seizures
occur because of a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain there is an overload of electrical
activity in the brain. Epilepsy is caused by irregular brain activity and can develop at any age. Some
people are born with a defect in the structure of their brain. Others have had a head injury, tumor,
stroke, or an infection causing epilepsy. An epileptic seizure might not occur until years after the
injury, but in all cases, a seizure is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that can cause a variety of symptoms. Epilepsy is a chronic
neurological disorder diagnosed on the basis of seizures, but it can also cause many of the symptoms
more typically associated with schizophrenia. Both of these brain disorders are complex and can
vary in severity. Abnormal development of the brain and nervous system contributes to the
development of both schizophrenia and

Informative Speech On Epilepsy In Australians
Good morning/afternoon class and Mrs Carr today I'll be talking to you about Epilepsy.
Epilepsy is when a sequence of seizures (brain and nerve interruptions occur making senses and
body movements impossible) occur. A seizure lasts for normally 1–3 minutes any longer are fatal.
Not all seizures are from epilepsy, some are only once, or a sign of other health issues. This is such
as fever, diabetes, heart conditions and alcohol starvation. Epilepsy was found in the East in the
medieval times but others were found in the 19th and 20th century.
(Change slide)
Who it targets
65 million people worldwide have epilepsy
80% of those live in developing countries.
Epilepsy affects 3% of Australians and between 0.4% and 1.7% worldwide.
Epilepsy is an issue for today's society because many people have it, it can be ... Show more content
Vagal nerve stimulator is a device the size of a stopwatch that is implanted into your side and
connects to the chest muscle on the left hand side of your chest. This connects also to your neck by
tentacle like leads that stimulates pulses that reduces the brains ability to spread and generate seizure
activity.
A strict diet used on children who cannot control it, the diet is called ketogenic. Ketogenic is food
based around fat so fat has to do with balancing hormones and supporting the nerve.
(Change slide)
The future of epilepsy is:
More effective treatment which is easy and reliable so that the seizure activity doesn't spread.
Hopefully containing it making this disease would be controlled well so no further generations have
to deal with epilepsy.
The technology used could be implemented to:
Find a cure would be used but in the meantime a device smaller, efficient and long lasting can be
implanted at a young age so it doesn't affect the child's schooling life and put the child's life at risk.
The impact is that less school children would have to go through the embarrassment of a

Psychological Effects Of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that affects the nervous system and can develop in any person at
any age, although it's more common for men than for women (Carlson, Dugan, Kirsch, & Friedman.
2014). There is a variety of seizures a person with epilepsy may experience depending on which
part(s) of the brain is affected by the electrical burst of activity in the brain and how much of the
brain is affected (Petersen, Walker, Runge, & Kessler, 1998). Seizures symptoms can range from
undetectable to unconsciousness. When a person has two or more unprovoked seizures, they are
considered to have epilepsy, but the cause of the seizures is usually unknown at the time of
diagnoses. A seizure occurs when the brain's nerve cells misfire and generate ... Show more content
When violent, these seizures can result in dropping or involuntarily throwing objects, which are due
to rapid uncontrollable muscle movements (Cunliffe et al. 2014). The "grand mal" is a generalized
seizure that affects essentially the entire motor system. In this type of seizure, the patient loses
consciousness and usually collapses. There is a loss of consciousness then the body stiffens for
about thirty to sixty seconds, then violent jerking and then the brain usually goes into a deep sleep to
rest. The grand mal involves tonic, the stiffening of muscles, and clonic, the jerking movement of
muscles. A person can just have tonic but in order to have clonic, tonic will come first. The petit mal
is a generalized attack where the brain is overwhelmed with activity, but the motor system isn't
affected (Cunliffe et al. 2014). The two main types of seizures (partial and generalized) can easily be
confused depending on severity, but they are both treated differently medically. A person who has
had two or more of any type of unprovoked seizure in his/her lifetime is considered to have epilepsy.
Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world's population and one out of every twenty people will
experience a seizure in their lifetime (Cunliffe et al. 2014). Each case represents itself with a unique
treatment, prognosis and combination of seizure

Focal Epilepsy Case Study: Left Temporal Lobe Seizures

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Focal Epilepsy Case Study: Left Temporal Lobe Seizures