extra-linguistic factors

1. EXTRA
LINGUISTIC
FACTORS

2. When a translator began to translate a text, he should imagine himself in that
situation and by this he can represent a good translation, and a critic must similarly
place himself "in the situation" to be able to judge whether the translator has chosen
the proper words both lexically and semantically. In other word, we can say that the
immediate context influence the lexical, grammatical and stylistics aspects of the
form taken in the target language and as such helps to interpret appropriately the
semantic elements, which are implicit in the original text.
1: The immediate situation

3. 2: Subject matter
An important factor, which affect both source text and target text, is subject matter.
Each translator should be familiar with the subject in order to construct a lexically
adequate version in target language. In summary, we can say that the subject matter
of a text must be understood and duly recognized by both translator and critic.
Subject-related determinants are in broadest sense primarily on the lexical in the
target. In addition, translation of technical text may run the risk of appearing un-
professional since it has many foreign loan words.

4. 3: The time factor
As language is a living, ever changing organism, time factor has
important role in translating decisions. When we translating an old
text it should be distinguishing from other periods and it should be
accord with source text on form, words, etc. As the target text
change over the time and original text is stable, we cannot judge a
translation of 19th century text made about the same time with
standards as a more recent translation of the same text. This is why
world literature need to be translated a new from time to time.
Another viewpoint, which should be notice, is that a translation
may have special purpose, which may justify the time factor being
ignored. For this reason we can say that time factor is very complex
and its consideration demand very sophisticated sensitivities, both
linguistically and stylistically which are depend on type of text and
interest of translator and translation critics.

5. 4: The place factor
Place factor include all the facts and characteristics of a
country and culture of the source language. It can
present the translator with greater difficulties as a
determinant than the time factor since there is absence
of similar kind of place and attempting to describe
things, which are beyond range of its speaker's
imagination. However, these difficulties become lesser
day to day. If a translator being familiar with source text
culture, he can translate more easily. In fact, it is not a
translation problem rather it is universal human
problem, which affect communications. There are some
solution for this problem such as loan, calque, using
foreign word and add it to footnote and explanatory
translation but each of these solution is prepared to
different kind of text.

6. 5. The audience factor
The word audience always refers to reader or hearer of the original text. Here we
consider as determinants only the author of the original had in his mind for his
reader when forming the original text as he did in source language and nothing
more. This factor apparent in idiomatic expression, quotation, metaphor etc. in
source text. The translator should make it possible for the reader in target language
to see and understand the txt in his own cultural context. In other word when we
translate idiomatic expressions what we choose must be adequate with both source
situation and target one.

7. 6. The speaker factor
When we say speaker-related determinants, it means those elements,
which affect the language of author or his creation as extra-linguistic
factor and they can appear on grammatical, lexical and stylistic level.
The extent to which they should consider in translating depends again on
type of text. They have least influence in content-focused type and
inform-focused type. They are determinative for style of author and, they
are important for stylistic persona of the author. In appeal-focused text, it
must be consider that a particular extra linguistic, non-linguistic purpose
affects the vocabulary, syntax and style of the author in sense that the
mode of the linguistic form is always shaped by the goal of achieving to
maximum effect and finally in audio-media texts, spoken forms are not
subjects simply to the laws of spoken syntax and good dialog structure.

8. 7. Affective implications:
Emotional determinants affect lexical, stylistic and
grammatical level of source language. In this case, critics
should test whether these implications are appropriately
transferred in the target language. He should notice whether
meaning of humor, irony, scorn, sarcasm etc. have been
recognized and render by translator appropriately in target
language. These elements in appeal-focused texts call for
greatest attention. The emotional elements must be carefully
matched with specific situational context.

9. 8. Extra-linguistic determinants as a pragmatic category of translation
criticism:
The critics must be taken into consideration the effect of extra-linguistic
determinants on the linguistic form of the original text just as thoroughly as the
translator must when doing the translating. Under different circumstance, translator
and critic consider the effect of these determinants and arrive at different
conclusion. Beside the literary and linguistic categories the critics has yet another
category, which is pragmatic category of translation criticism because it does not
rely on linguistic factors of a purely objective nature.

10. THE END