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Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatement for Indian market.pdf
1.
February 12th ,
2014 Kwee FEV-IN Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatement for Indian market Trends and Challenges for Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles prepared for: VECV
2.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Agenda/Content Development Trends Challenges especially for Indian Market Calibration Solutions Author, presentation title, date 2
3.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Agenda/Content Development Trends Challenges especially for Indian Market Calibration Solutions Author, presentation title, date 3
4.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties European Union (EU) Real Drive Emissions (RDE) CO2 Limitation – Low Pressure EGR – LNT + LP-EGR for small vehicles – SDPF – Reformer United States of America (USA) Tier 3 / LEV III GHG Limitation – Rapid Warm-Up Strategies – Low Pressure EGR – Combined Aftertreatment – SDPF – Reformer Brasil, Russia, India, China (BRIC) Variable Fuel Quality Robustness, Low Cost – Low Pressure EGR – LNT (only with low sulfur fuel) – SDPF Diesel Hybrid Load point shift Electric heating Reduction of NOx-peaks LNT DOC SCR FRC DPF Legislation and Development Trends Development Core in different Regions
5.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.00 0.01 0.02 EU5 (2009) EU6 (2014) EU7 LEV III (2022) T2B5 (2007) LEV I (2003) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 PM [g/km] NOx [g/km] NOx [g/km BS4 (2010) BS5 (2015) EU4 (2010) EU5 (2015) EU6 (2020) Emission Legislation for India DOC DPF • Main route: only DOC; depending on engine out soot emissions, open DPF might be required • For BS5, closed DPF is mandatory. NOx aftertreatment is not required. Main challenge for aftertreatment system: Deactivation or clogging issues due to variation of fuel quality DOC BS5
6.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties CSF material for future CV application (SiC, Cordierite or others) DPF Materials Survey Corning NGK Denso … Silicon Carbide (SiC) Cordierite Al2O3/MgO/SiO2 Si3N4 (Silicon Nitrate) Mullite Al2O3/SiO2 Dow Automotive Metal Foam Alantum … Aluminum Titanate (AT) Corning Sumitomo Mann + Hummel paper carrier + ceramic suspension FiberTech Emitec Twintec Metal Fibers Ibiden NGK Saint Gobain … 6 most common materials
7.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties CSF material for future CV application (SiC, Cordierite or others) DPF Volume Scatterband Industrial and HD Applications Cordierite is currently most common with larger engines but SiC introduced for high power CV 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Engine Power [kW] DPF Volume [l] Yanmar (SiC) FEV Calibrations (SiC) Deutz (Cord.) John Deere OffRoad (Cord.) Mercedes HD EU5 (Cord.) Mercedes HD EU6 (SiC) JD: active Rgn. Deutz: active Rgn. > 130kW
8.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties CSF material for future CV application (SiC, Cordierite or others) Size and Material Trends
9.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Passive, Low Back Pressure Particulate Filters Summary & Outlook high ash storage no segmentation (larger open frontal area) high diameter vs. length ratio high volume for low flow velocities moderate soot loadings (3-5 g/l) or higher good ability for catalytic coating for additional passive regeneration Targets for CV-DPF Possible future CV-DPF SiC becomes more attractive if higher soot loadings are required (if passive regeneration share decreases due to low engine out NOx) as already experienced in PC sector AT is a uprising alternative to SiC – monolithic structure enables low backpressure substitution of currently most common cordierite substrate by SiC and AT Remark: – Corning already offers AT for HD application
10.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Agenda/Content Development Trends Challenges especially for Indian Market Calibration Solutions Author, presentation title, date 18
11.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Worldwide Fuel Specifications Displayed are different max. sulphur contents for on-road Diesel • Difference in sulphur content is most critical criterium • Fuels with low sulphur content usually only available in metropo- litan areas (e.g. India / BSIV-fuel) Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Cetane number 52 54 52 54 52 53 42 50 50 51 51 45 Density @15°C kg/m 3 833 837 833 837 800 870 800 870 830 850 830 850 820 845 820 845 840 Flash point °C 55 - 55 - 45 - 45 - 38 - 52 52 62 kin. viscosity @40°C mm2 /s 2.5 3.5 2.3 3.3 2 4.5 2 4.5 2 5 1.9 5.5 Sulphur content mg/kg - 50 - 10 500 2000 - 50 500 2000 50 50 350 50 200 500 Ash content % m/m - 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Water content % m/m - 0.05 - 0.02 - 0.03 - 0.03 - Russia D2 Indien (Bharat) Stage III Stage iV Criterium Brasilia Unit Grade A1 Chile Grade B Euro 5/6 Grade 2 Grade 3 Argentina (09-) Europe Euro 4/5
12.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Risks of high Sulfur Fuel for Diesel Aftertreatment Boundary Counter- measures 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 T DOC / °C NO 2 /NO x nach DOC / % NO2/NOx Roh, EU <10ppm S NO2/NOx_GGW DC850, <10ppm S DCX24, <10ppm S Längseinbau, <10ppm S CO DC850 CO DCX24 CO Längseinbau HC DC850 HC DCX24 HC Längseinbau 300 400 500 600 T DOC / °C 0 4 seinbau Raw emission no sulphated DOC sulphated DOC after Desulphation NO 2 /NO x -ratio [-] Temperature [°C] 0 20 40 60 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 T DOC / °C NO 2 /NO x nach DOC / % NO2/NOx Roh, EU <10ppm S NO2/NOx_GGW DC850, <10ppm S DCX24, <10ppm S Längseinbau, <10ppm S CO DC850 CO DCX24 CO Längseinbau HC DC850 HC DCX24 HC Längseinbau 300 400 500 600 T DOC / °C 0 4 seinbau Raw emission no sulphated DOC sulphated DOC after Desulphation NO 2 /NO x -ratio [-] Temperature [°C] 0 20 40 60 100 200 300 400 500 600 concentration SO2 [ppm] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 temperature [°C] 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 Temperature / °C SO 2 concentration / ppm 1st peak 2nd peak Test procedure: Temperature increase 10°C steps Test procedure: Temperature increase 10°C steps SO2 -flow rate Sulfur loading DOC SO2 -flow rate Sulfur loading DOC - beschleunigter Zyklus - OHNE AGR 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 10 20 30 40 Integral fuel flow / kg DOC sulfur loading / g Catalyst technology #1 Catalyst technology #2 2000ppm sulfur Desulfation strategy Temp. Time / s DeSOx Temperature Time / s transient steady-state Desulfation strategy Temp. Time / s DeSOx Temperature Time / s transient steady-state Impacts DOC performance Sulfur storage Desulfation behaviour Catalyst technologies Desulfation strategy Real-world fuel sulfur levels
13.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Sulphur Impact on Aftertreatment DOC-Sulphurisation Active centers are blocked by SO2 (SO3) 1. Decline in activity Deactivation of DOC-functionalities Storage of SO2/SO3 2. Significant weight increase White smoke emissions under favourable conditions (T ↑, SV) • Deactivation of NO2- formation T yNO2/yNOx • Deactivation of NO2- formation • Effect on SO2- oxidation/SOx- Sorption t yNO2, ySO2 Steady- state NEDC • Large, gravimetrically determinable DOC- sulphur-oxide storage t mDOC NEDC Pt Pt SO3-Austritt SO2-Eingang SO2-Austritt SO2-Adsorption SO3-Adsorption SO2-Oxidation SO2+O2 SO3 DOC entry emission emission
14.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Catalyst material impact on sulphur storage Desulphurization strategy thermal desorption of stored sulphur DPF regeneration strategy with temperature ramp reduction of white smoke formation Deactivation of HC/CO-conversion on DOC Formation of white smoke during rapid transients Effects of Sulphurization and Countermeasures Concentration [ppm] Time [h] 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 HC engine out HC tailpipe CO engine out CO tailpipe Adsorption mode temperature time Heating mode DPF regeneration mode Countermeasures Effects of Sulphur load on DOC and DPF Exhaust flow
15.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties 23 Effects of Sulphurization on DPF and Countermeasures Point of departure DPF failures in endurance run with high sulfur content in diesel fuel (up to 1000 ppm for China) After-treatment calibration optimization necessary for China market FEV Tasks Investigate the reason for DPF failures: Extensive load of HCs, soot and sulfur responsible for thermo shocks during regeneration (> 900 °C in DPF) Calibration adaptation for China market: - HC-State machine activation - Adaptation of DPF (un-)loading models - Implementation of desulphurization mode Monitoring of endurance run with optimized calibration Projekt: NCV3 - EU5 - OM651 - Schwefel Cycle: RGN 50km/h Vehicle: 906V1642 [#2092] Software: TMAB5D1 Calibration: DS04 (01_ME12) Loading: F01B10 Temperature in DPF 215 N 135 70 S W O M Temp. L2 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 [°C] 1000 P_T_Dpf_surface_temperature TiDPF_L2M TiDPF_L2N TiDPF_L1O TiDPF_L2S TiDPF_L2W Temp. L1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 [°C] 1000 P_T_Dpf_surface_temperature TiDPF_L1M TiDPF_L1N TiDPF_L1O TiDPF_L1S TiDPF_L1W Temp. L3 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 [°C] 1000 P_T_Dpf_surface_temperature TiDPF_L3M TiDPF_L3N TiDPF_L3O TiDPF_L3S TiDPF_L3W
16.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties “Rest of World” emission application according to EU4/BS4 on base of EUV-series production calibration for 18 vehicle applications with one CR DI-diesel engine, including calibration of desulphurization strategy Assessment of four different open DPF systems for “Rest of World” emission applications, including sulphur impact analysis Fundamental investigations on engine test bench for different DOC/DPF specifications regarding sulphur storage capacity and white smoke formation on a 2l class Diesel engine Calibration of exhaust aftertreatment modes (Desulphurization mode, adaptation of DPF loading/unloading models) on a light duty Diesel targeting markets with high sulfur content in fuel Recalibration of normal mode and DPF regeneration mode on a small passenger car Diesel engine facing DOC clogging issues Exemplary FEV Reference Projects for Fuel Impact on Aftertreatment
17.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Agenda/Content Development Trends Challenges especially for Indian Market Calibration Solutions Author, presentation title, date 26
18.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Serial Calibration Approach may not be optimal w/ regards to fuel consumption 27 Kwee, Computer aided calibration of combustion and exhaust aftertreatment system, May, 22nd 2013 Engine Base Calibration Conception & Calibration EATS Heat-Mode Calibration Real World Driving Emission Limits - Future Limits, new cert. cycle, more stringent OBD-requirements and higher system complexity - Previous Limits NOx BSFC / CO2
19.
© by FEV
– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Integrated Approach is a promising solution to overcome the raising complexity and future limits with optimized fuel consumption 28 Kwee, Computer aided calibration of combustion and exhaust aftertreatment system, May, 22nd 2013 Engine Base Calibration Conception & Calibration EATS Heat-Mode Calibration Real World Driving Modeling of Engine, EATS and Real World Conditions Conception & Calibration EATS Engine Base & Heat-Mode Calibration Computer aided calibration of combustion and exhaust aftertreatment system & Integrated approach to optimize the complete system Serial Approach NOx BSFC / CO2 - Future Emission Limits Test bench Verification & Fine-tuning Further Simulation Real World Driving
20.
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– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Application Process Efficient Engine & Aftertreatment Calibration 29 DoE Results FEV PROcal EAS Optimizer with EATS-, Models EATS Data Complete system optimization for miminized TCO fulfilling legislational demands Optimized TCO Engine calibration, and EATS Layout PROcal EAS includes • Physical models • ECU structures • DoE models Vehicle Model BEST PRACTICE
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– all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties Certification Procedure (e.g. NRTC, WHTC) 30 Author, presentation title, date Cool Down Phase ~ 8h System-Conditioning ~ 20-30 min. Fill up NH3-Storage of SCR catalyst Cold Test Cycle ~ 20-30 min. - Start-up temperature 25 °C - First phase of cycle no conversion and no AdBlue-Injection - Deactivation of EGR due to coolant water temperature leads to even higher NOX Soak-Time ~ 5 - 20 min. Warm Test Cycle ~ 20-30 min. Most likely that SCR temperature drops below injection threshold Minimum Time Required ~10 h Simulation Time ~ 6 sec. Simulation of Cool Down by setting Start-Temperatures for Cold-Cycle to Ambient Conditions Within real Cool Down ~ 4800 Simulations could be done CASE EXAMPLE
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