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Carotid doppler ultrasound
This document discusses carotid Doppler ultrasound. It begins by outlining the anatomy of the carotid arteries and normal Doppler findings. It then discusses causes of carotid artery disease including atherosclerosis. Extra-carotid diseases that can affect the carotid arteries are also mentioned. The document provides detailed guidance on performing and interpreting carotid Doppler ultrasound scans including evaluating the intima-media thickness, flow patterns, spectral analysis, and grading stenosis. Imaging features of normal and diseased arteries are presented along with tips for accurate evaluation.
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Carotid doppler ultrasound
- 1. CAROTID DOPPLER ULTRASOUND PartI DR. MUHAMMAD BIN ZULFIQAR PGR 1 FCPS SHL
- 2. Doppler US ofcarotid arteries Anatomy of carotid arteries Normal Doppler US of carotid arteries Causes of carotid artery disease Effect of extra-carotid diseases
- 3. PART I Anatomyof carotid arteries Normal Doppler US of carotid arteries Causes of carotid artery disease • Common Carotid Artery • Internal Carotid Artery • External carotid Artery
- 4. Extra cranial cerebralarteries All arteries that carry blood from heart up to base of skull Right & left sides of extra cranial circulation not symmetrical
- 5. Variants resulting fromelongation of ICA
- 6. Variations in extracranialcirculation Few • Left CCA & SCA share single trunk • Left vertebral artery arising directly from aortic arch • Right vertebral origin arising directly from aortic arch
- 7. Vertebral artery course BA V4 V3 V2 V1 V0 VAsasymmetric in 75 % – Left dominant in 80 % Posteriorly directed loop when exists C1 transverse process 2 VAs units to form basilar artery: collateralization
- 8. Doppler US ofcarotid arteries Anatomy of carotid arteries Normal Doppler US of carotid arteries Causes of carotid artery disease Effect of extra-carotid diseases
- 9. All carotid arteryexaminations should be performed with: • Gray-scale US • Color Doppler • Power Doppler • Spectral Doppler Integrate gray scale, color flow, & spectral findings Tahmasebpour HR et al. RadioGraphics 2005 ; 25 : 1561 – 1575.
- 10. Position for scanningthe carotid arteries Patient lie down in supine or semisupine position Head hyperextended & rotated 45° away from side being examined Higher-frequency linear transducers (≥ 7.5 MHz)
- 11. Doppler ultrasound ofcarotid arteries / Tips • Begin each scan on same side, usually the right • Avoid excess pressure on carotid bifurcation to avoid – Stimulate carotid sinus Bradycardia Syncope Ventricular asystole – Compress arteries to cause spurious high velocities
- 12. Intima-Media complex Normal value≤ 0.8 -9mm Wall of CCA, bulb, or ICA Best measured on far wall Only intima & media included
- 13. Normal carotid bifurcation Black& white US ICA Larger & lateral ECA Smaller & internal Color Doppler ultrasound Normal flow separation
- 14. Longitudinal scan tovisualize carotid arteries Anterior Lateral Posterior
- 15. Carotid bifurcation Longitudinal B-modeimage of carotid bifurcation ICA & ECA seen in same plane
- 16. Normal flow reversalzone in ICA Velocities highest near flow divider Flow reversal on opposite side to flow divider Flow reversal zone Opposite to origin of ECA
- 17. Internal & externalcarotid artery Power Doppler US 2 small branches originating from ECA
- 18. Standard Doppler spectralexamination Traces obtained from • CCA Proximal – Distal • Carotid Bulb • ICA Proximal – Middle – Distal • ECA Proximal • Vertebral Artery V0 – V1 – V2 • SCA
- 19. Typical normal Dopplerspectra Internal carotid artery PSV: 45 – 125 cm/sec Difference between 2 sides < 15 cm/sec External carotid artery Common carotid artery
- 20. Dicrotic notch Normal feature Closureof aortic valve with temporary cessation of forward flow Resumption of forward flow by elastic rebound of aortic wall
- 21. Coiling of ICA Congenital- Bilateral - Symmetrical
- 22. Abnormal Doppler flowin tortuous vessel Tortuosity can increase velocity, although there is no stenosis Tortuous CCA displays color High velocity due to eccentric Doppler eccentric jets of flow jet in tortuous CCA Try sampling just beyond the curve
- 23. Temporal tapping ofECA “Saw-tooth” appearance Small regular deflections (TT) Frequency corresponds to rate of temporal tapping Deflections best seen during diastole
- 24. Differentiation between ICA& ECA Features Size Branches Orientation Pulsed Doppler Temporal tap ICA ECA Usually larger Usually smaller Rarely Yes Posterior Anterior Low resistance High resistance Usually negative Usually positive
- 25. Protocol for VAexamination Longitudinal VA between transverse processes – Direction of flow – Waveform configuration – Measure PSV Caudad survey – Follow artery cauded to its origin Cephalad survey – Follow artery cephalad above transverse processes
- 26. Ultrasound of normalvertebral vessels Vertebral artery Cephalad flow throughout cardiac cycle Low resistance flow pattern VA origin regularly seen by experienced sonographers Size: variable & asymmetric – Mean diameter 4 mm PSV: 20 – 40 cm/sec – <10 cm/sec potentially abnormal Vertebral vein May occasionally be seen adjacent to VA Flow caudad & nonpulsatile
- 27. Normal vertebral arteryorigin V0
- 28. Normal vertebral artery& vein V2 Color Doppler Pulsed Doppler Vertebral artery & vein seen between vertebral processes of spine
- 29. Subclavian artery Color DopplerUS Mirror image below pleura Pulsed Doppler US Normal triphasic waveform
- 30. Doppler US ofcarotid arteries Anatomy of carotid arteries Normal Doppler US of carotid arteries Causes of carotid artery disease Effect of extra-carotid diseases
- 31. Causes of carotidartery diseases Arteriosclerotic disease Most common cause Non-arteriosclerotic diseases Fibro muscular dysplasia Dissection Vasospasm Aneurysm & pseudo aneurysm Arterio-venous fistula Arteritis: Takayasu – Horton Carotid body tumor Idiopathic carotidynia
- 32. Extracranial carotid artery& stroke • Stroke is third leading cause of death in USA • > 500.000 new cases of CVA reported annually • 20 – 30% of stokes due to severe carotid artery stenosis • Stenosis involves ICA within 2 cm of bifurcation • CEA* more beneficial than medical tm in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients with > 70% carotid stenosis** * CEA: Carotid endarterectomy ** NASCET: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endartectomy Trial ** ECST: European Carotid Surgery Trial
- 33. Common sites forextracranial arterial disease Most common site at carotid bifurcation with plaque extending into ICA
- 34. Plaque characterization Echogenicity Low Lipid– Flow void Moderate High with shadow Collagen – Easy to see Calcification – Focal or diffuse Heterogenous plaque Calcification: no correlation with neurologic symptoms Focal hypoechoic zones: Hemorrhage – Necrosis – Lipid Plaque surface features Common sources of cerebral emboli: TIA – Stroke Poor US results for ulcer detection
- 35. Appearance of atheromatousplaques Homogeneous echolucent Heterogeneous plaque Homogeneous echogenic Cauliflower’ calcification
- 36. Calcified plaque Interrogate arterybeyond plaque Shadowing segment < 1 cm No turbulent flow: insignificant stenosis Damped or turbulent flow: tight stenosis Shadowing segment > 2 cm Degree of stenosis indeterminate Other modalities recommended Calcific plaque with shadow obscuring portion of the bulb
- 37.
- 38. Sources of errorin ulcer diagnosis Image plan does not include the ulcer Adjacent plaque simulate ulceration Plaque surface irregular but not ulcerated
- 39. Large plaque ulcer ColorDoppler Power Doppler Pseudo-dissection “eddy flow”
- 40. Ulcerated plaque ortwinkle artifact Hard plaque in proximal ICA Questionable flow at plaque surface Scale 86 cm/sec, color in diastole Color flow disappeared Color artifact continues to twinkle
- 41. Estimation of carotidstenosis Diameter reduction Surface reduction
- 42. Relationship between diameterreduction & cross-sectional area reduction Diameter reduction (%) Cross-sectional area reduction (%) 30 50 50 75 70 90
- 43. Cardinal Doppler parameterto grade stenosis Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) Best documented Doppler parameter for carotid stenosis End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) Quite valuable for detecting high-grade carotid stenosis PSV ratio Avoid errors of collateralization Avoid errors of physiological factors: BP – Pulse rate – Cardiac output – Peripheral resistance
- 44. Relationship of flow,velocity & lumen size Spencer MP & Reid JM. Stroke 1979 ; 10 : 326 – 330.
- 45. Grading stenosis –PSV ratio Proximal: 2 cm proximal to carotid bulb At stenosis: same Doppler angle if possible Normal value < 2.0
- 46. 17 authors: 1 Moderator 16panelists San Francisco, Calif October 22–23, 2002
- 47. ICA stenosis onangiogram NASCET 1 (1991 – 1998) North American Symptomatic Carotid Endartectomy Trial (B – A / B) x 100 ECST 2 (1998) European Carotid Surgery Trial (C – A / C) x 100 1 NASCET. N Engl J Med 1991 ; 325 : 445 – 453.
- 48. ICA stenosis onangiogram Diameter reduction * NASCET (B – A / B) x 100 ** ECST (C – A / C) x 100 30% 40% 65% 70% 50% 75% 60% 80% 70% 85% 80% 91% 90% 97% * NASCET: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endartectomy Trial ** ECST: European Carotid Surgery Trial
- 49. Degree of ICAStenosis in Doppler US* Consensus Criteria – NASCET criteria ICA stenosis (%) ICA PSV cm/sec Normal < 50% 50 – 69% > 70% Near occlusion Total occlusion < 125 < 125 < 40 125 – 230 > 230 variable undetectable ICA EDV cm/sec PSV ratio ICA/CCA < 40 < 2.0 < 2.0 40 – 100 2.0 – 4.0 > 100 > 4.0 variable variable undetectable not applicable
- 50. Degree of ICAStenosis in Doppler US* Consensus Criteria – NASCET criteria ICA stenosis (%) ICA PSV cm/sec Normal < 50% 50 – 69% > 70% Near occlusion Total occlusion < 125 < 125 < 40 125 – 230 > 230 variable undetectable ICA EDV cm/sec PSV ratio ICA/CCA < 40 < 2.0 < 2.0 40 – 100 2.0 – 4.0 > 100 > 4.0 variable variable undetectable not applicable
- 51. Aliasing or highvelocity jet Area of highest velocity in area of stenosis
- 52. Adjustment of colorgain Color gain at 80% Color gain at 66% Marked turbulence of ICA & ECA No luminal narrowing Anatomy of bifurcation demonstrated more accurately
- 53. ICA stenosis PSV 500cm/sec EDV 300 cm/sec Spectral broadening 80% diameter stenosis
- 54. Color Doppler bruit Extensivesoft tissue color Doppler bruit surrounds carotid bifurcation with 90% ICA stenosis Confetti sign
- 55. Post stenotic zone/Immediately after stenosis Spectral broadening • Cannot be precisely quantified (evaluated visually) Fill-in of spectral window > 50% diameter reduction Severely disturbed flow > 70% diameter reduction High amplitude & low frequency Doppler signal Flow reversal Poor definition of spectral border • May be only sign of carotid stenosis in calcified plaque
- 56. Spectral broadening Immediately afterstenosis High amplitude & low frequency Doppler signal Poor definition of spectral border Flow reversal Severe spectral broadening: > 70% diameter reduction
- 57. Pseudo-spectral broadening • Highgain setting • Vessel wall motion • Tortuous vessels • Site of branching • Abrupt change in vessel diameter • ↑ velocity: athlete - high cardiac output - AVF1 - AVM2 • Aneurysm, dissection, & FMD3 1AVF: 2AVM: 3FMD: Arterio-Venous Fistula Arterio-Venous Malformation Fibro-Muscular Dysplasia
- 58. Post stenotic zone/ Distal to site of stenosis Tardus-parvus waveform
- 59. Sonographic features ofsevere ICA stenosis Significant visible plaque (≥ 70% diameter reduction) PSV > 230 cm/sec EDV > 100 cm/sec ICA/CCA PSV ratio ≥ 4.0 Spectral broadening Color aliasing despite high velocity scale (100 cm/sec) Color bruit artifact in surrounding tissue of stenosis High-pitched sound at pulsed Doppler
- 60. Tight stenosis orocclusion? • Difficult to distinguish tight stenosis from occlusion • Completely occluded ICA Will not release emboli Not corrected by surgery • Very severe stenosis Potential source for emboli or acute thrombosis May require urgent surgery
- 61. Optimization of lowflow velocities • Decreased color velocity scale • Increase color, power & pulsed Doppler gain • Decreased wall filter • Focal zone at level of diseased segment • Doppler angle as low as possible (60° or less) • Increased persistence • Increase sample volume gate
- 62. Subtotal occlusion ofICA “string sign” or “trickle flow ” Narrow channel of low-velocity in subtotal ICA occlusion Low PRF & low filter required to detect low-velocity flow
- 63. High grade “stringsign” stenosis Tardus Parvus waveform Tardus: Long rise time Parvus: Low PSV
- 64. Endarterectomy without arteriography •Arteriography Expensive Risks: stroke (0.1 – 0.6%) – death (0.1%) Rarely affect surgical plan Sufficient information obtained with MRI • Conditions Good experience of US department Stenosis localized to carotid bifurcation Unequivocal US findings Symptoms ipsilateral to carotid stenosis
- 65. Causes of image/Dopplermismatch • Cardiac arrhythmia • Severe aortic stenosis • Hypotension or hypertension • Tortuous vessels • Hypoechoic, anechoic or calcified plaques • Long segment high grade stenosis • Pre-occlusive lesion • Tandem lesion • Contra-lateral carotid stenosis • Carotid dissection
- 66. Short & longstenosis of ICA Short stenosis (frequent) Long stenosis (rare) Can produce very high PSV PSV lower than expected (> 500 cm/s) EDV maintained at high level
- 67. Long stenosis ofICA RICA: CCA: PSV ratio: RICA PSV 183 cm/sec EDV 105 cm/sec PSV 76 cm/sec 2.4 Inconsistent data Long stenosis of ICA > 70% Zwiebel WJ et al. Ultrasound Quarterly 2005 ; 21 : 113 – 122.
- 68. Occlusion of ICA •Absence of flow by color, power & pulsed Doppler • “Internalization” of ipsilateral ECA waveform • Reversed flow in ICA or CCA proximal to occlusion • Thrombus or plaque completely fills lumen of ICA • Externalization of ipsilateral CCA or proximal ICA • Higher velocities in contralateral CCA vs. ipsilateral CCA
- 69. Occlusion of ICA ICA CCA ECA Retrogradeflow in stump of ICA Doppler spectrum from CCA Absence of flow in ICA beyond Externalization of CCA
- 70. Occlusion of ICA “to-and-fro”flow or thud flow Pulsed Doppler of CCA Damped systolic flow Reversed flow in early diastole Tahmasebpour HR et al. RadioGraphics 2005 ; 25 : 1561 – 1575.
- 71. Internalization of ECA Patientwith complete occlusion of left ICA
- 72. Occlusion of CCA Reversedflow from ECA to supply ICA & brain “ECA-to-ICA collateralization” Robbin ML et al. Ultrasound Clin 2006 ; 1 : 111 – 131.
- 73. Occlusion of CCA Absenceof flow in distal CCA Reversed flow in ECA Normal flow in ICA Internalization of ECA Delayed systolic acceleration (tardus) Positive temporal tap maneuver Tahmasebpour HR et al. RadioGraphics 2005 ; 25 : 1561 – 1575.
- 74. Stenosis of ECA IsolatedECA stenosis not clinically significant • PSV of ECA stenosis • Minimal < 200 cm/sec Moderate 200 – 300 cm/sec Severe > 300 cm/sec • ECA/CCA systolic ratio* <2 ≥2 ≤ 50% Ø stenosis ≥ 70% Ø stenosis
- 75. Ectatic CCA Ectatic CCAas it arises from innominate artery Responsible for pulsatile right supra clavicular mass
- 76.
Editor's Notes
- #5 CCA, which has no branches, divides into the internal and external carotid arteries.Carotid artery widens at the level of the bifurcation to form the carotid bulb & degree of widening of carotid bulb is quite variable.Level of the carotid bifurcation in the neck is highly variable.Proximal branches of the ECA are the superior thyroid, lingual, facial and maxillary arteries.Vertebral artery is the first branch of the subclavian artery, arising from the highest point of the subclavian arch. At the sixth cervical vertebra, the vertebral artery runs posteriorly to travel upward through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae.Two vertebral arteries join, at the base of the skull, to form basilar artery, which then divides to form posterior cerebral arteries.
- #23 Tortuosity can cause apparent velocity increase even although there is no stenosis. This is due to difficulty in obtaining a correct insonating angle, non-linear or helical flow, or increased velocityon the inside of the curve. Try sampling just beyond the curve.
- #24 “Saw-tooth” appearance: مظهر أسنان المنشار
- #33 Endarterectomy decrease the risk of ipsi-lateral hemispheric stroke or death by 53 to 84% as compared to medical treatment.
- #36 Cauliflower: قرنبيط
- #40 Eddy: دوامة
- #47 A panel of experts from a variety of medical specialties was convened under the auspices of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound to arrive at a consensus about the performance of Doppler ultrasonography (US) to aid in diagnosis of internal carotid artery (ICA)stenosis. The panel met in San Francisco, Calif, October 22–23, 2002, and drew up a consensus statement. Although there are several facets of carotid disease that could be considered by such a panel, carotid stenosis (and by extension, carotid occlusion) is by far the most common pathologic process involving carotid arteries.The panel consisted of a moderator and 16 panelists from various medical specialties.
- #48 the method used to report the degree of narrowing from an angiogram differed between the European and North American trials.In the ECST trial, the degree of stenosis was measured by comparing the residual lumen diameter with the estimated diameter of the carotid bulb, whereas the NASCET trial compared the residual lumen diameter with the diameter of the normal distal ICA.
- #49 In the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endartectomy Trial, the narrowest portion of the vascular lumen was compared with the “normalized lumen distally”.In the European Symptomatic Carotid Trial study and studies performed prior to the NASCET study, the degree of stenosis was determined by comparing the narrowest diameter of the residual lumen to an estimate of the original lumen in the same area. Because the original lumen cannot be depicted on the angiogram, exact measurement is impossible.The panel recommended that the NASCET method of carotid stenosis measurement should be employed when angiography is used to correlate the US findings. While the NASCET method of measurement may not reflect the burden of atherosclerosis in the proximal ICA, it does minimize the amount of interobserver variability.
- #64 Stringsign stenosis(Figure 15a. Circumferential calcified plaque in the proximal ICA. (a) PW Doppler image of the right ICA obtained immediately distal to a circumferential shadowing plaque shows no sign of turbulence, and the PSV is within normal limits. Therefore, there is unlikely to be a significant stenosis behind the calcified plaque. (b) PW Doppler image of the proximal right ICA shows a tardus-parvus waveform. A severe proximal stenosis behind the shadowing plaque is suspected; therefore, evaluation with another imaging modality is required. (c) PW Doppler image of the right ICA shows spectral broadening (turbulence) with an elevated PSV. These results may be due to a high degree of stenosis immediately proximal to the point of sampling; therefore, further investigation with another imaging modality is required. )
- #67 Long stenosis: > 2 cm
- #70 It can be difficult to distinguish tight stenosis from occlusion. A completely occluded ICA cannot be corrected by surgery and will not release emboli. However, very severe stenosis can be a potential source for emboli or acute thrombosis and may require urgent surgery.
- #71 Thud: صوت مكتوم
- #75 The ECA is an important collateral pathway in patients with ipsilateral ICA occlusion and recurrent symptoms.This may influence the surgical decisions involving revascularization of the stenotic ECA.