Unit 10 D1

Unit 10 D1
Evaluate the skills and techniques required to successfully perform in two different land–based
outdoor and adventurous activities
Rock climbing and hiking requires particular skills and knowledge and techniques to be performed
successfully and with pleasure rather than discomfort. What are the main reasons for these skills and
techniques, why they are good and what could happen if you would not have them.
The advantages of effective planning and preparation is that you will be ready for most of the
challenges you possible can face during the activities. It is not possible to prepare for everything, but
you need to decrease the chances of getting in trouble as much as you can. Lack of preparation can
result in poor performance and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without this ability participants can make wrong decisions and injure themselves by thinking that
they are capable of doing something when they are not. To increase awareness of dynamic risk
assessing skills, it is important to understand what the injuries can lead to and why safety is
important. When participants have knowledge of consequences they are less likely to misbehave and
act unsafely.
Navigational skills are mainly a major advantage for hiking activity as it would certainly help to
complete the expedition without getting lost. In other words it is almost impossible to complete
specific route without navigational skills like map reading, bearings, using route card and taking
grid references. If you are not capable of navigating with map, compass and route card it is likely
that expedition will result a failure, so before a hike you have to ensure that you are capable of
navigating or have someone to guide you through expedition.
Navigational techniques such as hand railing, pacing and aiming of are designed for hiking activity
mainly to assist and aid navigation. The advantage of using them is that it can make hiking easier
and more comfortable to navigate, but it cannot be a replacement for navigational skills. To learn
these techniques a simple practise can be done and its effectiveness observed by experienced hiker.
Rock climbing techniques could be very
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Compass And Its Impact On The World
Asia contribution, have change the way we live, without them our lives would be different. Silk, silk
road, compass, paper, Chinese calligraphy, movable type, gunpowder, and printing. They have
hugely impact the world as we known it. The contribution has spread worldwide and have been used
by many and almost everyone, because of this contribution they have made life easier. However, the
compass impacted how we navigate across the sea and a cross land as well. Compass is an
instrument for determining directions, as by means of a freely rotating magnetized needle that
indicates magnetic north. The compass become very important for navigation. Before compass
navigation they navigated with the stars. However, this mean of navigate wouldn't last long because
the stars aren't out during day and when there is storm the stars aren't visible either. The weather is
unpredictable and this could occur for many days and night. The compass help navigate through
storm and when star wasn't visible, making traveling across the sea easier. The compass was
invented around the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC); it is unknown who invented the compass for sure.
However, it was invented in china. The first person to use the compass was Zheng He, from the
Yunnan province in China, he made seven voyages between the years 1405 and 1433.
The first compass was made with lodestone, it a naturally magnetized piece of the mineral
magnetite. Chinese fortune teller used lodestone to build their fortune

2.10 study guide Essay
Tools used to measure latitude (Lesson 02.01) (use the first resource in this lesson to help you)
Be able to list and describe the 3 main tools used to measure latitude in early navigation
Sextant– allowed users to determine their latitude to within a sea mile or two
The gnomon or sun–shadow disk– operated like a sundial, enabling the user to determine his latitude
by the length of the sun's shadow cast on a disk floating level in water.
The Arabian kamal– a rectangular plate that one moved closer or farther from one's face until the
distance between the North star and the horizon exactly corresponded to the plate's upper and lower
edges. The distance the plate lay away from the face–measured by a string tied to the center of the ...
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What characteristics do all crustaceans share (need to be specific)
What is the best characteristic to help you identify a crustacean?
What are the 3 main example types of crustaceans?
Tidal Pool (Lesson 02.06)
What are the 3 conditions organisms in a tidal pool ecosystem must be able to withstand?
What does the term 'benthic' mean?
Know the adaptations of organisms found in the tidal pool ecosystem – to do this, match up the
following
(Match the organism with its adaptation)
Organisms
Sea cucumber
Kelp
Anemone
Sculpin
Crab
Barnacle
Mussel
Urchin
Starfish
Adaptations
Clumps together, ability to keep water in its shell and release it as needed to stay moist Soft bodies
that absorb wave energy, can fold inward to hold in moisture
Use tube feet to suck food off floor of tidal pool
Glue themselves to rocks, filter food during high tide, trap door to store moisture in shell
Holdfast to secure to rocks, photosynthesize to make food

Spines that absorb energy, hides in rocks and crevices to avoid pounding waves
Walking fish, pants to force water over gills
Tube feet to move to shady area
Occupy empty shells to hide, hard outer protection
Lobsters (Lesson 02.07)
Know size limits of lobsters–too small and too large
What are the laws to keep lobster population high?
Light

The Shipping News by Annie Proulx-Navigating the Global...
Extension English 1– Assessment Task 2–The Shipping News–Task 2(a) Formal Response–By
Henri Rutherford
Annie Proulx's prose fiction novel 'The Shipping News' explores the complexities of individual's
navigation in our modern and increasingly globalised society. Proulx would agree with the statement
'The global cannot be all bad nor the local all good. In our lives today, the two must coexist and we
must learn to navigate both', and her text provides evidence to this effect. The novel does not present
the simplistic dichotomies of the global being negative and the local being positive, but instead
focuses on characters navigation through both. Proulx demonstrates that these two different and
often opposite sets of values can coexist in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She defeats, intrudes and controls Quoyle, who could be said to be a representative of the many
overwhelmed and marginalized local society. This is her way of navigating a complicated world and
her eventual death is a symbol, suggesting that Proulx believes this way of navigating is ineffective
and that she disagrees with the things she represents.
Agnis Hamm, Quoyle's aunt, successfully navigates and responds to the changing global world in
the novel, through the useful cohesion of the global and local. We discover this information and her
story in various fragments throughout the book. Agnis retreats, or more accurately withdraws, from
her local birthplace of Newfoundland. This is due to various factors of the community that were
affecting her adversely. It is revealed that her father raped when she was a young child. Alongside
this is the depiction of the past Quoyle's as inbreds, pirates and primitives, occupants of a parochial,
limited and isolated community. This quote relating to Agnis's move from the local shows this
'...away from isolation, illiteracy, trousers made of worn upholstery fabric , no teeth, away from
contorted thoughts and rough hands, from desperation'. Proulx's depiction of this local community
disregards the notion that the local is always good, replacing it with an anything but positive view.
In this case the lack of global values and influence within the local is what leads it to being so
defective.

Christopher Columbus Research Paper
As for Columbus, during his time of travel, celestial navigation (navigation by stars) was being
established and unfortunately, he was not able to use such navigation for his travels in its place he
used dead reckoning. To use dead reckoning, the course one would travel was measured by a
compass and the distance was measured by time, possibly keeping track by the sun or an astrolabe,
but most of all it was determined by the speed of the ship. The navigator would find his ships
position by measuring his own course and the distance they have sailed from a remembered point
possibly landmark or object. With this technique the navigator would measure his course and his
distance from it to from another point of the map and mark his new point. It

What Is The Ship In The 1500's
Ships now are clearly different than they were in the 1500's. The technology used in the 1500's is
worse than a flip phone. Now I am going to describe the technology ships used in the 1500's. First
let's talk about their navigation. One way sailors would navigate is by using a cross staff. The
navigator holds one end of the staff near his eye, where both the sun and horizon may be sighted,
and then moves the crosspiece along the staff until one end is lined up with the horizon and the other
with the sun or star. The angle is read from the scale on the staff. The cross staff required the
navigator to look directly into the Sun, almost impossible in bright sun. But it could be used when
ship was moving, and it was simple and relatively inexpensive. The variation of the cross staff is the
back staff. It is made of wood and was made of two arcs, a larger thirty degree arc and a smaller
sixty degree ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sailing into the wind is a sailing expression that refers to a sail boat's ability to move forward
despite being headed into the wind. Sailing into the wind is possible when the sail is angled in a
slightly more forward direction than the sail force. In this aspect, the boat will move forward
because the coastline, of the boat acts to the water in as the sail acts to the wind. The heeling force
of the sail is balanced by the force of the coastline. This keeps the boat from moving in the direction
of the sail force. The farther the sail is angled from the centerline of the hull, the more force points
forward rather than to the side. Combine that slight adjustment in forward force with the opposition
of Water to air, and we have a boat shooting windward because it is now the course of least
resistance. Alternately, sailing in the direction from which the wind is coming is possible through
sailing at forty–five degree angles to the oncoming wind and alternating the direction of those

Personal Statement : Senior Chief Officer Essay
Setting an Example 7
While seeking additional responsibility, Senior Chief Petty Officer Seymour assumed command of
the CGC MALLET. His duties as the Officer in Charge require him to contemplate all aspects of the
mission and ensure the unit is within compliance of all Coast Guard Regulations while
simultaneously managing our commitment to a sound level of work life balance for each member.
Demonstrating by example, his commitment to the CGC MALLET crew, he serves as Survey
Officer, Voting Assistance Petty Officer, a member of the Budget Review Board, and the units
Education Service Officer.
As an active member of the Chief 's Mess, Senior Chief Petty Officer Seymour attended each call
and helped plan the CCTI process last fall. He is also sponsored BMC Gonzalez during the CCTI
process while as volunteering as a member of the fundraising and Rites of Passage Committee.
Senior Chief Petty Officer Seymour is active member of the Chief Petty Officer Association and has
volunteered at several fundraising events.
Health and Well Being 7
Senior Chief Petty Officer Seymour consistently demonstrates a significant welling–being of self
and subordinates. In order to maintain physical fitness standards; he works out 4–5 times a week
even during his off time. He maintains a nutritional diet to keep healthy and does not use tobacco
products. Senior Chief Petty Officer Seymour works out with his shipmates promoting health and
well–being.
Since reporting to the unit, Senior Chief

Case Analysis 3
Case Analysis 3 – Personal Navigation Devices (PNDs)
1Q. Why have Personal Navigation Devices become popular? What technologies are required to
facilitate the success of PNDs?
ANS: Personal navigation devices can become the next must–have gadgets.
They add more comfort in the busy life in the sense that they give you an ability to concentrate on
one thing less. PND like, say, GPS are starting to win over customers, from weekend hikers or
bikers to people who are just tired of their lousy sense of direction. Some consumer GPS navigation
devices feature interactive street maps that may also show route information, and step–by–step
routing directions. For these reasons PND's are very helpful and useful.
Some PNA devices are PDAs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3D Maps
Newer PND models are also incorporating 3D map capabilities. 3D map capabilities enable a PND's
map display to be more visually attractive, and also provide more detailed imagery and enhanced
graphics. Maps on PNDs provide displays of city landmarks and buildings, roads, other points of
interest to the driver, and other input necessary for navigation. The scale of the map display could be
adjusted, depending on the needs of the driver.
3Q. What will be a likely future for PNDs?
ANS: Nokia, Samsung Electronics, Motorola and other handset makers already introduced GPS
phones in 2007.
The inclusion of Google Maps Navigation in Android devices such as Motorola Droid, and Nokia's
announcement of free Ovi Maps, which rapidly integrated into smart phones.
PND vendors are increasingly looking at value–added services enabled by new devices with
wireless connectivity to combat slower market growth, increasing competition and commoditization
of entry–level devices. Berg Insight forecasts that 88 percent of PNDs shipped worldwide in 2015
will have integrated cellular connectivity.
"The connected PND segment has had a slow start, but now seems to be on–track as business
models have been refined", said André Malm, Senior Analyst, Berg Insight. "Although Connected
PNDs are unlikely to account for a significant share of total shipped units next year, rapid growth
can be expected once customers get used to new live services such as traffic flow information, speed

Nt1310 Unit 3
The area in question is located on the lawn between Powell Residence Hall and Weinbach Ave and
across from Hale Residence Hall. The known elevation is 380' and is located on the sidewalk
outside Powell. First using the Total Station, our group gathered the information for the distances
between points. With one person holding the prism reflector and another operating the Total Station,
the distance between two points can be measured. Each set is measured multiple times with an
average taken. The averages between points 1 and 2 is 96. 930 ft., 2 and 3 is 120.267 ft., 3 and 4 is
103.528 ft., and 4 and 1 is 99.597 ft. Next with the Total Station, the angles can be measured
between points. The zero line is set, then the rod person moves clockwise to the ... Show more
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If they do not, but are within the acceptable margin of error of ±20√4=±40'', each angle is corrected
to create a sum of 360˚. For this project, the angles added to 360˚ 00' 10''. After each angle is
corrected, angle 412 is 78˚31'03'', angle 123 is 99˚01'23'', angle 234 is 92˚32'21'', and angle 341 is
89˚53'13''. After using the Total Station, the Auto level is used to measure the elevations of each
point. The known elevation outside of Powell is 380'. The Auto level is placed between each point to
measure the backsight and foresight. Once all the points are measured, all the backsights and
foresights can be measured with the difference taken to find the error. With this project, the error
was –0.128'. Next, the pacing between each point must be taken to find the correction for each
elevation with the equation, (distance from known elevation/total level network distance) X total
error. The total pacing for the project is 235 steps with a pace of 2.31 feet per step. After the
corrections, point 4 is 379.384', point 3 is 378.182', point 2 is 379.093', and point 1 is 379.645'. A
transit is used to find the true north from the magnetic

Why The Gps Is Bad
The GPS can have horrible secrets in life and might ruin it. They can lead to fraud, identity theft, or
people being stalked. This could happen to anyone at any time and it might happen to you. In this
essay, there will be information about how bad the GPS can really be from ads putting viruses on
phones to people tracking someone. If someone goes to prison and is let out, the police might put a
GPS on their car so they know what he/she is doing and where they are. This can also be used
against that person in court and it might not be true. The modern GPS can be very useful if someone
gets lost or if they don't know where they are going but it also has some downside. The GPS could
give away the users information by turning on the location so

The Rise Of Economic And Social Changes Between The 11th...
Commerce
Europe experienced radical economic and social changes between the 11th and 14th centuries. The
medieval world was based on feudalism, a highly regulated and hierarchical form of society in
which everyone had their place and responsibilities. The manorial system, in which lords owned the
land worked by their vassals, or serfs, started to wane in the late Middle Ages with the development
of nation–states. Medieval cities, dominated by the guilds that brought economic stability, became
the centers of commerce.
Many people moved from the country to the city where they found more opportunities to make a
living. This demographic shift diluted the power of the feudal lords and forced them to make several
compromises. For example, many people who remained in the country negotiated long–term leases
for their own plots of land on which they could grow crops to sell or to feed their families. Medieval
farmers also increased their crop yields–and their profits–by adapting the horse collar, an improved
iron plow, and the three–field system of agriculture. Although many former feudal lords continued
to receive a percentage of the harvest, an emerging cash economy undermined feudalism in the
countryside and helped support a growing population throughout Europe.
Economic changes further stimulated the growth of commerce. The emergence of capitalism created
a largely urban middle class committed to expanding markets. National and international trade
interests grew as more people

Medieval European Inventions
Inventions in Medieval Europe
Magnetic compass:
A magnetic compass has a magnetised needle, that is generally in line with magnetic poles of the
Earth, and is used to help people navigate.
The magnetic compass provided medieval Europe with many benefits, and changed how people
navigated. One benefit the compass offered was the opportunity to travel more often. People would
no longer have to rely on on nature or seasonal navigation techniques, such as migrating birds and
the tide. Exploring new parts of the world was made easier too, as explorers of the world wouldn't
have to rely on inaccurate signs like dead fish and seaweed to navigate, and wouldn't get lost as
easily.
Astrolabe:
Astrolabes are instruments used to make astronomical measurements. When they reached ... Show
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When sailors learned to navigate the sea by measuring the angle between the horizon and North Star
(Polaris,) the used the astrolabe on voyages around the world.
Printing Press:
The printing press, invented by Johann Gutenberg, had a significant impact in Medieval Europe. It
drastically cut the cost of producing printed materials, including books, and made copying easier.
Before the invention of the printing press, to make multiple copies of books, people (most often
monks,) would have to laboriously copy the text by hand. This was a very time–consuming and
costly manner, as the monks would commonly write on vellum (treated skins.)
The printing press made copying text incredibly faster and much cheaper. Gutenberg's printing press
"meant more access to information, more dissent, more informed discussion and more widespread
criticism of authorities," observes the British Library.
With his press, the first books that Gutenberg printed, were copies of the bible, all 200 copies selling
before the printing was complete! During the European Reformation, ideas associated with the new
Protestant faith were popularised, due to the printing press.

The Interviewee in Creative Leadership Essay
This company as interviewee said "are a full service advertising company". It should mean that their
company mainly job is to advertise, probably, other companies, to make sure that other companies
have clients who buy their products. Thus, they have to create something very attractive that draw
people's attention. As a result, to create something good you need imagination, ideas also you have
to know what people most like and how to draw their attention that they go and buy the thing which
this company advertise and then try to do it in reality. This response to the question tell us that the
company, as most companies, has not only one manager, leader for entire company, but they have
manager in every department. The most important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the company it can mean that leader should be sensitive for each the steps taken by his
department, but in this case the leader should has "creative nerve", so he/she should be sensitive for
the creativity, should feel what is interesting for today's people and what will be interesting for the
future people. As a result, leader with "creative nerve" should imagine and think not just about
today, but also about the future, what will be the future view, just for this reason the company can
survive longer. Interviewee did not say very much about this question, but he mention that to have
creative leaders in their company is "essential" thing. As we understand in the usual language the
essential thing is vitally important like water is important for fish, like wings are important for the
birds, etc. In other words, if we talk about the company, without that kind of leader that company
like theirs would not be able to exist very long. Interviewee describe their company leader as human
who control their employee work but at the same time trust their employees. It means that leader is
not only the person who is just head of a department, but also and the same employee as their
followers. This should help to have better relationship with the leader than with that kind of leader
who just controls their followers. In addition, he thinks that it is important to give the responsibility
to the employees, as I can interpret to let them to decide for

The Discovery Of The Delta Mariner
On the night of January 26, 2012 at approximately 2001 hours central time, the vessel M/V Delta
Mariner collided with the Eggner's Ferry Bridge near Aurora, Kentucky. She was a roll on/ roll off
vessel which at the time of the accident, was carrying NASA booster cores for the Atlas V rocket.
The Delta Mariner was 286.8 ft. long and measured 82 ft. across. At her tallest point at the moment
of impact, she measured to be 53.43 ft. With the height of span B, the main navigation span, being
57 feet high, the Delta Mariner would have had 3.57 feet of clearance from her highest point to the
lowest point of navigation span B. Instead of transiting under this span, her intended route, she
transited under span E which was approximately 7.43 feet too short for the Delta Mariner, an 11 foot
difference. If the bridge team at the time not relied on the contract pilot's incorrect guidance, and
used the available navigation tools such as the ECS (electronic charting system), she would have
navigated under the correct span and avoided the collision with Eggner's Ferry Bridge (National
Transportation Safety Board [NTSB], 2013). Foss Maritime Company was the owner and operator
of the Delta Mariner at the time of the accident. Being known for a safe working environment, they
implemented regulations within its fleet that are not required among vessels navigating inland
waters. Among these regulations are hiring contract pilots to be a part of the watch to aid the
navigation of their vessels

Essay on Two Research Studies into Animal Navigation
Two Research Studies into Animal Navigation
Keeton conducted a study regarding the ability of pigeon's to navigate. It was suggested that pigeons
are able to detect the earth's magnetic field, and therefore navigate with this aid. An experiment
carried out to explore this possibility. Small magnets were attached to the heads of pigeons which
were then released in unfamiliar surroundings. The magnets were designed to disrupt any detection
of the earth's magnetic field. The pigeon's ability to find it's way back to it's home loft was then
observed. It was found that the pigeons had difficulty returning home on overcast days, but had very
little difficultly doing so on clear, sunny days. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These butterflies were found to be headed in a different direction to the original butterflies. Their
path's were at a 90 degree angle from the path's of the normal butterflies. This suggested that the
butterflies headed in a certain direction according to where they believe the sun should be for the
time of day they believed it to be. It was also found that the butterflies did not respond to changes in
magnetic fields suggesting that their primary compass system is based on the sun.
b) Assess what these studies can tell us about homing and/or migration.
Both studies suggest that animals do not necessarily use just one method to navigate. Keeton's
studies shows pigeon's to use both magnetic field and the sun depending on the weather condition.
This demonstrates that animals are able to adapt their navigational strategy accordingly as it is
essential for survival. However, in Mouritsen and Frost's experiment, it was suggested that
butterflies only utilise one strategy of navigation; the sun. Even in cloudy conditions butterflies are
said to use patterns of polarised light visible through the clouds. In this case, the idea that animals
adapt to different weather conditions cannot be put forward. The butterflies were able to navigate
their direction even when the sun was not actually present. This puts forward the idea that animals
do not necessarily

Navaids in Aviation Essay
How would pilots ever get around so easily without the help of navigation aides? Navigational aides
have been around for almost as long as aircraft have been flying in the skies above us. The first
navigation system was composted of just a high intensity–flashing beacon. These beacons were
placed on the flight routes that were popularly flown in the mid 1920's. With more time more of
these technologies that help us navigate the world will be even simpler than today. This paper will
explain how some navigational aides work and how some of them came into existence.
Flight Management Systems
Flight management systems are one of the best navaids in commercial aviation. The flight
management system (FMS) is made up of four systems in an ... Show more content on
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To calculate a position in 2D the system has to be locked on to at least three satellites, but for a 3D
representation you need to be locked on to at least 4 satellites. Once the position is found the GPS
can calculate much more info like speed, bearing, track, distance, etc The GPS system is very
accurate; Garmin (a leader in GPS technology) states that their newest receiver is accurate up to an
average of 15 meters. With the implementation of WAAS (wide area augmentation system) the
receiver accuracy can get closer to three meters. There are many different signal errors that can
occur with GPS, ionospheric and tropospheric errors are when the signal slows down as it is passed
through the ionosphere or the troposphere. Signal multipath error happens when the signal is
reflected off of objects. There are many other errors that could happen with relation to GPS that
have not been mentioned in this paper.
VHF Omni–Directional Range
VOR's are one of the most widely used navigational aides in aviation. Fifty years ago the VOR was
introduced and it is still the primary navigation system in the country. VOR's are very easy to
understand. A VOR site sends out two signals simultaneously. One signal is the same in every
direction and the other changes as it goes around the station. As the aircraft intercepts the signal, the
receiver on the aircraft reads the two signals and determines where you are at

The Websites Of Toms Shoes And Apple Inc.
Introduction In this era of consumerism, it is important that any and all organization's websites
target their customers and are easily maneuverable. A website is a marketing tool that gives a face to
not only the product in which one is selling, but the organization itself. The common theme to a
great website, I have noticed, is simplicity. A simple website is easy to navigate and has clear
product descriptions, which is an important facet for keeping the attention span of their targeted
consumers. For this analysis, I will critique the websites of TOMS Shoes and Apple Inc.; both very
successful organizations that have seemed to master this art of simplicity for selling their products.
Let's take a look.
Body
TOMs Shoes, one of the most notable shoe retailers in the entire world, has a purpose behind the
selling of their phenomenal products; and it is quiet different than that of its competition. "Shoes for
a better tomorrow" is their mission statement, which is on the front page of their website, Toms.com.
Every time they sell a pair of shoes, a pair is given to a child in poverty whom is in need of shoes. I
chose to critique this organization's website solely because of this great mission they serve, and the
means by which they go about doing so. This organization was founded in 2006, and has seen
constant improvement ever since then. With much help from their website and great marketing
campaigns, the company has recently expanded to selling eyewear; with part of its

Observation Of Jupiter's Moons
Navigation has always played a key role in all aspects of human life. Although modern technology
has simplified travel and airplanes are used constantly, ships continue to be an important part of
trade and military systems today. This was especially the case around the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Colonialism was built on navigation and whoever held the greatest naval power could
gain the greatest control. However, because of the difficulties that came from calculating location
while at sea, navigation became the greatest scientific challenge in the age of sailing. Being able to
pinpoint positions in the open sea was a necessity for nations at the time (and now) so that military
and commercial ships could be kept safe and on the right trajectory. Although latitude could be
measured successfully during the early eighteenth century, longitude still remained difficult to
measure. With wrecks continuing to occur, the British government, as well as other governments,
was desperate to find the solution to the longitude problem. The ... Show more content on
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One of these methods was suggested by the great mathematician and astronomer, Galileo Galilei.
The method stemmed from Galileo's discovery of the orbits of Jupiter's moons; he proposed that the
moons could be used as a way to track time. The problem with this method is that it required a
person on board to observe Jupiter's moons periodically, which was a difficult task due to the
constant movement that is experienced on board of a ship. Another method that was put forth was
one that relied on the position of the moon, similar to Galileo's method. Using this method,
observers on a ship would have to note the position of the moon relative to other objects in the sky.
Charting the moon's distance to other objects was not an easy task, making the method tedious and

Analyzing Sunrise And Sunset Data
Day 1 – Lesson
Title
Grade
Duration
Eureka Alignment
Sunrise, Sunset
9 – 11
Lesson 1 of 2
EngageNY Module 2, Lesson 13
Objective
By the end of the lesson, student will be able to organize, graph and analyze sunrise/sunset data for
three (3) selected cities in the northern hemisphere to use as input to sinusoidal modeling. While
acquiring this new skill students will practice summarization and their note–taking and skills.
Learning Goal(s)
Students will be able to model cyclical phenomena from physical science using trigonometric
functions. Students will collect, organize, graph and model associated data.
Materials
Preparation
1. Sunrise To Sunset Student Materials
2. Printed Astronomical Data (to supplement online data)
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Queue introductory Youtube video: Sunrise To Sunset or video of you choosing
https://youtu.be/QiVH_6ybxeE
UDL – Multiple Means of Engagement: Assign student to heterogeneous groups (mixed ability)
Engage
UDL – Multiple Use of Expression Show a segment of the Sunrise To Sunset
(https://youtu.be/QiVH_6ybxeE) or your selected YouTube video to introduce the lesson. (Note: the
suggested video is 12 minutes so it is suggested to only play a segment, or play it in the
background.)
1. Lead a brief (5–min) discussion on the purpose of the project – To investigate modeling
astronomical phenomena – in this case, the amount of sunlight on Earth using sinusoidal functions.
UDL: Multiple Use of Representation
2. Review longitudinal (vertical) and latitudinal (horizontal) lines and make analogies with the X/Y

Coordinate Plane (Graphic Organizer). You may choose to show one of these two videos to help
students understand latitude and longitude: https://youtu.be/cTrsvGytGG0 (~7min)
https://youtu.be/swKBi6hHHMA (~3 min)
a. Latitude, Longitude
b. Address of locations on the earth
c. X–Axis: The Equator – units are in 150 increments
d. Y – Axis: Prime Meridian – units are in 150 increments
e. Upper Quadrants of the X/Y Coordinate Plane – Northern Hemisphere
f.
Lower Quadrants of the X/Y Coordinate Plane – Southern Hemisphere
Microsoft Images:

Reasons For Choosing Dw Sports
My reason for choosing DW Sports is due to that fact that it is an award winning Health club and
Retail business across the whole of the UK & Northern Ireland. DW Sports also offers a variety of
high–class products and they are also in conjunction with top brands like Adidas, Nike, Asics, New
Balance, Under Armour, Canterbury and many more. DW Sports is serious about becoming the
UK's number 1 go to retailer for online sporting goods.
My reason for selecting JD Sports is due to the fact that JD Sport has long been established as the
leading UK specialised multiple retailer of fashionable branded and own brand sports and casual
wear. The group now has over 400 stores and is continuing to grow. Therefore I feel like both
websites would be good to evaluate and in return get ideas of ways to make my website a success
when creating it.
I will start off by evaluating my first company website which is DW Sports. Firstly I am going to
talk about the colour scheme DW Sports have used. The overall colour scheme of the website is red,
white and black and these are the colours which are present within the company logo. I personally
feel like this was intentional to make their website and their products easily identifiable as their
own. I feel like the black background was a good idea as the red compliments it and the writing is
white and quite large therefore it stands out and it is clear to read.
The overall layout of the whole website I feel is simple while professional looking.

Henry The Navigator Thesis
Fueling the Age of Exploration through Power
On March 4th 1394 Henry the Navigator was born into Portuguese royalty. Henry, the third son of
King John I and Phillipa of Lancaster, grew up in the royal family and he received a great education
and became inspired by astrological literature and military campaigns. He also witnessed his father's
adventure on many conquests. Henry and his brothers hoped that one day, they too could voyage
over the oceans and conquer new land. However, while Henry wanted to find and take over new
lands, he never went on a journey himself. Henry was a great sponsor and advocate of trips along
the West african coast and Madeira Islands. While Henry may never have journied, he did manage to
begin the new era of exploration. Henry helped to inspire a love of travel and curiosity as well as a
growing desire for worldly pleasures as he usually exploited natural resources for personal benefit.
Beginning the Age of Exploration depended on Henry the Navigator because, he sponsored voyages,
founded the School of Navigation, and initiated foreign trade. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After the first explorations Henry began to fixate on the Canary Islands and West African trade.
Henry sought to gain money and join the slave trade. In 1441, one of Henry's ships returned from
the coast of Africa with slaves and gold finally bringing recognition to Henry and establishing his
trade routes. People viewed this success as the beginning to slave trade, and sought out opportunities
to voyage hoping to find gold. Little did Henry know, what he hoped would result in personal gain,
had also be the start of slave trade. Henry's trip to west Africa would become the first leg of the
triangle trade. Slave trade flourished as more people were informed of the chance for profits. By the
1470s slave trade was rising and Africans were shuttled off to America and the Caribbean hundreds
at a

Exercise Questions On Angles Of Elevation And Depression
Name : _____________________________ Rating : ______________
Course/ Yr and Sec : __________________ Date: _______________
Instructor: __________________________
Exercise 3.2
Angles of Elevation and Depression
Solve the following problems correctly. Draw the figure if necessary.
1. From the top of a cliff 25 meters high, the angle of depression of a boat is 10o. How far out is the
boat to the cliff?
2. To illuminate the entrance of the library building, a night light is mounted on a 6.6m pole. If the
base of the pole is 24m from the entrance, find the angle of depression from the light.
3. The top of a lighthouse has an angle of elevation equal to 47030' ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
4(d) =? why? Formula : tan θ = d/a
Solution:
tan 85o15' = d 3 d = 3 (tan 85o15') = 3 (12.034622) = 36.10 k p. h. (speed of the car every 15 min.)
4(d) = 4(36.10) 144.4 k p. h. (speed of the car per hour)
2. Lighthouse X and Y are on a north– south line. The bearing of a boat at sea from lighthouse X is
S52o25'E which is 10 km due east of lighthouse Y. how far is lighthouse X for lighthouse Y?
Figure: Solution:
Let a = the distance of X from Y
Tan 520 25' = 10 a
a = 10 Tan 520 25'
a = 7.7 km ( the distance of X from Y)

Seatwork:
1. A west–bound ship was sighted 1 mile south of a lighthouse. After 15 minutes its bearing was 670
3' W. How fast was the ship sailing? (Draw the figure).
2. A ship sails north from a dock for 30 miles and then east for 57 miles. What is its bearing from the
dock? (Draw the

An Insight Into Indian Regional Navigation Satelitte System
CASE STUDY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE: AN INSIGHT INTO INDIAN
REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELITTE SYSTEM "There is beauty in space, and it is orderly.
There is no weather, and there is regularity. It is predictable. Just look at our little Explorer; you can
set your clock by it–literally; it is more accurate than your clock. Everything in space obeys the laws
of physics. If you know these laws, and obey them, space will treat you kindly." – Wernher von
Braun, quoted in 'Space: Reach for the Stars ', Time magazine, 17 February 1958. THE WONDERS
AND MAGIC OF SPACE Outer space is mankind's common heritage, so all the countries must
have equal access to the outer space. In the past few decades science and technology have freed
from the boundaries of earth and making its way in to space. Space is captivating! Space is huge.
The universe is bigger than we can get it. The universe is large to the point that stars bigger than our
Sun or even entire systems look like little pinpoints of light since they are so far away. Space
contains all of matter and vitality that has ever existed, but then most parts of it are completely void.
In this record, when we discuss profound space, we typically mean the boundless extends of void
range between planets. Space can be excellent. The planets, stars, systems and nebulae make
effortless and vivid shapes noticeable to our telescopes. Space can be unsafe. In profound space we
would kick the bucket immediately unless ensured. Our

Essay on Hawaiian Navigation
Hawaiian Navigation
How did the Polynesians find their way to Hawaii, over two thousand miles from any other land?
Was it over population at home, or political turmoil? Whatever reason for leaving these people used
amazing knowledge and skill of the ocean and of the sky to navigate them to this new land. They
faced the unknown and braved into the wide–open ocean for long periods of time. The real focus in
this paper is on the navigation techniques that they used in these voyages throughout the Pacific.
It's impossible to teach someone the significance or the act of loving the stars and the ocean but
that's what makes navigation without instruments (wayfinding) so beautiful. One can "give the
heavens a meaning his own meaning" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then in the 1980's came the voyages of rediscovery navigated by Nainoa Thompson from Hawaii to
Tahiti and from Tahiti back to Hawaii. Thompson was the first Hawaiian to sail this route in over
500 years. The voyages in between took the Hokule'a (some 16000 miles) to the Society Islands,
Cook Islands, New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa and back home via Aitutaki, Tahiti, Rangiroa in the
Tuamotu Archipelago (Baybayan, Kawaharada, 1996). The Hokule'a became the symbol of pride in
Polynesian heritage that links all the people of Polynesia together.
In the 1990's there were more voyages to Marquesan Islands and from the West Coast of the United
States up to Alaska. This is when education became the focus of the voyages of the Hokule'a. They
then built the Hawaiilo'a, another Polynesian voyaging canoe, this one made of traditional materials.
The Hawaiilo'a added to the curiosity and the revival of culture throughout the world. The natives of
all ands throughout the world are figuring out the importance of their cultures and bringing back the
knowledge. Now all cultures worldwide can help each other save the past and use it for the future.
Techniques :
Nainoa Thompson created the star compass, as the basis for direction finding in non–instrument
navigation. The horizon is divided into 32 sections called "houses." Nainoa has placed

Global Ship Tracking Essay
networks to be utilized with Satellite transceivers as a primary means of tracking of ships and all
land vehicle movements in the seaports via Maritime Traffic Control Centres (TCC). Proposed
satellite tracking systems may be used in all possible applications for determination spatial
coordinates such as position, speed and navigational status of target objects, which via GNSS
equipment may provide PTV data for maritime and all transportation applications. These systems
mainly are necessary for improved collision avoidance of ships especially in areas with heavy traffic
moving such as sea channels, approaching to anchorages and inside of seaports. Using standalone
GPS or GLONASS data these systems can provide spe
Fig. 1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Onboard oceangoing ships can be installed many of satellite tracking equipment already designated
for SAT onboard all mobiles such as vehicles, trains, containers and aircraft, but with simply
modification for very harsh weather and severe sea conditions. This equipment has to suitable for: 1.
Possibility for installation onboard each mobile including ship, and some have to carry 3 to 5 years
batteries, so to work properly even when ship is in emergency situations without any power supply;
2. Pre–programming for different requirements and to send GPS location and other data on pre–
defined intervals via any GEO or Non–GEO satellite systems to shore host application or can be
integrated with a mapping application;
Fig. 2. Configuration of GST via GNSS and GEO/Non–GEO Satellites [2]
3. Pulling facilities at shore TCS and getting position of any desired ships in vicinity; and 4. Sending
positioning messages from TCS to all ships requesting these navigation data of adjacent ships. As
stated before, current LRIT system is not projected to do this very important service for collision
avoidance of ships. It is important to express that LEO Globalstar and Orbcomm satellite systems
are providing both simplex and duplex (two–way) satellite transmission. Duplex satellite system is

The Compass: How a Small Navigational Instrument Changed...
"Navigation, in its simplest form, means to find your way to a point and back again." For much of
human history, naval navigation consisted of travelling on rivers and waterways, and when at sea,
following the coastline so to not get lost. The compass changed that; sailors could boldly sail into
the middle of an Ocean, and know that if they headed west, all they had to do to return was head
east. The compass itself is a simple navigational instrument that contains a magnetic component that
aligns itself with the Earth's own magnetic pole, allowing the user to know the directions of North
and South, and subsequently East and West. Due to the ease of use, and the efficiency of the
compass, it played a major role in the Age of Exploration, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The compass arrived in Europe in the twelfth century A.D. by sea from the Arabs as the first
European reference to it is one of Alexander Neckham, a St. Albans monk in the twelfth century.
The birthplace of the modern European magnetic compass was then in Amalfi, where, between 1295
and 1302, a perfected version of the Chinese compass was created in the form of a round box with a
magnetic component, a compass card, wind rose, and the 360 degrees marked out. It is important to
note that the main use for the compass in Europe was navigation, opening the doors to its potential
as a significant navigational tool.
The advantages of the compass become clear when compared to earlier methods of navigation, early
tools, and those used at the time of the compass. Early navigation relied heavily on sight, memory,
and estimations. Navigators would estimate their positions based on the constellations, the sun, the
moon, and visual cues like islands and the shore. Early seafarers stayed close to the land, so they
would follow the coast to their destination. While this is not a bad idea, it can be inefficient if
following the coast is a longer distance than heading by the water. The earliest navigational tool
available to seafarers is dead reckoning. Dead reckoning is the act of estimating location based on
the distance travelled, which in turn came from the time travelled and an estimate of the average
velocity of the vessel. However, an error in the calculations,

The Inertial Navigation System ( Ins )
The inertial navigation system (INS) is a highly complex device which utilises very sensitive
sensors to generate movement information and a computer to develop an algorithm of motion over
time. The INS can be described as very sophisticated dread reckoning. The sensors which are used
in an INS are accelerometers and gyroscopes which are further linked to a computer. The main
consideration is that these highly sensitive and advanced sensors used in an INS still have errors
from accuracy limitations in units of basic design or original outdated concepts. The accuracy can be
improved with more complex and updated integration which includes the use of the better and more
advanced components. To understand the errors associated with INS, a closer look into the flow of
information is essential. The north facing accelerometer is mounted to a platform which is supported
by gyroscopes. Any accelerations detected are given to the first stage integrator which uses the time
component to develop velocity data. The second integrator uses the velocity data and time to
calculate the distance travelled which is then added to the present position to generate a new present
position. The system uses a backwards feedback loop of velocity data to the gyroscopes to make
accelerometer platform perpendicular to the local gravity vector. This model is used for both north
facing and east facing platforms and combined with the secant multiplier. The basic system designs
would carry a greater error but

Change Detection Essay
3.2.4 Change Detection
Change detection is the identification of variations in land cover types by observing a specified area
at different times using multi–temporal data sets from satellite images. Spatio–temporal satellite
images of a specified geographic area were processed and classified to produce thematic maps for
1984, 1995, 2006 and 2016 then the classified maps were compared and overlaid to visualize the
changes on the area in the span of time. The total area covered by each class in each study year was
calculated and the amount and rate of change for each land cover classes analyzed. However, this
cannot tell us further information about the process, pattern and structure or configuration and
composition of urban sprawl. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are algorithms that quantify specific spatial characteristics of patches, patch types or classes,
entire landscape mosaics, or the spatial context of individual cells within a patch mosaic.
Zonal Metrics: are spatial metrics to calculate selected numerical indices at zonal level. They are
newly developed spatial metrics in 'ZonalMetrics python toolbox' which is a new open source tool
developed by Adamczyk and Tiede (2017) with a specialized functionality for calculating landscape
metrics on the zone level. The source code is free and open to the community and can be customized
with ArcGIS 10.2 or latest versions. In zonal metrics the study area is divided into user specified
zones and statistics are computed per zones.
Patches: are defined as surface areas that differ from their surroundings in nature or appearance
(Laurent, 2006) and one of the basic elements that make up a landscape and building blocks of
spatial metric calculation. Patches must be defined in relation to the phenomenon to be investigated.
For this study patches refer to individual built–up area polygons surrounded by non–built up
environments such as agricultural, open spaces or green areas, irrespective of their size.
Patch Level Metrics: are spatial metrics designed to calculate the

Maritime Tracking Surveillance Radar Essay
The proposed maritime Tracking Surveillance Radar (TSR) onboard of SPS stations, such as airship
or High Altitude Platforms (HAP) or specialized aircraft known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAV), can comprise several sectored observations beams (a, b, c and d), which permanently turn
around can use the left or right side turning, and can provide scanning of water surface as shown in
Figure 1.
Such tracking system is capable to provide observation of strictly round area with certain diameter
and detecting of the targets (vessels) in determined sector (sectored detecting of target is delineated
in the third subsection) of this round area. This system can be exploited with different quantity and
combination of observation beams as follows: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The shadowed area is occurred as result of sophisticated shape of footprint of the observations
beams and in the shadowed area detecting of targets are impossible. Ideally the shape of footprint
for such purpose must be as a sector of circle, it means must have shape of three–angle. However,
the real shape of radiation pattern for such system that can really be implemented is close to the
rectangular or trapezium shapes, which is illustrated in Figure 2. At this point, such shape as
trapezium is self–overlapped during its rotation, and hence as result of rotation this area becomes
ambiguous for determination of target. Therefore, length of space radar observation beams must be
technically limited at the centre as much as possible to prevent self–overlapping of the observation
beams. The square of the shadowed area is relatively small comparing to the square of entire
observation area. Thus, it can be selected optionally by designer depends on the size of width of the
observation beam and diameter of observation area.
Fig. 2. Footprint Shapes of Observations Beams [1]
This radar system provides detecting and tracking of targets that occurred in two stages: 1. First
stage is to detect ships or some moving targets without certain coordinates that occurred with help of
the four main observation beams "a", "b", "c" and "d" as illustrated in Figure 2. As was written
above the number of observations beams can be automatically

Smart Stick For Visually Impaired
Smart stick for the visually impaired
Bhushan R. Pallavi R. Akshay S. Rakesh P. Sunil C.
Department of EXTC Department of EXTC Department of EXTC Department of EXTC
Department of EXTC ramanibhushan@gmail.com pallavirane14@gmail.com
akshaysara1995@gmail.com rkp.raw13@gmail.com
Abstract– The paper presents a theoretical model and a system concept to provide a smart electronic
aid for blind people. The system is intended to provide overall measures –Obstacle detrection with
the use of ultrasonic and infrared (IR) sensors ,real–time assistance via global positioning
system(GPS) and an Android device to provide ease of use and portability of the stick due to the
popularity of android.The system consists of ultrasonic sensors ,IR sensor, Bluetooth
module,Android device with GPS and dual feedback system– auditory as well as vibratory.The aim
of the overall system is to provide a low cost and efficient navigation aid for blind. This paper
reports on a study that may help visually–impaired people to walk more confidently. The study
hypothesizes that a smart stick that can alert visually–impaired people over obstacles in front and
could help them in walking with less accidents. The aim of the paper is to make a stick that could
communicate with the users through voice alert and vibration,and help them in navigation with the
help of and android device containing GPS, hence named Smart Stick. The development work
involves coding and physical installation.
Index

Global Navigation Satellite System and GPS Receivers
1. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
2. GPS receivers
1. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology underpins many of today's most exciting
technological advances – and GNSS simulation remains the most comprehensive method of testing
and perfecting the devices that put it to use in our daily lives. There are several natural disasters in
our country such as Meteorological disaster, Hydrological disaster, Geological disaster, etc. The
most common natural disasters that are experienced in our country are tropical cyclone associated
with surge, flood and drought.
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; for
examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A
natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic
damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability
to recover.
If the emergency messages can be delivered to the GNSS receivers without ground networks and
communication satellite–based mobile phones in our country, it will be affected in disaster
management and decision making support especially for search and rescue activities. Space
technologies are becoming increasingly vital to modern day disaster management activities. Global
navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) assist all the
phases by providing precise location

Sailing : The Art And Science Of Navigation Through Sailing
Navigation Through Sailing "Navigation is the art and science of determining the position of a ship,
plane or other vehicle, and guiding it to a specific location."(Rutledge). GPS is a modern form of
navigation, it is used to determine where a sailor is; out this device forever changed the mode used
to navigate the high seas, or in my case the high lakes. There are many factors that go into the
navigation when it comes to sailing; many factors conclude for when and how a sailboat makes it to
the next port. Understanding the history of navigation is vital in being able to identify where ancient
techniques and tools came from and how they have evolved. There are tools to generate a simpler
means of finding the destination, but more than just tools go into getting from one place to another.
Many people and still today use century old techniques for navigating the open water. For years
sailors have found navigating the ocean and large lakes difficult without having knowledge of the
positioning of stars; the solution to this problem was solved with a simple yet complicated device,
the GPS. According to Sullivan in his article this device was founded upon the Doppler Effect;
which a short explanation is why the horn of the car sounds different as it passes the listener
(Sullivan). The Doppler Effect gave the scientists at MIT and an idea that satellites could be used in
a similar way; through measuring the frequencies received and transmitted (Sullivan). This was the
basis of the first GPS; this paved the way for many other technical devices to create a faster way of
finding the positioning on the ground through the satellite (Klepper). The US Navy was the first to
use a global positioning system in 1959 with their submarines; this GPS was called TRANSIT,
originally this device originally only used six satellites then grew ten (Sullivan). Throughout the
next few decades the system began to develop; with a faster response rate, smaller watercrafts began
to use the GPS device, and many more satellites began to emerge for this new (Jongekryg).
Although it is important to understand the history of the GPS, how the inventors used past
navigational tools helped lead to the invention

Billy Collins Rhetorical Analysis
The world of writing is a vast and thoroughly confusing place, so vast in fact that it could not be
navigated without an in–depth navigational chart. This chart is composed of and organized by terms
that help us get a clearer picture of what we want to see. These terms are genre, audience, and most
importantly rhetorical situation. These terms are all interrelated in which you can't fully explore
without having each one identified. One of the motives why writers delve into themselves, to put
pen to paper so to speak is to express their views on a topic.
What exactly do the terms that make up this navigation chart mean and how are they interconnected.
Let's explore that now, genre is an identification and classification of writing. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The example of "...when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children..." affects you on an
emotional level and helps bring you to better understand what is happening. The audience he is
speaking to is a less informed or ignorant populace to bring further support to attempt to streamline
the process that has been stagnating for far too long. The genre of this piece is an informative letter
with personal and witnessed experiences.
Donovan Livingstons's Spoken Word Commencement Address at Harvard is short but powerful and
proves that to inspire doesn't need to be long or complicated it just needs to reach you on the level
required. The genre that Donovan is speaking in is poetry and is a unique choice for the topic. His
audience were the graduates of the 2016 class at Harvard University. He used his chosen genre and
knowledge of his audience to manipulate his rhetorical situation to quickly but firmly convey his
hopes and inspiration to his fellow graduates.
Writing is not a meaningless task, writers do not form a complex formula of words just because they
can. A reason that writers have the drive to do what they do is because they have a compulsory force
pushing them to share their viewpoint with as many as will

Columbus Technology
The days when a ship navigation officer had to use more difficult tools and ways to plan and
navigate a voyage at sea are long gone. Today a ship officer has vast amount of marine navigation
equipment which makes his life a lot simpler, thanks to the advancement in technology.
Modern day sailors are trained to know the functioning and operation of all modern day navigational
equipment. Tools used by early popular sea voyages were very complex and required people of very
high intelligence to use the devices. I am going to talk about and compare some of the devices.
One of devices that Columbus would have loved to have used was a Radar. A Radar is an object–
detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity ... Show more
Columbus and his men used a Sand Glass. These glasses were built in proportion to size and filled
with the exact amount of sand to be displaced every thirty minutes. They would merely turn the
glass over every time the sand ran out of one side. This required someone around the "clock" to turn
the glass and if someone was late that would make the time for the trip wrong.
Mainly though if you lost track of time the biggest problem would be a mental one. What I mean by
that is it would affect the whole crew because they wouldn't know what time it is and the days
would get longer. The men would begin to go crazy. Just think of how we act very anxious over not
knowing what time it is every 30 minutes. That's in a classroom where we already know the
schedule think about if you were in the middle of the sea had no idea where you were going.
Wouldn't that break you down

Advantages And Disadvantages Of GPS
Abstract– GPS has major issues with security and speed of signal which can be overcome by aiding
GPS along with Inertial Measurement Unit using Kalman filter. An inertial measurement unit is
based on inertial navigation system which is an autonomous system that provides us information
about position, velocity and attitude based on the measurements by inertial sensors and by applying
Newton's laws of motion, which determines the vehicle's current position from knowledge of its
previous position and the sensors which helps in calculating accelerations and angular rotational
measurements of the vehicle. Specified initial conditions been given or on considering inertial frame
of reference, upon one integration of acceleration we obtain velocity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
e) Providing data on ongoing traffic problems and suggests a better alternative route to drivers
destination.
There are basically 5 types of navigation systems:
a) Pilotage: this type of navigation system basically depends on using landmarks visible to sight as
reference. Mostly used in the early human life.
b) Dead reckoning: this type of navigation mainly relies on the estimated values of the previous
results and calculates the vehicles current position.
c) Celestial navigation: this is a type of navigation where the position of the vehicle or a body is
calculated by using the position of celestial bodies as reference using time and angles between the
celestial objects we know and local vertical (e.g., sun, moon, or stars).
d) Radio navigation: this type of navigation makes use of radio frequencies to locate the position of
the object on earth.
e) Inertial navigation: which relies on knowing your initial position, velocity, and attitude and
thereafter measuring your attitude rates and accelerations. The operation of inertial navigation
systems (INS) depends upon Newton's laws of classical mechanics. This is the only form of
navigation where external references are not relied

The Navigation of Christopher Columbus and the Age of...
Before beginning the research for this work, I had planned on producing a paper and presentation
which detailed the history of open sea navigation and the difficulties and dangers which would have
faced sailors and seamen during the Age of Discovery. My premise was that we, living in the
twentifirst century, had lost touch with the reality of just how hazardous a voyage such as that
undertaken by Columbus was. I had hoped to be able to capture for the listener and reader a sense of
wonder at the bold willingness to risk life and limb that was demonstrated by the explorers of this
era as they left the safety of the waters and oceans that they knew, to challenge the unknown. I had
wanted to capture that feeling of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Columbus' voyage to the West was a risk only in the sense that all sea voyages undertaken at this
time placed those sailing at the mercy of the winds, the waves, and the weather, with the added
possibility that either pirates or Muslims would be encountered. Navigation, and the navigator's
understanding of the world, had by this time developed to the point where Columbus was not
stepping blindly into the abyss, but rather was choosing a course of action based on what was
believed to be sure knowledge.
The histories of navigation and sailing are intertwined in such a way that for the purpose of this
study they cannot be separated. Also a part of this story are what I believe to be some intriguing
possibilities regarding the peopling of the Americas and the rise of Native American civilizations.
No one knows for certain either where, or when, man first began using floatation as a method of
dealing with the rivers, streams, lakes, and other bodies of water that he found in the world around
him. However, one can easily imagine a scenario in which early man discovered that a floating log,
a matted bed of reeds, or some other buoyant object could be used to support his own weight in the
water. What we do know is that some of humanity's oldest written "histories" and oral

Global Positioning System Advantages And Disadvantages
1. Introduction.
In the daily operation of bus transport systems, particularly that affected by uncertain conditions as
the day progresses, these can be classified as, traffic congestion, unexpected delays, irregular
vehicle–dispatching times, other incidents. So many people have to arrived at the bus stop they have
no way of knowing when the bus they want to board is pulling up to the stop. The objective of this
project is to develop application to track the bus location and display it in the application in real
time.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is satellite based navigation system that provides location &
time information in all weather conditions. So in this application I will use the GPS System for track
the bus location. It can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most attractive feature of this system is its100% coverage on the planet.
It also helps you to search the nearby restaurants, hotels and gas stations and is very useful for a new
place.
Due to its low cost, it is very easy to integrate into other technologies like cell phone.
The system is updated regularly by the US government and hence is very advance.
This is the best navigating system in water as in larger water bodies we are often misled due to lack
of proper directions.
Disadvantages of GPS:
Sometimes the GPS may fail due to certain reasons and in that case you need to carry a backup map
and directions.
If you are using GPS on a battery operated device, there may be a battery failure and you may need
a external power supply which is not always possible.
Sometimes the GPS signals are not accurate due to some obstacles to the signals such as buildings,
trees and sometimes by extreme atmospheric conditions such as geomagnetic storms.
 Domain Research
So many people have to arrived at the bus stop they have no way of knowing when the bus they
want to board is pulling up to the stop.
Some people don't know the bus

Scavenger History
Throughout the history of time, different cultures have held the title of master navigators. During the
Han Dynasty, the Chinese invented the first compass, a device made out of lodestone – a naturally
magnetized metal – and a bronze plate. Then, Arab mariners perfected astrological sea–faring, using
the stars to guide themselves across the world's waterways. But the ancient world's true masters of
navigation were early Polynesians. While today's modern ships are covered in gadgets, this
civilization perfect a life on the water. Without maps, compasses, sextants or clocks, for thousands
of years they read the skies, waves, birds and wind to find their way between specks of land in the
vast Pacific. These observation–based traveling techniques ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Make a number sentence using all five cards and any operations to reach the target number. Write
and solve the equation at the bottom of the page pocket.
For example, suppose the target number is 20 and the cards in play are 5, 4, 6, 2, and Ace (in the
case making the Ace worth 1). One winning combination is: (5 x 2) + (4 + 6) / 1 = 20.
If a team is struggling to find a combination to hit the target number they can draw an additional
card from any deck and try to make a combination using six cards. This is a natural time to review
Order of Operations.
A common technique for remembering the order of operations is the acronym "PEMDAS", which is
turned into the phrase "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally". It stands for "Parentheses, Exponents,
Multiplication and Division, and Addition and Subtraction". Fraction Fun: Choose one more number
between 1–10 and pull five cards from the deck. Create fractions out of the first four cards that equal
a fraction formed out of the last two cards. Decide which cards to use as numerators and which
cards to use as denominators. Add, subtract, multiply or divide the fractions to create a true number

How Did Technology Change The Voyage Of Christopher...
During the 15th and the 16th centuries, there were many European explores hoping to find wealth
and undiscovered vast lands. Technological advances in the modern day time have greatly changed
our world since the voyage of Christopher Columbus. The explorer Christopher Columbus made
four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain during the 1400's and 1500's. He was determined to
find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he accidentally
stumbled upon the Americas. If Christopher Columbus had just some of the technology we have
today in 2016, how might this have changed his planning and carrying out of his voyage? At the
time of Christopher Columbus voyage, celestial navigation was just being developed ... Show more
Yet more than anything else, he benefited from technology that was far ahead of its time. Ambition
and drive will take you far, but in order to sail the ocean blue in fourteen hundred and ninety two,
Columbus needed engineering. If Christopher Columbus had the technology we have today when he
set sail in 1492, he might have sailed his voyages in a quicker time frame than he did. Also, there
could be a possibility that Columbus could have explored more of the world with the technology we
have today because if the United States of America continues to make more technological advances,
then GPS is limitless. GPS has improved our lives dramatically and will continue to do so until it is
inevitably replaced by some form of more efficient

Unit 10 D1

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Unit 10 D1