Eng Nader Elmansi course on IP CCTV systems

1. IP CCTV
Eng Nader Elmansi

2. Recording Devices
Surveillance Storage
Video surveillance, more commonly called CCTV
(closed-circuit television), is an industry that is more
than 30 years old In the video surveillance market,
the demands include:
• Better image quality
• Simplified installation and maintenance
• More secure and reliable technology
• Longer retention of recorded video
• Reduction in costs
• Size and scalability
• Remote monitoring capabilities
• Integration with other systems
• More built-in system intelligence
To meet these requirements, video surveillance has
experienced a number of technology shifts. The latest
is the shift from analog CCTV surveillance to fully
digital, network-based video surveillance systems.

3. Recording Devices
VCR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
• Analogue CCTV system involved the
use of analog cameras
• connected to a VCR for recording
video.
• The system was completely analog.
• The VCR used the same type of
cassettes as those sold for a home
VCR.
• Each camera needed its own coax
cable to run from the camera all the
way to the VCR.
• The video was not compressed, and
when recording at full frame rate, one
tape lasted a maximum of eight hours.
Samsung CCTV 960 Hour Time-Lapse
Security VCR

4. Recording Devices
Time lapse mode
KTL cctv TLR1281 1280 Hour Time
Lapse Security VCR Shuttle, 40 Hour
Real Time Recording with 20
Fields/sec., 350 Lines of Resolution,
High Quality Audio Recording in Real
Time Mode, On-Screen Display w/
Multi-Location Titling, Alarm Scan,
Repeat Record, Daily/Weekly
Record, Includes Wireless Remote
and Power Cable
• so-called time lapse mode was
incorporated into the VCRs to
make the tape last longer.
• The time lapse mode enabled the
recording of every second, fourth,
eighth, or sixteenth image.
• That was how the video
surveillance industry came up with
such specifications as 20 fps, 15
fps (frames per second), 7.5 fps,
3.75 fps, and 1.875 fps
• because these were the only
recording frame rates possible in
analog systems that used time
lapse recording.
VCR-Based Analog CCTV Systems

5. Recording Devices
• take the images from four cameras,
resize them to display on a single monitor
and record on a single VCR.
• Quads allow you to view individual
cameras, sequence through the cameras
and display all four images at the same
time.
• There is often an alarm input for each
camera, video loss indication and camera
titling.
• Remote operation may be available.
• There are “two page” Quads which take
eight camera inputs and display
individually, sequenced and four cameras
at a time (1-4, or, 5-8).
Quad
• Quads have been around for ten
years, or, longer. They are still
widely used in a wide variety of
applications. There are lots of
manufacturers making Quads.

6. Recording Devices
Quad
QUAD ADVANTAGES:
• Quads combine several features
into a single device,
•often allowing small system control
from a single front panel.
•Four cameras are displayed on
one monitor and recorded on one
VCR (8 with dual page Quads).
•With standard Quads, all cameras
are visible at the same time and
recorded at the same time.
•There is considerable savings on
equipment and space.
•You have better control of small
systems allowing comfortable
viewing for a single operator.

7. Recording Devices
Quad
DISADVANTAGES:
•Recorded images are recorded in quad
fashion.
•It is often difficult to view details from tape
with a smaller image.
•Many Quads allow “zoom to full screen”
on image playback, This expands the quad
sized image to full screen for review.
•This image is usually considered
inadequate due to lower resolution
•There is little picture clarity remaining to
view.
•With two page quads, only four cameras
can be recorded at the same time. Sets of
four must sequence to display and record.

8. Recording Devices
Switcher
• a black box which allows
you to take the inputs from
several cameras
• display each camera for a
period of time on a single
monitor.
• You can record the same
image on a VCR.
• display each camera
sequentially
• The length of time each
camera is displayed is
controlled through front
panel controls, or, internal
jumpers.

9. Recording Devices
Switcher
SWITCHER ADVANTAGES:
•see several cameras displayed on one
monitor.
• You can record the same images on one
VCR.
•You save installation space and monitor
and VCR costs.

10. Recording Devices
Switcher
SWITCHER DISADVANTAGES:
While one camera is displayed and
recorded, the other cameras are
not visible.
Watching the sequential display for
long periods of time could be a cure
for insomnia

11. Recording Devices
SPLITTERS
• display two cameras on one monitor.
• The same image can be recorded on
one VCR.
• A single camera image is displayed on
the full monitor screen.
• A smaller insert of a second camera is
overlaid on the first image.
• This can range from a small picture in
a picture to an almost equal split of
the monitor showing the two images
either vertically, or, horizontally.

12. Recording Devices
SPLITTERS
ADVANTAGES:
•You get to see two camera images on one monitor.
•You can record the two images on one VCR.
• You save on cost of equipment and the space to
house it.

13. Recording Devices
SPLITTERS
DISADVANTAGES:
•full camera images are not available for viewing as
one image conceals the other.
•Some provide an elongated image, either two tall
thin images, or, two short wide images, rather than
the traditional image (ratio of 4 wide by 3 high)

14. Recording Devices
MULTIPLEXERS
• Multiplexers typically display the
images of up to 16 cameras on a
single monitor
• record the cameras on a single VCR.
• Multiplexers usually incorporate
several of the previously mentioned
devices into a single package.
• Multiplexers are a convenient way for
one operator to control systems with
16 cameras.
• A single monitor can display cameras
individually, or, in multi-screen formats.
• All cameras are typically recorded to
tape as full size images.
• This is accomplished by time sharing
each image in sequence.
• Information is encoded in the recorded
image which allows review of individual
cameras from tape.
• Multiplexers have become widely used
only during the past four years.
• Until recently, there were only a few
manufacturers of Multiplexers.

15. Recording Devices
MULTIPLEXERS
MULTIPLEXER ADVANTAGES:
•Multiplexers combine numerous features
into a single device (alarm inputs, video
loss, camera titling, remote control
capability, etc.).
•Because Multiplexers record cameras as
full size images, tape playback is far
superior to that of a Quad.
• Full size images are compressed in
order to display several on the
screen at the same time.
• Multiplexers typically allow you to
view selected cameras while all
cameras are still being recorded

16. Recording Devices
MULTIPLEXERS
MULTIPLEXER DISADVANTAGES:
•The major disadvantage of a
Multiplexer is that it is not “real time.”
• The more cameras installed, the
slower the individual images update
on the screen and to tape.
•This eliminates the use of
Multiplexers in applications which
require “real time” video.
•In order to playback a multiplexed
recording, you must decode the tape
through another Multiplexer.
• Multi-screen viewing of nine, or 16
cameras may require a larger
monitor.

17. Recording Devices
VCR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
Disadvantage Of VCR-Based
Analog CCTV Systems
•limitations in scalability
• the need to maintain VCRs
• manually change tapes.
• the quality of the recordings deteriorated
over time.
• The cameras, for a long time, were also
black and white.
• Today, most analog cameras are in
color.

18. Recording Devices
DVR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
- By the mid-1990s, the video
surveillance industry saw its first
digital revolution with the
introduction of the DVR.
- The DVR, with its hard drives,
replaced the VCR as the recording
medium
- The video was digitized and then
compressed to store as many days'
worth of video as possible.
- A surveillance system with analog
cameras connected to a DVR, which
includes the quad or multiplexer
functionality and provides digital
recording.

19. Recording Devices
DVR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
-With early DVRs, hard disk space was
limited, so the recording duration was limited
or a lower frame rate had to be used.
-Due to the limitations in hard disk space,
many manufacturers developed proprietary
compression algorithms.
-Although they might have worked well, end
users were tied to one manufacturer's tools
when it came to replaying the video.
-As the cost of hard disk space
decreased dramatically over the
years and standard compression
algorithms such as MPEG-4 became
available and widely accepted, most
manufacturers gave up their
proprietary compression in favor of
standards
- to the benefit of end users.

20. Recording Devices
DVR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
• Most DVRs had several video
inputs, typically 4, 16, or 32,
• included the functionality of the
quad or multiplexer.
• DVRs replaced the multiplexer as
well as the VCR and thereby
reduced the number of
components in the CCTV system.
• The introduction of the DVR
system
provided the following major
advantages:
• No tapes and tape changes
• Consistent recording quality
• Ability to quickly search through
recorded video

21. Recording Devices
Network DVR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
• DVRs were eventually equipped with an
Ethernet port for network connectivity.
• This introduced network DVRs to the
market and enabled remote video
monitoring using PCs
• Some network DVR systems in use
today enable the monitoring of both live
and recorded video, whereas some
allow the monitoring of only recorded
video.
• Furthermore, some systems require a
special Windows client to monitor the
video, whereas others use a standard
Web browser
• analog cameras can be networked using
a network DVR for remote monitoring of
live and recorded video.

22. Recording Devices
Network DVR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
The network DVR system provides the
following advantages:
•Remote monitoring of video via a PC
•Remote operation of the system

23. Recording Devices
Network DVR-Based Analog CCTV Systems
Downsides
•The DVR was burdened with many tasks such as
the digitization of video from all cameras, video
compression, recording, and networking.
•it was a "black box" solution, that is, proprietary
hardware with preloaded software, which often
forced the end user to source spare parts from one
manufacturer, making maintenance and upgrading
expensive.
•Virus protection was also difficult to implement.
•the proprietary interface did not allow for virus
protection. In addition, the DVR offered limited
scalability.
•Most DVRs offered 16 or 32 inputs, which made it
difficult to cost-effectively build systems that were
not multiples of 16, for example, systems with 10 or
35 cameras.

24. Recording Devices
Video Encoder-Based Network Video Systems
• The first step into a networked video
system based on an open platform
came with the introduction of the
video encoder, which is
• also often called a video server.
• A video encoder connects to analog
cameras and digitizes and
compresses the video.
• It then sends the video over an IP
network via a network switch to a PC
server
• a PC server runs video management
software for monitoring and recording
• This is a true network video system
because the video is consistently
sent over an IP network.
• the tasks previously performed by
the DVR are now divided up - with
the digitization and compression
being done by the video encoder and
the recording by the PC server .

25. Recording Devices
Video Encoder-Based Network Video Systems
A video encoder-based network
video system has the following
advantages:
•video encoder as the cornerstone
to migrate the analog security
system into an open IP-based video
solution.
•Use of standard network and PC
server hardware for video recording
and management
•Scalability in steps of one camera
at a time
•Possibility to record off site
•Future-proof because the system is
expanded easily by incorporating
network cameras
4ch IP video encoder with four co-axial hi-
definition video inputs. It allows one to
stream video over a TCP/IP network
connection for viewing, storage or analysis.
To meet various platform, bandwidth and
usage requirements,

26. Recording Devices
NVR Network Video Recorders
• basically a networking camera
allows the recording of live videos
and recorded images altogether
• stored to the USB drive, disc
drive, SD card and other storage
spaces.
• IP cameras can connect to an
NVR through internet or LAN
network
• save and store all the surveillance
videos
1. DC 12V power
2. Power switch
3. USB ports for USB mouse and USB
disk
4. RJ45 network port, connect NVR to
Internet by network cable
5. VGA video port,used for connecting
with VGA monitor
6. Audio In/Out port, the audio output
is for external speaker connection to
playaudio from IP camera;audio input
is for external Microphone connection
to talk with IP camera;
7. BNC video port,for connecting to
monitor

27. Recording Devices
NVR Network Video Recorders
The beneficial factors of using
NVR system are as follows.
•NVR system is just apt for controlling
numerous cameras from one
particular location.
•It contains a great storage place to
store and save thousands of video
files and observation pictures.
•The picture resolution is also very
high and produces HD video
recordings.
•One can set alert alarms and motion
detection facilities on their Network
Video recording system.
•You can review videos all in a single
place. You don’t need to open them
individually. It saves all those
precious times as well.

28. Recording Devices
NVR With Switch Built-in
• The system includes Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) ports, allowing the NVR to
provide power directly to each camera, up to a maximum of 16 (model
dependent).
• The software automatically detects and configures the network cameras,
eliminating the need to program any settings for them.
• A variety of four, eight and 16-channel units are available with a choice of
storage capacity.

29. Recording Devices
NVR vrs DVR
• With the network video recorder, the
video output will obviously come from
the network as the video is already
encoded at the cameras.
• the video is streamed to the NVR where
it is stored and can be viewed remotely
as it is on a network.
• As for a DVR, the encoding is done at
the DVR itself and not at individual
cameras.
• An NVR can also be placed anywhere
on a network.
• For viewing recorded videos, you have
to be at the DVR or you can also burn
the disk if you like to view it somewhere
else. On the other hand, with an NVR ,
network, remote viewing is possible.

30. Recording Devices
Hybrid DVRs
• hybrid DVR is a proprietary hardware
box with preinstalled video
management software for managing
video from video encoders or network
cameras.
• hybrid DVR can handle both network
video as well as analog inputs in
parallel.
• hybrid DVR is the ease of installation
because the recording and video
management functionalities are made
available all in one box - similar to a
DVR.
• hybrid DVR solution is popular in
smaller systems with 4 to 16 cameras.
• hybrid DVRs use a proprietary platform
that is more expensive to purchase,
maintain, and upgrade, and they are
often difficult to maintain on a corporate
IT network.

31. Recording Devices
USB DVRs
* Support 4 Channel Video input in one card, the
maximum display/recording rate is 25fps under
PAL format, and 30 fps under NTSC format.
* 4 Channel display modes are available.
* Muti alarm triggering method: sensor, motion,
video loss, and HDD space shortage.
* Support schedule recording mode ,recycling
recording method available.
* MPEG4 video compression format. 5 level
recording quality options available, and the
recording frame rate range from 1 to 30fps
adjustable for each channel.
* Support muti-channel playback, searching by
time/ date and recording events, images can be
Zoom /capture / save/ print/ backup
* Support remote surveilliance and PTZ control
through web browser, support dynamic domain
name.
* Configurable auto reboot function for
preventing PC deadlock

32. Recording Devices
Mobile DVR
• for environments where normal hard-disk
based DVRs are unreliable,
• support TV, VGA and USB2.0. GPS, Wi-Fi,
3G and SD card are optional.
• A mobile DVR is specifically designed for
vehicles, such as buses, armored cars,
subway trains, etc.
• record for a continous time without failure;
• five factors which define an appropriate
mobile solution: Power Supply, Anti
Vibration Mechanism, Dust Prevention and
Heat Dissipation, Solid Interface and Data
Transmission.

33. Recording Devices
CamCoder DVR
- Real time recording in AVI video format.
- looks like ordinary pen, nobody will know it is
camera!
- With built-in rechargeable battery so there's no
long cord for you to hide.
- Playback video on your pc.
- Suitable for any computer and electron device with
USB port.
- USB2.0 standard port, need no drive or
circumscribed electric power source neither.
- Video compression: AVI video Format, 720 x 480.
- Photo : Format: JPG 1280x960
- Memory Capacity: NO,
- Support extend TF card up to 16GB.
- Adapter Type: USB adaptor charging cable.
- Record time: about 25-30 minutes
- Size: about Ø12 x 145 mm.
- Weight: 26g

34. Recording Devices
Network Camera-Based Network Video Systems
• Ability to use high- resolution
(megapixel) cameras
• Consistent image quality, regardless of
distance
• Ability to use Power over Ethernet and
wireless functionality
• Full access to functionalities such as
pan, tilt, and zoom; audio and digital
inputs and outputs over IP, together with
video
• Camera settings and system
adjustments over IP
• Full flexibility and scalability

35. Recording Devices
Network video servers
• Network video servers, also known
as IP video servers,
• turn any CCTV camera (with a
standard BNC output) into a network
security camera (Ethernet/CAT-5
output).
• The purpose of a network video
server is to translate the analog
signal from CCTV cameras into a
digital and IP based video stream
capable of being broadcast over an
IP network.
• IP video servers have built in
software that allow users to connect
to their cameras through a standard
Internet Explorer web browser.
• Some video servers also allow you
to connect to your camera using
NVR software (network video
recording).

36. Recording Devices
CCTV Storage
server-based NVR and IPSANs is
powerful, extendable and stable central
storage can help to guarantee
operation fluency and to save cost for
deployment and maintenance.
4U 24bays with RAID 6 feature. This
feature allows to have second disk fail in a
RAID group which enhanced the
performance and provide higher reliability
on the storage system