Standard Reading - Level 1
Linguistic features and Bottom-up Processing
今回のトピックは「英語の言語学上の特徴とボトムアップ処理」です。
まず、スペリングや音、グラマー、文節などの英語を構成する要素について。
これらが密接に組み合わされ、意味が表現されます。まずはここから。
3. Introduction
• Correct English sentences have many parts
• A small change can make a big difference!
MEANING
GRAMMAR, PUNCTUATION, PHONOLOGY
SOUNDS, WORDS
4. Linguistic Features and Bottom-Up Processing
Spelling: How words are written
Phonology: How words sound
Grammar: Putting words together
Punctuation: Holding words together
5. Spelling
• Many English words have unique
spellings!
• Learn to recognize common words
• Be careful
• Read! Read! Read!
6. Spelling: Let’s Practice
Using the clues, spell the missing words correctly:
Steve: Hi. Wh_t _s you_ name?
Mika: M_ na_e i_ Mika.
Steve: I_ th_t a Japanese name?
Mika: Yes, _t _s.
7. Spelling: Let’s Practice
Correct Sentences:
Steve: Hi. What is your name?
Mika: My name is Mika.
Steve: Is that a Japanese name?
Mika: Yes, it is.
8. Spelling: Let’s Practice
Using the clues, spell the missing words correctly:
Ryan: Hey, Gina. D_ _ y_ _ s_e t_e new James Bond movie?
Gina: _ o, I d_ _ _ 't. I d_ _'t l_ _e action movies.
Ryan: W_ _t kind _f films d_ y_ _ l_ _e?
Gina: I prefer dramas. Th_ y're m_ _h m_ _e interesting t_ me.
9. Spelling: Let’s Practice
Correct Sentences:
Ryan: Hey, Gina. Did you see the new James Bond movie?
Gina: No, I didn't. I don't like action movies.
Ryan: What kind of films do you like?
Gina: I prefer dramas. They're much more interesting to me.
10. Phonology
• English is NOT phonetic (fuh-ne-tic)
• Spelling ≠ Sound
• "Hear" the words as you read them
• Learn common spellings and their sounds
11. Phonology: Let’s Practice
/a/ can sound like /ei/
• Examples: name, same, game, tame, blame
/gh/ can sound like /ff/
• Examples: laugh, rough, tough, cough, enough
/ph/ can sound like /f/
• Examples: phone, graph, dolphin, pharmacy
12. Grammar
• How the pieces are put together
• Learn the Rules from Reading!
• If you know a word's place, you can
guess the meaning of new words
13. Grammar: Let’s Practice
• Put the pieces of the sentence in the
correct order
1. I to ride my bike school.
2. It be sunny tomorrow will.
3. I turned off stove the before the house I left.
4. Did you buy that sweater pretty where?
14. Grammar: Let’s Practice
Correct Sentences:
1. I ride my bike to school.
2. It will be sunny tomorrow. OR Tomorrow, it will be sunny.
3. I turned the stove off before I left the house.
OR I turned off the stove before I left the house.
OR Before I left the house, I turned the stove off.
OR Before I left the house, I turned off the stove.
4. Where did you buy that pretty sweater?
15. Punctuation
• Holds the pieces together
- Like Nails in a House
• Shows Feelings, Conveys Meaning
• Some Common Pairs
- Who, What, Where, When, Why + ?
16. Conclusion
• Bottom-up Processing = Building a House
Small Pieces Big Sentence
• Use Spelling, Phonology, Grammar, and
Punctuation to Understand New Words
In this lesson we learned about using bottom-up processing to understand sentences. Building a correct English sentence is like building a house. We use the small pieces and work from the ground up to make a long sentence with meaning. By understanding spelling, phonology, grammar, and punctuation, you can also understand new words and phrases. Keep reading English to improve your skills.
