1. 
Abstract— Those techniques of translation which are engaged
with short textual segments and mostly are prescriptive can be
considered as micro level elements. Macro levels, however, refer to
those translation stategies and those external factors that affect the
translator’s decisions and have descriptive nature. What was
scrutinized in details in the paper reveals the macro-elements which
are crucial in canonized translated texts, moreover, different aspects
of the patronage, which can be considered as the important factors
from having the texts chosen to the final translation products, have
been observed in translated texts of Najaf Darya-Bandarie, the well-
known Iranian Translator. What is probed in this paper reveals that
marco-elements along with the linguistic aspects of the texts, micro-
elements, are considered as the significant aspects in translation
process and even final translated texts.
Keywords—Canolized translated texts, Culture, macro-elements,
patronage.
I. INTRODUCTION
Considering the point that the practice of translating is long
established, developing of this field into an academic
discipline was highlighted in the second half of the 20th
century. It is considered as the time when the focus of the
translation process was over the intertextual factors through
which the translators were merely able to decode the source
text to target text. Therefore the continued application of
linguistic approach and specific linguistic models such as
generative grammar and functional grammar demonstrated
with translation. The descriptive approach was dominant in the
late 1970s and 1980s.
The approach, descriptive in comparison to prescriptive,
managed to meet the requirements of social aspects in the field
of translation, therefore, translation as a social activity can
never be as a neutral or prejudice- free phenomenon.
Translation is not just a simple communicative act, moreover,
a traslation is never exempt from trouble since translators
negotiate the linguistic and cultural differences [1],[2].
cultural norms and ideologies in the society introduce the
translators as social agents who are constrained in many ways:
Reza Nozadheravi, M.A.(Corresponding Author)
Faculty of Persian and Foreign Language, Tabriz, Iran.
Rezaheravi61@yahoo.com
Masoud Hasanzade, M.A
Department of Translation Studies, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tabriz, Iran.
e-mail: mas.hasanzade@gmail.com
by their own ideology , their own imperfications in the writing
system of the texts under translation, the most general poetical
rules, the impact of the target language constraints, the
expected ideology and rulling institutions, and the target
recipients at whom the translation is aimed [3].
In the framework of the patronage, translated texts are
manipulated by ideological constrains overshadowed in
translation process. Translator, as a mediator, is highly
affected by patronage aspcts and ideological framework,
therefore, "from the point of view of the target literature, all
translation implies a degree of manipulation of the source text
for a certain purpose" [4].
A.Statement of the Problem
Translation process and translated texts are confronted the
new aspect in 20th century which is considered mostly in the
patronage framework and ideological framework of the target
language. Through translation, the translator has the text
translated through ideological aspects and forms of the target
language, therefore, the terms and even the patterns of the SL
are faced with manipulations which are inevitable. To have
these factors considered in the process of the translation , even
chronological order in translation of the source texts and
translated texts can be taken into consideration.
The ideology of the translator affect the translated text in the
shadow of the patron and patronage aspects too. Regarding the
point that significant studies have been devoted to the
comparison of manipulatory mechanisms considering the
micro-elements, in Iran, this study sought to investigate
whether the macro-elements and meta-text factors are
important in translation or not.
B.Significance of the Study
Socio-cultural aspects of translation is under the influnce of
polysystem and pateronage viewpoints. Furthermore,
translated texts are never exempted from the subjectivity. To
have this factor considered, the ideology of dominant cultures
as well as the translators beliefs are also considered in the
realm of transtlation. Consequently, the translator as a cross-
culcural person plays a significant role in final products while
having the texts translated.
Regarding the fact that majority of the studies have been over
linguistic aspects, this paper aimed to have the effects of
macro-ellements aspects.
Polysystem Theory and Patronage Framework
Reza Nozadheravi, Masoud Hasanzade Novin
A Descriptive Study of Translated Texts from
Socio-Cultural Aspects through

2. C.Purpose of the Study
This study searches the impact of macro-elements in different
aspects of translation process, from the text selection to final
translation product, to probe the fact that even the macro
elements have significant role in translation of the texts
alongside the micro element factors. Therefore the study has
been devoted to analyze the impact of macro elements in
Najaf Darya-Bandarie's translation products [5].
D. Research Questions
What is followed is the basic questions which the study
presented seeks to find the answers:
1-Are the macro-element factors effective in translation
process?
2-What is the role of text-selection ,considering the
ideological patronage, in translation of the texts through
polysystem theory?
3-Are the recipients considered as macro-element factor in
translation process?
II. RKTHEORETICAL FRAMEWO
The evaluation- framework proposed in this research is based
on qualitative approach in interpretive-descriptive data
analyses. The samples are evaluated in viewpoint of macro-
textual factors. The approach to translation as manipulation is
associated with DTS, descriptive branch of Translation
Studies , which is mainly named as Manipulation School. The
scholars involved with this school are mostly concerned with
the literary texts, their translations and cultural related aspect
of translation. Therefore, considering the aspects of macro-
textual factors based on Manipulation School, the theories are
presented as theoretical framework in this research:
Macro- Related Elements to Manipulation:
a. Toury
Translation is an equilant which is done on the realm of target
text, and a target-language representation of a pre-existing
source-language text belonging to another culture. These two
sources of constrains can be considered asinitial norms.
Basically it is the translator who , as the translating process is
performed, conforms to the dominant culture and lexical field
of either source text or target text which is defined as
adequacy or adherence to the source norm [6], and its
acceptability, or adherence to target norms. In practice,
compromising and negotiating between the two extremes are
the choices which translators dealt with.
Considering the socia-cultural aspects of translations,
translation can be defined as subject to restraints of several
types and degeres. These are something beyond the source
text; furthermore, the involvement of symantic differences
between the languages should be put into the act, or even the
translator’s possible restrictions in cognitive mechanism as an
essential mediator.
Two extrems are considered for sicio-cultural constraints:
general, relatively absolute rules, and pure ideosyncrasies
rules. Between these two parts, there is a large middle ground
area, placed by subjective norms and factors. The norms
created a graded continuity in this scale: some are stronger,
and some are weaker. The stronger norms are norm-like;
however, the weaker ones are idiosyncratic. Sociologists and
social psychologists have long regarded norms as the
translation of general values or ideas shared by a community
that its instructions are proper for special situations, and the
norms which are prescribed as what is banned and what is not
in a scaled behavioral dimention. Norms are needed to be
implied by people for actual and potential sanctions, negative
as well as positive. Norms also are based on the criteria which
evaluate the actual instances of behaviors.
Toury’s translational norms of Manipulation are devided as
below:
1)PRELIMINARY NORMS
2)OPERATIONAL NORMS
b. Lefevere
The overall aim of translator while performing a translation
is to create an equivalent text in the target culture in a nuteral
and objective form. However, Lefever claims, translators are
artisans of compromise which are limited with different
factors such as historical- ideological factors, literary factors,
linguistic facts, etc. Meanwhile, since translators are fimiliar
with both cultures and litratures, they are able to bulid the
image of one litrature for understanding by the recipients of
the other litrature [7].
Two different cultures can communicate through translation
process.Based on Toury's approach, translation aspects were
merely discussed on translation texts and their features and
efever's theory is mostly inspired byfunctions. However, L
ideological aspects as a cultural productivity cultural text
which could be summarised as:
Ideology of the translator: The set of beliefs and constraints of
norms through which the translated texts are manipulated.
poetics: The style and form of the literature and its function in
the society.
patronage: It is defined as the powers influences the literary
system from outside.
c. Even Zohar
Polysystem theory strives to account for larger complexes
than literature. literature as a net isolated activity in society,
regulated by laws exclusively different from all the rest of
human activities.
As goal of every science is discovering laws, the science of
literature is a conception without which dynamic
functionalism is unthinkable. Polysystem theory is not looking
for to answer what literature should be. Its only interest is to
operate in accordance with certain controllable procedure that
are currently accepted and acknowledged as the result of the
game.
The polysystem theory which is based on Manipulation
School theories is divided to different aspects and strata as
introduced below:
Commented [O1]: Please avoid using expressions like “above”,
“below”, “following”, etc. Please revise and specify your sentences.

3. Static System: Not functional or structural approach but a
static synchronic net of relations. The value of each Item is a
function the specific relation into which it enters. The function
of elements as the rules governing them.
Dynamic System: Has roots in Russian formalism and Czech
structuralism in both linguistics and theory of literature. These
systems are not equal but hierarchized within the polysystem
phenomena and driven from the center to periphery which
conversely phenomena may push their way into the center
positions are hypothesized a move may take place.
Canonized Strata: Those literary norms and works (in both
model and text) are accepted by dominant circles.
Non-Canonized Strata: Those norms and texts which are
rejected by these circles.
Static Canonicity: Refers to level of the text.
Dynamic Canonicity: Refers to level of the model. A certain
literary model manages to establish itself as a productive
principle.
Intra-Relations : A universal of systems with homologous
relations between literature and society conceiving of
literature as a separate semi-independent socio-cultural
institution is therefore tenable only in literary polysystem like
any other socio-cultural system is conceived of as
simultaneously acctonomous an heteronomous with all other
co-systems. Facts of literary like that is the literary institution
(literary ideologies, publishing houses, criticism, literary
groups or any other means for dictating taste or norm-giving).
Inter-Relations: Correlations a system maintains with systems
controlled by other communities. An aggregate of phenomena
operating for a certain community can be conceived as a
system constituting part of larger mega-system [8].
III. DATA ANALYSIS AND SAMPLES RELATED TO MACRO-
ELEMENT ASPECTS
Overview: Manipulation School
In the 20th century any given model of translation was
constrained by code model of communication ,CMC, and by
the theory of linguistics upon which it was based. The
importance for the resulting CMC is that it requires the
message encoded by the sender to be exactly reproduced in the
message decoded by the receiver and every translation
methods focused on the word as the minimum unit of the
translation and translating process. Code Model of Translation
is based on language according to which the sender and
receiver can communicate through common channels,
common languages. If someone is speaking French which is
unfamiliar to you, there would be no communication at all.
Thanks to technology, the status of the sender and receiver is
not limited to time and place anymore.
The code Model of Translation was based on exact translation
of every word ,and exact reproduction of the message. Every
word had an identity by which translation performed.
Translators very early recognized, however, that claims of
identity were illusionary, so the notion of equivalence was
introduced to the realm of translation theory . Nida and Taber
mentioned that the translator must strive for equivalence
between SL and TL than the identity and the translating must
reproduce the closest natural equivalence of the SL message,
first in terms of meaning then style. McELhanon describes
that the notion "equivalence" has its own shortcomings.
Shortcomings of equivalence :
In words level : common words cannot be understood on
themselves due to collocations.
For example : the term :"Grave" in comparison to grave
responsibility conveys different meanings. In sentence level
the shortcoming was due to pragmatic aspects of the sentence
,so equivalence was introduced on textual level , beyond the
sentence, which had its own shortcomings too. Because some
texts have multiple meanings.
Therefore abandoning the notion of the equivalence in textual
level was introduced in these steps. For Newmark, translation
is "social translation, cultural translation, pragmatic
translation" [9].
If the pragmatic turn of 1970s is highlighted as the emergence
of translation studies as an independent discipline, it was the
cultural turn of 1980s that established its basic profile. The
breakthrough can be accentuated by the volume of essays
edited by Theo Hermans in 1985, with the title of " The
Manipulation of Literature". The authors included Gideon
Toury, Lambert and Hendrik, susan Bassnett and Andre
Lefevere.
The main and the most significant changes can be categorized
as the shifts from terms: prescriptive, SL oriented , linguistic
approach and atomistic to the descriptive, target-oriented,
functional and systemic.The linguistic features of the text were
no longer in the center of the attention, therefore, through the
functional-paradigm in the late 20th century, the ideological
aspects along with overshadowed patronage powers came to
the fore. To have some scholars theories reviewed, the
conclusion is drawn that functional approaches are not merely
based on linguistic aspects but even on the framework of the
culture, conventions, text-types, patronage and ideology.
Translation theories, which evolved in 1990s, started to create
a shift in epistemology which was known as post-modernism
in Translation Studies. What has emerged is turning away
from what a test says to what a text does, and also turning
away from linguistic to pragmatic approach. So the focus is on
mental space not the text that mediates between SL and TL.
Discussions and Sample of Interviews from Ideological and
Polysystem Aspects
In this section, some of the macro-element factors are
discussed through the preface of translated books by Darya-
Bandarie alongside considering the macro-elements elicited
from interviews done by Darya-Bandarie. The interviews have
been done in Persian Language which have been translated by
the researcher.

4. Sample 1: " A Rose for Emily"
Discussion: The book was selected by Darya-Bandarie to be
translated due to the easy written-language style which can be
categorized in Lefevere's Poetic aspect, the style and form of
the literature and its function in the society, the easy written
style of the book made it easy on TL recipient part to be
canonized- Polysystem Viewpoint. The text selection can even
be considered from Tory's Translation policy through which
the texts are chosen by the translators to be translated. Najaf
Darya-Bandarie had his translation role started in Abadan , a
city in south of Iran, by translation of the novel " A Rose for
Emily". Some critics has considered this translation as the best
one of his translated texts. On the one hand, he found this
compliment convincing, on the othe r hand , if so, he
mentioned scoffingly that his translation ability has been
retrograded.
To have the translated text of " A Rose for Emily" considered
as an imperfective translation, he also believes that there is no
need to manipulate the defects and poorness in the text. His
ideas are inspired by Faulkner, but he has rarely had
Faulkner's works translated due to the idea of their difficulties.
Considering his abilities, Darya-bandarie has found the
Faulkner's written-language style difficult to be translated in
comparison to "A Rose for Emily" a language of which is
much easier. The selection-step taken by him to Faulkner's
works' might result from the Faulkner's America-classification
strata pictured in forms of : Negros, Lords and ordinary
people. This aspect is even considered as the import-vision in
his translation process. For sure, the eastern societies are
suffered from class-division which can be considered as the
canonicity factor while such works', Faulkner's works',
transferred through translation.
As Even-Zohar considered the literature more precious than
simple classifications, therefore, what is pointed out in
Falkner's works' can be categorized as the belief-process
transferring which is transferred to Iranian thoughts and
cognition.
Sample 2: " A Farewell to Arms"
Discussion based on: Translation Policy: Toury and Poetic
element of Lefevere:
The first translated text of this book was published in 1340 by
the publication of Ketabhaye Jibie while Darya-Bandarie was
jailed. It was unexpectedly on the bestseller list. He was not
aware of the fact that how the translated text would be on
bestseller list. The book was introduced by Ebrahim Gholestan
to him which resulted in its translation, however, the many
following series of the book, published by Niloofar
publication, came to the fore in the years Iran was involved in
war with Iraq which can be inferred through the preface
written by him along with the revisions done. Through
revisions, he has endeavored to decode the thoughts of
Hemingway along with scoffingly having the holiness of the
war questioned scoffingly while describing the spiritual
manners of war survivors.
In company with Hemingway's beliefs, he mentioned the
war survivors are not the same people sent to the war. He has
the combativeness-ideologies addressed roughly and has the
real features of the war pictured by understanding the holiness
of the war terms. The book publication was hindered for years
by Ershad Ministry due to understanding the dominant
ideological norms and even for being on the bestseller list.
Therefore, the transferring of the book which had the
canonized aspect in Iranian society involved with the rough
governmental reaction. However, the canonized aspect was
and still is dominant in Iranian society because of the
conscious-international text selection of Darya-Bandarie about
Hemingway's texts.- Patronage Aspect and Ideological
Constraints. He had the preface written in majority of his
translated texts to help readers for canonicity of the texts as a
product. The preface written has the ideological feedback on
recipient cognition.
Darya-Bandarie believes in the significant role of
Hemingway to the literature of fables and tales, therefore,
having the texts of Hemingway chosen to be translated in
Persian, according to Darya-Bandarie's idea, has a dominant
effect in literature of novels in Iran. The effect, both in
linguistic aspect and style of the text, can be categorized
according to the socio-cultural aspects of polysystem theory.
He has even translated the "a Farewell to Arms" considering
the southern parts dialects which was an important factor to
this novel to be canonized in comparison to other translations
which the dialect was not observed.Darya-Bandarie has also
translated some author's, such as E. L. Doctorow and Kazo
Ishiguro, works which are classified in world literature
category, the literature written to be translated to other nations.
In translation of " Remains of Day", he believes that the
language chosen by him is peculiar to Ghajar dynasty in
comparison to other translations the language-dialect was
ignored. Ignoring the dialect of the language was the most
important factor to transfer the text to the periphery and not to
have the text canonized. Darya-Bandarie states that creating
the proper dialect and language for translation is the most
important step for translators. This approach to translation , he
mentioned, is the pattern of Mohamad Ghazie whom he
admires a lot in translational aspects. last but not least, Darya-
Bandarie is also influenced by Don Quixote.
Sample 3: " As I Lay Dying "
Discussion Based on : Ideological Patronage: Lefevere and
Directness of translation: Toury
As I lay Dying written by Faulkner , published by Cheshme
publication is the second translation of Darya-Bandarie among
Faulkner's works. The name Ghoor be Ghoor is selected
willingly by him in Farsi translation to reveal the sense of
intertextuality of the text of Sadegh Hedayat to have the public
concentrated on the text. He finished translation process of
this book in a month. He declares that the selection of this text
for translation is laden upon the reason of the simple written
style of the original text, however, the cohesion and coherence
of the text is lost in translation. He has this text translated
because, as he declares, the recipients of the translated text are
ordinary people, therefore, the simple language of the text
alongside the relation of the text to the daily-life of people can
be the factors of canonicity according to polysystem theory.
He also describes Faulkner's works in parallel to
Hemingway's.

5. Sample 4: "The Decline and Fall of Practicality"
Discussion Based on: Text-Linguistic Forms and Directness of
Translation: Toury
The decline and fall of practically written by William Jacob
Will Cuppy is also translated by Darya-Bandari. He stated that
he had the text translated in free-translation style because
American-comic is not welcomed perceptively in Iranian
society , moreover, he declares that he has changed the SL
completely to make it understandable for Iranian society. He
has the irony observed as a socio-cultural factor through which
cultural transferring is possible and even ironical texts , he
states, are untranslatable. To have the factors mentioned
previously, these translated texts had different critical reviews
in academic world.
Sample 5: "Old Man and the Sea "
Discussion Based on: Ideology Concept of Lefevere and
Translation Policy :Toury
Old man and the sea, written by Hemingway First published
translation : 1369
Third published translation: 1385
The prolonged preface of the book is written in elaboration of
the terms: martyrdom, triumph and defect which can be
perceivable to the public and when all of the concepts are
inverted by and old man , a fish and even a child so there
would be an intellectual movement in the society which earns
an especial level to this translation in translated literature. This
concept can be considered as the system of importing and
transferring in polysystem theory.
Sample 6: "Ragtime"
Discussion Based on: Polysystem Theory: Zohar & Patronage
Aspect: Lefevere
Ragtime, written by Doctorow, Kharazmi publication
First published translation : 1361
Third published translation: 1386
Darya-Bandarie received the book as a gift from Bijan Mofid
and it was the time when the translation of this book crossed
in his mind. He did not find the Doctorow works reclaimable
for Iranian society due to their simple language. Darya-
Bandarie focuses on the canonicity of his works by having a
delicate selection of the source targets. He also endeavored
hard to find neo-writing styles of novels and tales. Doctorow
works are inspired by Joyce's which are considered as Realism
works attractive for Iranian recipients. The story, Ragtime,
involves two different poles of humankind, Capitalist and
Capitalist-overshadowed needy strata which can be attractive
to the survivors of Iranian recipients who earned nothing
through their revolution, moreover, the story is pictured
according to the cultural revolution of Europe, therefore,
Darya-Bandarie has the effect on Iranian society by translation
golden-bridge which was won the academic strata attention.
He has confessed some omissions in translation of the book
which was hard to be transferred from lexical viewpoint.
Sample 7: " The western Philosophy"
Discussion Based on : Translation Policy: Toury & Ideology :
Lefevere
The western Philosophy
written by Russell in 1340
published by Ketabhaye Jibie
The translated text had no preface due to the neo-writing style
of the Russell about history without philosophical
comparisons or even as a result of his scientific view to
philosopher in ideological aspects of philosophers. This
special socio-cultural factor is considered by Russell and even
Darya-Bandarie too. Mysticism and Logic is the name of the
several Russell's essays which is chosen by Darya-Bandarie
for publishing of his essays too. He finds essays so significant
that he shows no eager to have the other essays translated,
therefore, he was accused of being a member of left-party
which made him have the other essays translated to plunge the
opponents criticism.
IV. CONCLUSION
After the cultural turn of the 1970s, the Translation Studies
faced a paradigm which led the great changes from the
linguistic-prescriptive aspect to the cultural-descriptive aspects
by means of which the ideological, patronage and even macro
elements of the texts came to the fore. The study in the paper
sought to investigate the significant of the macro elements in
the translation process. As it is shown in the paper, the macro
elements cannot be ignored in translation process alongside
the ideological and patronage factors on the both translator
and recipient parts.
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