Very informative

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Lecture # 02 Dated:20/10/2021
Course(502) Introduction
to GIS and RS
BS Environmental Sciences
Semester 5
Introduction to GIS
Topic
Presented by
Rehana Jamal (Geometiciation, GIS Specialist & Geographer)
Visiting lecturer/GIS Trainer& Consultant/Researcher in SAWiE
studentsdatafiles@gmail.com
Institute of Geo-information and Earth Observation
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi
Time: 8 to 8:50am
Wednesday
 Definition of GIS
 Why is a GIS needed?
 Components of GIS
 How GIS works?
 Multidiscipline Environment of GIS

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GIS (Geographic
Information System) is
designed for the
collection, storage and
analysis of objects and
phenomena where
geographic location is
an important or
critical to analysis.
Introduction to GIS
GIS Overview

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Definitions of GIS
“GIS is a computer system that can hold and use data
describing places on the Earth’s surface.” Rhind(1989)
“A set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieval at will,
transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world
for a particular set of purposes”. Burrough(1986)
“A system for capturing , storing, checking, integrating,
manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which are spatially
referenced to the Earth”
Department of the Environment

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GIS answers the following questions:
Introduction to GIS
What?
Where?
When?
How?
Why?
Trends?

6. Why is a GIS needed?
These are the following reasons why a GIS is needed.
- geospatial data are poorly maintained
- maps and statistics are out of date
- data and information are inaccurate
- there is no data retrieval service
- there is no data sharing
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7. Spatially dependent attribute data (Non-Spatial data)
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Requirement of data in any specific discipline in GIS

8. Non-spatial data in table
Spatial data on map
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9. The real world is too
complex for our direct
understanding so we
create “Models” of
reality having similarity
with selected aspects of
the real world.
Map layers from reality
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10. Strength of GIS
Cartography provides visualization
 GIS Provides integration…?
(a uniqueness/strength of GIS)
Source:https://www.google.com
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11. The key functionality of GIS
is integration
of spatial and non-spatial
data/tabular data
stored in DBMS.
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Three major & basic components GIS
Fig. Three major components of a Geographic Information System.
These components consist of input, computer hardware and software,
and output subsystems

13. 1. Software
2. Hardware
3. People
4. Data
(input & output data)
5. Methods/techniques
Five main components GIS
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The main components of GIS are:

14. 1.Computer Software Modules:
 Environmental Systems Research Institute ( ESRI ): ArcInfo, ArcView.
 Autodesk: AutoCAD Map
 Clark Labs: IDRISI
 International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences: ILWIS
 Mapinfo Corporation: Mapinfo.
 Bentley Systems: Microstation.
 PCI Geomatics: PAMAP
 TYDAC Inc. : SPANS
Non-tangible Components: The programs and an interface, which can
be used for driving the hardware.
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15. 2.Computer Hardware Module:
Tangible Components:
Central Processing Unit, Key board, Mouse etc.
3.People: User & End users
4.Data: (Input & output)
Input data: The data which we store into the computer .i.e.
i. Spatial Data: Location of the specific geographic feature
ii. Attribute Data: The qualitative and quantitative characteristics
Output data: Maps, tables of values, the text in hard copy or soft copy.
5.Methods: Digitizing techniques
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How does GIS work?
Source:https://slideplayer.com/slide/12133020/

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How does GIS work?
https://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall07articles/fall07gifs/p3p4-lg.jpg

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How does GIS work?

19. How does GIS work?
1. Request: Identification of problem
2. Acquire: Acquisition of data(Spatial and attribute data)
3. Examined: Organization and accuracy of data
4. Analyze: Spatial and attribute data analysis(central strength of GIS)
5. Act/Display: Results of data in the form of reports, maps, tables
A simple five-step process allows you to apply GIS to
any business or organizational problem that requires a
geographical decision.
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20. The strength of GIS is its ability to create distinct map layers
for different types of information, and then to combine them in
any way desired or needed.
Strength of GIS/What makes GIS unique?
Source:https://www.google.com/
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21. Multidiscipline environment of GIS
Source:https://saylordotorg.github.
io/text_essentials-of-geographic-
information-systems/s11-02-
multiple-layer-analysis.html
Source:https://www.google.com
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22. Multidiscipline environment of GIS
Source: https://www.google.com
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General Areas
of
GIS
applications
1. GIS in surveying and engineering
2. GIS in cadastral mapping
3. GIS in remote sensing
4. GIS in agriculture
5. GIS in business
6. GIS in electric/gas utilities
7. GIS in the environment
8. GIS in disaster/ risk management
9. GIS in Security
10. GIS in forestry
11. GIS in wildlife management
12. GIS in archaeology
13. GIS in geology
14. GIS in hydrology
15. GIS in land use planning
16. GIS in local government
17. GIS in map making/cartography
18. GIS in the military
19. GIS in site planning
20. GIS in transportation
21. GIS in the water/wastewater industry
22. GIS in research
23. GIS in flood control monitoring of rivers
24. GIS in mountain conservation
25. GIS in watershed management
26. GIS in Medical
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24. Multidiscipline environment of GIS
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Forest
inventory

25.  ARCGIS ( ArcView 10.1 and +)
ArcView: ESRI, the producer of ArcView, has
been an industry leader in the production of GIS software
and in the support of GIS education.
Present Major GIS soft wares
 Google Map
 Google Earth
 QGIS
 GRASS GIS
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26.  Definition of GIS
 Why is a GIS needed?
 Components of GIS
 How GIS works?
 Multidiscipline Environment of GIS
Summary
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Introduction to GIS

27.  www.yahoo.com
 http://www.pasda.psu.edu/tutorials/gisbasics/components.asp
 http://www.mapcruzin.com/what-is-gis.htm
 Book: An Introduction to geographical information system by Hay
Wood I, Carnelius, S & Carver, S
 Book: Geographic Information System:
 A Management Perspective by Stan Aronoff
 Book: Principles of Geographic Information Systems
by Otto Huisman and Rolf A.de By
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References
Introduction to GIS