In this presentation, Martin von Wolfersdorff presents about the recovered carbon black industry's history, industry scale up, major industry players and recovered carbon black specifications.

1. The progress of the EU
tire pyrolysis industry
MartinvonWolfersdorff
ETRAConference2023,March31st2022
Wolfersdorff
C O N S U L T I N G
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2. © 2023 WOLFERSDORFF CONSULTING BERLIN www.wolfersdorff.com 2
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C O N S U L T I N G
Structure
• rCB history
• rCB global scale-up
• Major EU rCB players
• rCB specifications
• Outlook
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C O N S U L T I N G
1864 Channel process (NG, 20% particulate emissions)
1910 First carbon black in tires (Goodrich)
1830 Flame / lamp black process (oil)
1956 Hard blacks (Philips Petroleum)
1934 Degussa CK-3 gas black process (oil)
1970 Furnace process, specialty hard blacks (N234)
1965 Bulk deliveries
1980 Energy centres for tail gas
2000 Clean extrusion grades, specialty hard blacks (N100)
2015 Low PAH grades (Cabot)
2022 Sustainable carbon blacks (circular, renewable, methane)
1923 US Channel process plant capacity 400 tpa CB
1931 US Channel process plant capacity 32 ktpa CB
2021 Average global furnace plant capacity 113 ktpa
1967 Average EU furnace process plant capacity 40 ktpa
1980 First tire pyrolysis technologies (oil crisis)
2000 First focus on CBp / rCB
2014 Bridgestone investment in Delta Energy
2019 ASTM D8178 “Standard Terminology”
2017 ASTM D36
2020 Michelin investment in Enviro
2021 Average NA/EU rCB capacity 3.5 ktpa
2% CAGR
54 years
2025 Average NA/EU rCB capacity 13 ktpa1
1920 Gas furnace process (Columbian)
1 Wolfersdorff Consulting Berlin / Notch Consulting “Prospects for recovered Carbon Black 2023”
2021 Birla Carbon partners with Circtec for SCM
2020 BASF investment in Pyrum
1940 Furnace process, soft blacks (oil, Philips Petroleum)
2021 Michelin/Bridgestone rCB Rubber CTA
2022 Circtec/Alpha Carbone rCB REACH registration
CB and rCB history compared
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2016 TSCA (US) rCB pre-registration

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C O N S U L T I N G
rCB global industry scale-up forecast
Source: “Prospects for recovered Carbon Black 2022”, Notch Consulting & Wolfersdorff Consulting Berlin
Most rCB projects are 6 – 12 months late.
Europe will outgrow Asia in rCB
production capacity by 2025.
The main growth driver in Europe is
ecology vs. economy in Asia.
New capacity in EU will be mainly in
Antwerp, Belgium, and Rotterdam,
the Netherlands, where
big chemical parks are located.
11 ktpa
14 ktpa
16 ktpa
32 ktpa
73 ktpa
331 ktpa
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C O N S U L T I N G
EU tire pyrolysis 2023
24 European companies with:
• TRL 6 (pilot) – 9 (industrial)
• Not inactive, closed, slow running
T – Technology
O – Operation
TO – Technology & Operation
R – Refining
TO: 1
O: 1
T: 1
TO: 1
R: 1
O: 1
T: 1
O: 1
TO:1
O: 1
TO:2
TO: 1
O: 1
O: 2
T: 1
TO: 1
O: 3
T: 2
TO: 1
R: 1
Source: Wolfersdorff Consulting Berlin “Global tire pyrolysis database”
T: 1
TO: 1 O: 1
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C O N S U L T I N G
EU tire pyrolysis 2023
TO: New Energy Systems
O: CBp
T: Enertec
TO: Pyrum
R: Circtec
O: New Energy
T: Tyrebirth
O: Pyro One
TO:BBC
O: Circtec
TO: ReOil, Contec
TO: BB&G
O: Dron
O: L4T, Greenval
T: Novovalor
TO: Enviro
O: Era, Ecosave, Ahlat
T: Gan, Enoven
TO: CFG
R: Waverly
T: ETIA
TO: Alpha Carb. O: Autotr.
24 European companies with:
• TRL 6 (pilot) – 9 (industrial)
• Not inactive, closed, slow running
T – Technology
O – Operation
TO – Technology & Operation
R – Refining
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Source: Wolfersdorff Consulting Berlin “Global tire pyrolysis database”

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C O N S U L T I N G
The journey to rCB specifications
2021 Wolfersdorff Consulting rCB1 specification
(consistency, composition, PAH, rubber performance)
rCB1 (state of art), ecology markets
rCB2, economy markets
rCB3 (raw), only thermal recovery
rCB0 functionalised high performance rCB
2022 rCB Rubber (Michelin/Bridgestone) grades definition
(Feedstock, dispersion, post-treatment, COA specification)
2023/24 ASTM D36 work item WK84831
”Recovered Carbon Black Classification”
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C O N S U L T I N G
Furnace Carbon Black classification
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C O N S U L T I N G
Comparison of carbon black variants
Carbon black definition
Fossil
Furnace
Carbon Black
Circular
Furnace
Carbon Black
Renewable
Furnace
Carbon Black
Methane
Pyrolysis
Carbon Black
recovered
Carbon Black
Engineered material ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Primarily elemental carbon ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Thermal decomposition of
hydrocarbons ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌
Aggregates of aciniform
morphology ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ 🟡
Spheroidal primary particles ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Uniformity of primary particles ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌
Turbostratic layering ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅

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C O N S U L T I N G
recovered Carbon Black classification
ASTM WK84831 (ballot target Dec 2024)
“Recovered Carbon Black Classification”
Recovered Carbon Black needs to be classified in types according to tests methods available
in D36 or D24 in order to facilitate specifications between producers and customers.
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C O N S U L T I N G
ELT selection Pyrolysis Condenser
ELTs
ELT multi-step
granulation
Selected
ELTs
ELT
granulate
Gas (~60%) Non-condensable
gas (~10%)
Oil (~50%)
Tank or
distillation
Generator
or burner
Gas self sufficient for pyrolysis process energy
Exhaust
Scrubber
Raw rCB (~40%)
Metal
separation
Milling
Wet
granulation
Drying Sieving
rCB
(>39%)
Steel
(<1%)
Storage
Storage
Over- and undersized pellets
Engineered
material
via thermal decomposition
from rubber goods
uniformity of aggregates
free of wire
and fabric
Raw rCB
milled
rCB production process overview

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C O N S U L T I N G
recovered Carbon Black composition
rCB = + + +
Mixture of
carbon blacks
Inorganics
“Ash”
Volatile
hydrocarbons
Fresh carbon
“Carbonaceous
Residues”
e.g.
N234, N330, N339 (PCR tread)
N220, N115 (TBR tread)
N650, N660, N326 (carcass)
e.g.
SiO2 (PCR tread)
SiO2 (sand)
ZnO, ZnS
15 - 25%
Depolymerised
bound rubber
fragments
0 - 3%
Amorphous carbon
from depolymerised
bound rubber
fragments
3 - 22%
Payload (Source: ter Haar, von Wolfersdorff, Carbon Black World Conference 2018)
Process depending
Feedstock depending
Carbon black Elemental carbon
containing inorganic
compounding ingredients
D1618
Tol. Transmittance
D8474
TGA
D8491
FT Rheology
D1506
Ash content
D8474
TGA
WK71958
Particle size
(dispersion, uniformity)
D8491
FT Rheology

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C O N S U L T I N G
Outlook for rCB
How to accelerate rCB industry scale-up?
• Deeper equity investment of tire industry into rCB companies
• Carbon black industry investment and JDAs
• Extended eco-system collaborations (e.g. BlackCycle, rCB Rubber, ChemCycle etc.)
• Wholistic off-take strategy (no product cherry picking)
Specifications and classification
• ASTM D36.70 Rubber testing (supported by tire, CB)
• ASTM WK84831 rCB classification
Regulatory
• REACH (inquiries, licenses), permits, end-of-waste
Paradigm change
• From economy to ecology Image: Midjourney A.I.

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C O N S U L T I N G
Thank you!
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Pricing brief
EU CB & rCB Pricing 04-2023
Now on www.wolfersdorff.com !
Expert webinar
"recovered Carbon Black in rubber applications”
April 12th 14h00 CEST
Report update
”Prospects for recovered Carbon Black 2023”
Published in April 2023