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Changes in Ecosystem Complexity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Succession ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Allogenic Succession ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Autogenic Succession ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Primary Succession ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Time Unstable PIONEER Community [lichens, mosses] Stable  CLIMAX Community [Trees]
Secondary Succession ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Time
In 1850, Connecticut was almost entirely open land cleared for farming or timber. Today, Connecticut has been mostly reforested through the process of secondary succession as farming has left the state since the 1800's This area has not been cleared in over fifty years. These trees represent the  CLIMAX COMMUNITY  for the rainfall, temperature and soil of this area This area has not been has not been mowed in about ten years. Shrubs and evergreen trees have moved in. These are the  INTERMEDIATE  species This area has been mowed within the last year. The plants are all annuals or herbaceous perennials. These are the  PIONEER  species
Pioneer Species ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3. DEGRADATIVE  (HETEROTROPHIC)  SUCCESSION: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example: ,[object Object]
Changes in the complexity of ecosystems ,[object Object],[object Object]
CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEM COMPLEXITY Increase in complexity shown by:    Number of species    Population size    Biological Productivity    Habitat/Niche Variety    Complexity of Food Webs Loss of complexity caused by: Monoculture Eutrophication Toxic Pollution Oxygen depletion AUTOGENIC SUCCESSION ALLOGENIC SUCCESSION DEGRADATIVE  SUCCESSION Geophysical Forces (e.g. Climatic Extremes) Associated with Decomposition Primary  Secondary Barren Land Colonisation by Pioneer Species  e.g.  moss, microbes Disturbance of  Existing Community
Intensive food production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effects of intensive food production :  MONOCULTURE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problems With Monoculture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Eutrophication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Oxygen Depletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Toxic pollution ,[object Object],[object Object]
Major types of Toxic Pollutants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biological Magnification ,[object Object],[object Object]
Example: DDT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nuclear Waste ,[object Object],[object Object]
Biological Monitoring ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The mass of dissolved oxygen, in grams per cubic metre or milligrams per cubic decimetre, taken out of solution by a water sample incubated in darkness at 20°C for five days
BOD of a river
Increase in Energy Needs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Environmental Consequences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ACIDIC GASES GREENHOUSE GASES
The Greenhouse Effect ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Relative contribution of gases to the greenhouse effect
[object Object],                                                                                                   
Global Warming ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Climate change is already happening! ,[object Object],[object Object]
Example: CORAL BLEACHING ,[object Object],The  zooxanthellae  provide the coral polyps with nutrients produced by photosynthesis which, along with the nutrients the polyps gain by preying on tiny planktonic organisms, enables the coral to grow and reproduce quickly enough to produce reefs. The coral in turn provides the algae with a protected environment and a steady supply of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The tissues of the corals themselves are transparent - their colours come from the  zooxanthellae  living inside them. Under stress  e.g. rise in sea temp, corals expel their  zooxantheallae , which leads to a lighter or completely white appearance, hence the term "bleached" The corals that form the structure of the great reef ecosystems of tropical seas depend on a symbiotic relationship with photosynthesizing unicellular algae called  ZOOXANTHELLAE  that live within their tissues

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Changes in Ecosystem Complexity Communities

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. In 1850, Connecticut was almost entirely open land cleared for farming or timber. Today, Connecticut has been mostly reforested through the process of secondary succession as farming has left the state since the 1800's This area has not been cleared in over fifty years. These trees represent the CLIMAX COMMUNITY for the rainfall, temperature and soil of this area This area has not been has not been mowed in about ten years. Shrubs and evergreen trees have moved in. These are the INTERMEDIATE species This area has been mowed within the last year. The plants are all annuals or herbaceous perennials. These are the PIONEER species
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEM COMPLEXITY Increase in complexity shown by:  Number of species  Population size  Biological Productivity  Habitat/Niche Variety  Complexity of Food Webs Loss of complexity caused by: Monoculture Eutrophication Toxic Pollution Oxygen depletion AUTOGENIC SUCCESSION ALLOGENIC SUCCESSION DEGRADATIVE SUCCESSION Geophysical Forces (e.g. Climatic Extremes) Associated with Decomposition Primary Secondary Barren Land Colonisation by Pioneer Species e.g. moss, microbes Disturbance of Existing Community
  • 13.
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  • 26. BOD of a river
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